This document summarizes a study that uses finite element analysis to analyze the bending stress of a hollow circular composite beam under static loading conditions while accounting for uncertainty in design variables. A probabilistic design system is used to simulate the effects of varying the beam's length, radius, material properties, ply angles, thickness, and applied load on the bending stress. The results identify that variation in load, radius, modulus, ply thickness, and angles have the most significant effect on bending stress. The analysis finds the bending stress can range from 104 to 392 MPa with a 90% probability of being below 250 MPa. Improving the robustness of the design may require addressing variables with the highest sensitivity on bending stress.
Probabilistic Design Hollow of Airfoil Wing by Using Finite Element MethodIJERA Editor
This study represents simulation of Airfoil composite beam by using Monte Carlomethod. A three dimensional static analysis of large displacement type has been carried out. Finite element analysis of NACA0012 airfoil composite structure has been carried out and uncertainty in bending stress is analyzed. Bending stress was objective function. Chord length , beam length ,elastic modulus in XY,YZ,XZ,shear modulus of epoxy graphite in in XY,YZ,XZ, ply angle and ply thickness of airfoil section, force are varied within effective range and their effect on bending stress has been analyzed. In order to validate the results, one loop of simulation is benchmarked from results in literature. Ultimately, best set of probabilistic design variable is proposed to reduce bending stress under static loading condition.
In a multi-storied building, the beam-column joint is one of the most critical regions. Usually the beam-column joint was considered as rigid frames. Various researchers over the past years indicated that the joint is not rigid. Now it is also stated that instead of the failure in beam and column, failure can also occur in joint hence joint must be considered as a structural member. The Indian standards define a joint as the portion of the column within the depth of the deepest beam that frames into the column. In framed structures the bending moment and shear forces are maximum at the junction area. So, beam column joint is one of the failure zones. Among the beam column joints, the exterior joint is more critical. The exterior beam column joint have been a study for about 30 years since now. Still there are many more to be understood. In the present work a building is designed in STAAD. Pro V8i and an exterior beam column joint is considered. This joint is modelled in NX CAD and imported to ANSYS to analyse it to derive the shear stress and the corresponding deformation. Pramod Verma | Prof. Pratiksha Malviya "Exterior Beam Column Joint: An Assessment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21589.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21589/exterior-beam-column-joint-an-assessment/pramod-verma
Analysis of main beam of bridge crane based on ANSYSIJRES Journal
In this paper, the beam of bridge crane is the research object. This paper introduced the main
structure of the bridge crane. Four kinds of work conditions are studied, and a finite condition analysis is
carried out based on ANSYS. According to the actual operating results and theoretical analysis on allowable
bending and allowable stress this paper confirmed that the stiffness safety of beam meets the design
requirements, and provided reliable basis and optimization of crane design.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Extrusion of Lead from Round Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract : An experimental investigation has been done on the changes of die angle, area reduction in dies,
loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections of different
length. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from
round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various
area reductions and finite element analysis of different parameters (stress, strain, velocity) both in dry and wet
condition.
Keywords - Converging dies, Extrusion of the equilateral triangular section, Extrusion Pressure
Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Lap Welding Process Parameters U...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on the effect of process parameters such as Tool rotational speed, Welding speed and Tool tilt angle in Friction stir Lap welding of dissimilar AA 5083 and AA 6082 alloys. Experiments are designed with three different levels of process parameters using Taguchi orthogonal array. As per DOE, experiments are conducted using Taper threaded cylindrical tool which is made up of with H13 tool steel, on Aluminium plates of 3mm thickness. The Tensile shear test specimens are tested at room temperature in order to analyze the mechanical properties. Vicker’s hardness is also conducted to check the hardness of welded zone. Multi response characteristics include hardness, shear strength, elongation percentage and peak load are optimized using a multi criteria decision making approach. The optimum values are found at tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, welding speed of 1.5 mm/min and tool tilt angle of 1 degree.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Probabilistic Design Hollow of Airfoil Wing by Using Finite Element MethodIJERA Editor
This study represents simulation of Airfoil composite beam by using Monte Carlomethod. A three dimensional static analysis of large displacement type has been carried out. Finite element analysis of NACA0012 airfoil composite structure has been carried out and uncertainty in bending stress is analyzed. Bending stress was objective function. Chord length , beam length ,elastic modulus in XY,YZ,XZ,shear modulus of epoxy graphite in in XY,YZ,XZ, ply angle and ply thickness of airfoil section, force are varied within effective range and their effect on bending stress has been analyzed. In order to validate the results, one loop of simulation is benchmarked from results in literature. Ultimately, best set of probabilistic design variable is proposed to reduce bending stress under static loading condition.
In a multi-storied building, the beam-column joint is one of the most critical regions. Usually the beam-column joint was considered as rigid frames. Various researchers over the past years indicated that the joint is not rigid. Now it is also stated that instead of the failure in beam and column, failure can also occur in joint hence joint must be considered as a structural member. The Indian standards define a joint as the portion of the column within the depth of the deepest beam that frames into the column. In framed structures the bending moment and shear forces are maximum at the junction area. So, beam column joint is one of the failure zones. Among the beam column joints, the exterior joint is more critical. The exterior beam column joint have been a study for about 30 years since now. Still there are many more to be understood. In the present work a building is designed in STAAD. Pro V8i and an exterior beam column joint is considered. This joint is modelled in NX CAD and imported to ANSYS to analyse it to derive the shear stress and the corresponding deformation. Pramod Verma | Prof. Pratiksha Malviya "Exterior Beam Column Joint: An Assessment" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21589.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21589/exterior-beam-column-joint-an-assessment/pramod-verma
Analysis of main beam of bridge crane based on ANSYSIJRES Journal
In this paper, the beam of bridge crane is the research object. This paper introduced the main
structure of the bridge crane. Four kinds of work conditions are studied, and a finite condition analysis is
carried out based on ANSYS. According to the actual operating results and theoretical analysis on allowable
bending and allowable stress this paper confirmed that the stiffness safety of beam meets the design
requirements, and provided reliable basis and optimization of crane design.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Extrusion of Lead from Round Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract : An experimental investigation has been done on the changes of die angle, area reduction in dies,
loading rate on the final extruded products, extrusion pressures of lead of circular cross sections of different
length. The proposed method is successfully adapted to the extrusion of the equilateral triangular section from
round billet through converging dies of different area reductions. Computation of extrusion pressure at various
area reductions and finite element analysis of different parameters (stress, strain, velocity) both in dry and wet
condition.
Keywords - Converging dies, Extrusion of the equilateral triangular section, Extrusion Pressure
Multi Response Optimization of Friction Stir Lap Welding Process Parameters U...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on the effect of process parameters such as Tool rotational speed, Welding speed and Tool tilt angle in Friction stir Lap welding of dissimilar AA 5083 and AA 6082 alloys. Experiments are designed with three different levels of process parameters using Taguchi orthogonal array. As per DOE, experiments are conducted using Taper threaded cylindrical tool which is made up of with H13 tool steel, on Aluminium plates of 3mm thickness. The Tensile shear test specimens are tested at room temperature in order to analyze the mechanical properties. Vicker’s hardness is also conducted to check the hardness of welded zone. Multi response characteristics include hardness, shear strength, elongation percentage and peak load are optimized using a multi criteria decision making approach. The optimum values are found at tool rotational speed of 710 rpm, welding speed of 1.5 mm/min and tool tilt angle of 1 degree.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis Of Laminated and Sandwich Composites by A Zig-Zag Plate Element with...IJERA Editor
A C° layerwise plate element with standard nodal d.o.f. and serendipity interpolation functions is applied to the analysis of laminates and sandwiches giving rise to strong layerwise effects. The element is obtained using an energy updating technique and symbolic calculus starting from a physically-based zig-zag model with variable kinematics and fixed d.o.f. able to a priori satisfy to displacement and stress continuity at the material interfaces. Non classical feature, a high-order piecewise zig-zag variation of the transverse displacement is assumed as it helps keeping equilibrium. Crushing of core is studied carrying apart a detailed 3D modelling of the honeycomb structure discretizing the cell walls with plate elements, with the aim of obtaining apparent elastic moduli at each load level. Using such apparent moduli, a 2D homogenized analysis is carried out simulating sandwiches as multi-layered structures Applications are presented to plates undergoing impulsive loading incorporating plies with spatially variable stiffness properties. It is shown that accurate predictions are always obtained in in the numerical applications with a very low computational effort. Compared to kinematically based zig-zag models, present physically based one is proven to more accurate, being always in a good agreement with exact 3D solutions.
A study on plastic hinge formation in rc frame by nonlinear static analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract The design of effective structural system configured with all seismic performance objectives ranging from serviceability considerations to life safety and collapse prevention is the most important part of Seismic design. For seismic performance evaluation of structures, the static push over analysis which provides adequate information on seismic demands imposed by the ground motion has been popularized in recent decades. This evaluates the expected performance of a structure by estimating its strength and deformation demands to design ground motions by means of static inelastic analysis. The evaluation considers the factors such as global drift, interstorey drift, inelastic element deformations, deformation between elements etc. The first and most important step of this procedure, modeling of the structure demands the determination of the nonlinear properties of each component that are quantified by strength and deformation capacities. The factors that affect the ultimate deformation capacity of a structure also depends on the ultimate curvature and plastic hinge properties. The effect of plastic hinge properties in nonlinear analysis has been studied by many researchers. However, a little or negligible attention has given to understand the sequence of hinge formation and its effect. An attempt has been made in this paper to understand the order of hinge formation for ground motions and thereby tried to enhance the accuracy of push over analysis. A single bay single storied RC frame has been analyzed by using the software package SAP 2000 and hinges formed were observed with their order and location and results have been discussed.
Keywords: Push over Analysis, interstorey drift, Plastic hinge, nonlinear properties and SAP 2000.
Hyperelastic material models in finite element analysis of polymersKartik Srinivas
This paper describes the Hyperelastic material models and strain energy functions used in the finite element analysis (FEA) of polymers. Material characterization testing
ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF A HEAVY DUTY PRESS USING F.E.M AND NEUBER’S APPR...IAEME Publication
Heavy duty presses are subjected to extreme load conditions especially during operations like bending, shearing, drawing etc. It generates very high stresses in the punch and die of the press tool. As a sequel to this, failure of the press tool occurs, sometimes prematurely. Hence estimation of the stresses under severe load conditions is of paramount importance.
A review and buckling analysis of stiffened plateeSAT Journals
Abstract It happens many times that the structure is safe in normal stress and deflection but fails in buckling. Buckling analysis is one of the method to go for such type of analysis.It predicts various modes of buckling. Plates are used in many applications such as structures, aerospace, automobile etc. Such structures are subjected to heavy uniformly distributed load and concentrated load many times over it’s life span. Strength of these structures are increased by adding stiffeners to its plate. This paper deals with the analysis of rectangular stiffened plates which forms the basis of structures. A comparison of stiffened plate and unstiffened plate is done for the same dimensions. In order to continue this analysis various research papers were studied to understand the previous tasks done for stiffened plate. Hyper mesh and Nastran is used in this research work.Buckling analysis is performed for the component with aspect ratio of 2.Rectangular flat bar is used as stiffener Keywords: Stiffened Plate; Dynamic load; Buckling; Aspect ratio;Buckling Analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental and numerical analysis of elasto-plastic behaviour of notched sp...IJERA Editor
The objective of the work was to estimate the elasto-plastic stress and strain behaviour at the root of the notch of
an Al 6061 plate undergoing tensile and compressive cyclic loading by both experimental and numerical
methods. This attempt to measured initial elasto-plastic stresses experimentally then verified by numerically.
The various Kt values such as 2, 4 and 6 specimens were subjected to tensile test using a computerised universal
testing machine. Numerical approach associated with body discretization and developed finite element model
with sufficient degree of freedom to analyses elasto-plastic analysis of notched specimen. Experimental results
show that analysis of three Kt notched specimens had similar behaviour of elasto-plastic behaviour but different
magnitude. The experimental results compare well with the numerical results which are obtained during finite
element analysis of notched specimens.
Radix-2 Algorithms for realization of Type-II Discrete Sine Transform and Typ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, radix-2 algorithms for computation of type-II discrete sine transform (DST-II) and type-IV
discrete sine transform (DST-IV), each of length 2 ( 2,3,.....)
m
N m , are presented. The odd-indexed
output components of DST-II can be realized using simple recursive relations. The recursive algorithms are
appropriate for VLSI implementation. The DST-IV of length N can be computed from type-II discrete cosine
transform (DCT-II) and DST-II sequences, each of length N/2.
Numerical Modelling of Soil Improvement Using Geo-fabricsIJERA Editor
A series of finite element (FE) simulations are carried out to evaluate the benefits of integrating a high modulus
geo-fabric as reinforcement into the soil-layers in this paper. Finite element analysis can handle complex
geometry, different boundary conditions and material properties with ease. In the present study a finite element
program, PLAXIS, which has proved its efficacy in geotechnical application, is used. This paper presents a two
dimensional plain strain finite element model that analysis of foundation in unreinforced and geo-fabric
reinforced soil subjected to distributed load condition.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Analysis Of Laminated and Sandwich Composites by A Zig-Zag Plate Element with...IJERA Editor
A C° layerwise plate element with standard nodal d.o.f. and serendipity interpolation functions is applied to the analysis of laminates and sandwiches giving rise to strong layerwise effects. The element is obtained using an energy updating technique and symbolic calculus starting from a physically-based zig-zag model with variable kinematics and fixed d.o.f. able to a priori satisfy to displacement and stress continuity at the material interfaces. Non classical feature, a high-order piecewise zig-zag variation of the transverse displacement is assumed as it helps keeping equilibrium. Crushing of core is studied carrying apart a detailed 3D modelling of the honeycomb structure discretizing the cell walls with plate elements, with the aim of obtaining apparent elastic moduli at each load level. Using such apparent moduli, a 2D homogenized analysis is carried out simulating sandwiches as multi-layered structures Applications are presented to plates undergoing impulsive loading incorporating plies with spatially variable stiffness properties. It is shown that accurate predictions are always obtained in in the numerical applications with a very low computational effort. Compared to kinematically based zig-zag models, present physically based one is proven to more accurate, being always in a good agreement with exact 3D solutions.
A study on plastic hinge formation in rc frame by nonlinear static analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract The design of effective structural system configured with all seismic performance objectives ranging from serviceability considerations to life safety and collapse prevention is the most important part of Seismic design. For seismic performance evaluation of structures, the static push over analysis which provides adequate information on seismic demands imposed by the ground motion has been popularized in recent decades. This evaluates the expected performance of a structure by estimating its strength and deformation demands to design ground motions by means of static inelastic analysis. The evaluation considers the factors such as global drift, interstorey drift, inelastic element deformations, deformation between elements etc. The first and most important step of this procedure, modeling of the structure demands the determination of the nonlinear properties of each component that are quantified by strength and deformation capacities. The factors that affect the ultimate deformation capacity of a structure also depends on the ultimate curvature and plastic hinge properties. The effect of plastic hinge properties in nonlinear analysis has been studied by many researchers. However, a little or negligible attention has given to understand the sequence of hinge formation and its effect. An attempt has been made in this paper to understand the order of hinge formation for ground motions and thereby tried to enhance the accuracy of push over analysis. A single bay single storied RC frame has been analyzed by using the software package SAP 2000 and hinges formed were observed with their order and location and results have been discussed.
Keywords: Push over Analysis, interstorey drift, Plastic hinge, nonlinear properties and SAP 2000.
Hyperelastic material models in finite element analysis of polymersKartik Srinivas
This paper describes the Hyperelastic material models and strain energy functions used in the finite element analysis (FEA) of polymers. Material characterization testing
ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF A HEAVY DUTY PRESS USING F.E.M AND NEUBER’S APPR...IAEME Publication
Heavy duty presses are subjected to extreme load conditions especially during operations like bending, shearing, drawing etc. It generates very high stresses in the punch and die of the press tool. As a sequel to this, failure of the press tool occurs, sometimes prematurely. Hence estimation of the stresses under severe load conditions is of paramount importance.
A review and buckling analysis of stiffened plateeSAT Journals
Abstract It happens many times that the structure is safe in normal stress and deflection but fails in buckling. Buckling analysis is one of the method to go for such type of analysis.It predicts various modes of buckling. Plates are used in many applications such as structures, aerospace, automobile etc. Such structures are subjected to heavy uniformly distributed load and concentrated load many times over it’s life span. Strength of these structures are increased by adding stiffeners to its plate. This paper deals with the analysis of rectangular stiffened plates which forms the basis of structures. A comparison of stiffened plate and unstiffened plate is done for the same dimensions. In order to continue this analysis various research papers were studied to understand the previous tasks done for stiffened plate. Hyper mesh and Nastran is used in this research work.Buckling analysis is performed for the component with aspect ratio of 2.Rectangular flat bar is used as stiffener Keywords: Stiffened Plate; Dynamic load; Buckling; Aspect ratio;Buckling Analysis.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental and numerical analysis of elasto-plastic behaviour of notched sp...IJERA Editor
The objective of the work was to estimate the elasto-plastic stress and strain behaviour at the root of the notch of
an Al 6061 plate undergoing tensile and compressive cyclic loading by both experimental and numerical
methods. This attempt to measured initial elasto-plastic stresses experimentally then verified by numerically.
The various Kt values such as 2, 4 and 6 specimens were subjected to tensile test using a computerised universal
testing machine. Numerical approach associated with body discretization and developed finite element model
with sufficient degree of freedom to analyses elasto-plastic analysis of notched specimen. Experimental results
show that analysis of three Kt notched specimens had similar behaviour of elasto-plastic behaviour but different
magnitude. The experimental results compare well with the numerical results which are obtained during finite
element analysis of notched specimens.
Radix-2 Algorithms for realization of Type-II Discrete Sine Transform and Typ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, radix-2 algorithms for computation of type-II discrete sine transform (DST-II) and type-IV
discrete sine transform (DST-IV), each of length 2 ( 2,3,.....)
m
N m , are presented. The odd-indexed
output components of DST-II can be realized using simple recursive relations. The recursive algorithms are
appropriate for VLSI implementation. The DST-IV of length N can be computed from type-II discrete cosine
transform (DCT-II) and DST-II sequences, each of length N/2.
Numerical Modelling of Soil Improvement Using Geo-fabricsIJERA Editor
A series of finite element (FE) simulations are carried out to evaluate the benefits of integrating a high modulus
geo-fabric as reinforcement into the soil-layers in this paper. Finite element analysis can handle complex
geometry, different boundary conditions and material properties with ease. In the present study a finite element
program, PLAXIS, which has proved its efficacy in geotechnical application, is used. This paper presents a two
dimensional plain strain finite element model that analysis of foundation in unreinforced and geo-fabric
reinforced soil subjected to distributed load condition.
The structural analysis is an important tool that allows the research for weight reduction, the choose of the best materials and to satisfy specifications and requirements. In an aircraft’s design, several analyzes are made to prove that this aircraft will stand the set of maneuvers that it was designed to accomplish. This work will consider the preliminar project of an aircraft seeking to check the behavior of the wing under certain loading conditions in the flight envelope.To get to this load set, it has been done all the process of specification of an aircraft, such as mission definition, calculation of weight and c.g. envelope, definition of the geometric characteristics of the aircraft, the airfoil choice, preliminary performance equations, aerodynamic coefficients and the aircraft’s balancing for the equilibrium condition, but such things will not be considered in this article. For the structural analysis of the wing will be considered an arbitrary flight condition, disregarding the effect of gusts loads. With the acquisition of the items mentioned, the main forces acting on the wing structure and their equations will be calculated. The use of finite element method will enable the application of loads obtained just as the development of a method of calculation, along with the construction of a three-dimensional model that represents a chosen condition. The results will be discussed in order to explain the influence of the applied loads in the structural behavior of the wing principal structure.
Optimization of Patrol Manpower Allocation Using Goal Programming Approach -A...IJERA Editor
One of the most difficult tasks of the patrol administrators is allocation of manpower; i.e. determining the. most
effective level of operational manpower for patrol tasks. Typically, administrators resolve the allocation
problem by relying on prior statistical data and by employing subjective analysis. In general, only limited
systematic analyses have been applied to the problem. This thesis presents a non linear goal programming model
for allocating patrolmen to road segments within a patrol region. The model is demonstrated via a case example
of the East section of Visakhapatnam. The results of the model are valuable to the patrol administrator for
considering departmental goals and priority structure, in addition to available historical data, in the assignment
of patrol manpower for a given urban area.
Scenario of Rural Electrification in India- Challenges and ImpactIJERA Editor
In this paper, the present scenario of rural electrification in India is taken into account. Basically, the electrification in this country is facing a lot of problem and is a growing matter of concern for all. The development in production is not reaching the one who need them. Also taking into picture the present sources of energy it is difficult to make the electricity available to the people belonging to rural areas who don’t have much source of income. To overcome this drawback we can utilise renewable sources of energy which is easily available and accessible. Also harvesting this will not cost much except the initial cost of setting up the device to utilise this type of energy. Many projects have been initiated by the government of India to provide subsidy and equipments like solar lantern and solar cooker etc. to the rural population but this didn’t turn out to be effective as the follow could not be done by the people to maintain the devices. This can be overcome by implementing off-grid projects which can be initiated at small levels so that people don’t have burden to maintain them and it even don’t have any adverse effect to environment or society.
As a new material, the researches on polyvinyl alcohol fiber cement stabilized macadam are also less. This
article studies the effect of different volume fraction of fiber length on the compressive strength and splitting
tensile strength of cement stabilized macadam.To promote polyvinyl alcohol fiber cement stabilized macadam’s
application,it has theoretical significance and engineering application value.
Instrumentation and Automation of MechatronicIJERA Editor
This paper presents the methodology used for the automation of a mechanical system, which will be used to
perform scans on tooth surfaces, in this paper the mathematical modeling of the structure for further
implementation was carried out in order to get a reconfigurable device using specialized software. To carry out
this study various mathematical tools for developing the mathematical model were used, then control routines
that allow the manipulation mechanism for each axis independently performed. The implementation was carried
out by integrating various electrical, electronic and computer systems for an efficient control of the movement
and location of robot systems.
High Frequency Soft Switching Of PWM Boost Converter Using Auxiliary Resonant...IJERA Editor
This thesis presents High frequency Soft Switching DC-DC boost Converter. The circuit consists of a general Boost Converter with an additional resonant circuit which has a switch, inductor, capacitor and a diode.In general Boost Converter circuits have snubber circuits where switching losses are dissipated in external passive resistors; which is known as hard switching. As the switching frequency of PWM converters is increased its switching losses and conduction losses also increases. This restricts the use of PWM technique. New Zero Voltage Transition-Zero Current Transition (ZVT-ZCT) PWM converter equipped with the snubber provides the most desirable features of both ZVT and ZCT converters presented previously. Moreover all semiconductors devices operate with soft switching and hence losses are reduced.
Research on Privacy Protection in Big Data EnvironmentIJERA Editor
Now big data has become a hot topic in academia and industry, it is affecting the mode of thinking and working, daily life. But there are many security risks in data collection, storage and use. Privacy leakage caused serious problems to the user, false data will lead to error results of big data analysis. This paper first introduces the security problems faced by big data,analyzes the causes of privacy problems,discussesthe principle to solve the problem. Finally,discusses technical means for privacy protection.
Cloud computing is an Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software, and information are
provided to computers and other devices on demand. However, adopting a cloud computing paradigm may have
positive as well as negative effects on the data security of service consumers [1]. Cloud Computing is a term
used to describe both a platform and type of application. As a platform it supplies, configures and reconfigures
servers, while the servers can be physical machines or virtual machines. On the other hand, Cloud Computing
describes applications that are extended to be accessible through the internet and for this purpose large data
centers and powerful servers are used to host the web applications and web services. Authentication is one the
most important security primitive [6]. Password authentication is most widely used authentication mechanism.
Password provides security mechanism for authentication and protection services against unwanted access to
resource. In this paper, we applied a technique to preserve our password using graphical authentication.
Building Development Practice in Flood Prone Area: Case of Ogbaru Council Are...IJERA Editor
This study examined the practice of building development in flood prone areas and how it has contributed to the menace of flooding in Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State Nigeria. It was a survey research where questionnaires were distributed to heads of the selected households, in addition to physical observations on buildings within the selected households. Four towns out of sixteen towns that made up Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State were purposefully selected. From these towns, 96 households each were randomly selected and a total of 384 questionnaires were administered to the head of each household or their representative, whereas 242 copies were completed, returned and found useful, thus, giving a response rate of 62.92%. The study found that siting of buildings on waterways, flood channels/plains, inadequate/lack of drains in the compounds, lack of planning restriction/developmental control, size of the building/area occupied by the building among others contribute greatly to the incessant flood menace in the study area. The study therefore deduced that some building practices such as those identified above have the ability of exacerbating the velocity and rate of flooding in the area which turned into natural disaster, and thus, recommended strict enforcement of building and urban development laws and control in the state to reduce indiscriminate erecting of building structures on waterways, including planlessness of our emerging urban centres.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
Road Safety Audit: A Case Study for Wardha Road in Nagpur CityIJERA Editor
India has a road network of an estimated 3.3 million km, which carries nearly 65 per cent of freight and 85 per
cent of passenger traffic. The road traffic is estimated to be growing at an annual rate of 7-10 per cent, while the
vehicle population is growing at a rate of 12 per cent per year.
A Road Safety Audit (RSA) qualitatively estimates and reports on potential road safety issues and identifies
opportunities for improvements in safety for all road users. The Road Safety Audit consists of safety principles
to the design of a new or a rehabilitated road section, to prevent frequent occurrence of accidents or to reduce
their severity.
In this project analysis of one of the major arterial street of Nagpur city will be undertaken. The location of
interest for the analysis is Wardha Road from Morris College Square to Airport Intersection. The roadway
carries considerable amount of traffic throughout the day and it has number of conflict points such as merging of
traffic from flyover. A detailed analysis of Wardha Road will be carried out from the point of view of safety and
supplemental analysis regarding the traffic growth and accident analysis will also be performed.
The project aims to identify deficiencies, developing mitigating strategies, improving public
relations,enhancing credibility of the roads and calculating the crash rate of intersection or length of roads.
Extract the ancient letters from decoratedIJERA Editor
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Probabilistic Design of Hollow Circular Composite Structure by using Finite Element Method
1. Mr.Sachin M. Shinde Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 5), October 2014, pp.115-121
www.ijera.com 115 | P a g e
Probabilistic Design of Hollow Circular Composite Structure by
using Finite Element Method
Mr. Shinde Sachin M. #
#
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Karmyogi Engineering College, Shelve, Pandhapur, India
Abstract—
This study represents simulation of hollow circular composite beam by using Monte Carlo method .A three
dimensional static analysis of large displacement type has been carried out. Finite element analysis of hollow
circular composite structure has been carried out and uncertainty in bending stress is analyzed. Bending stress
was objective function. Beam length, beam radius, elastic modulus, shear modulus and Poisson ratio of epoxy
graphite, ply angles of hollow circular section, radius and force are randomly varied within effective range and
their effect on bending stress has been analyzed. In order to validate the results, one loop of simulation is
benchmarked from results in literature. Ultimately, best set of probabilistic design variable is proposed to reduce
bending stress under static loading condition.
Keywords— Hollow circular beam, Monte Carlo Simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Composite materials have found increasing use in
aerospace and civil engineering construction. One of
the common areas of application is panels and hollow
circulars construction where composite materials with
complex lay-ups are used. The hollow composite
properties can be improved when composite materials
are used: specific strength, specific stiffness, weight,
and fatigue life. The thin-walled beams of open cross-
sections are used extensively in space systems as
space erectable booms installed on spacecraft; in
aeronautical industry both as direct load-carrying
members and as stiffener members. In addition, they
are used as well in marine and civil engineering,
whereas the I-beams, in the fabrication of flex beams
of bearing less helicopter rotor [1].Thin-walled
structures are integral part of an aircraft [2]. That is
the reason why many researchers consider it in their
studies and published it in scholarly articles. Chan and
his students focused on thin-walled beams with
different cross-sections. Among their studies, Chan
and Dermirhan [3] considered first a circular cross
section thin-walled composite beam. They developed
a new and simple closed-form method to calculate it’s
bending stiffness. Then, Lin and Chan [4] continued
the work with an elliptical cross section thin-walled
composite beam. Later, Syed and Chan [5] included
hat-sectioned composite beams. And most recently,
Rao and Chan [6] expanded the work to consider
laminated tapered tubes. Ascione et al. [7] presented a
method that formulates one-dimensional kinematical
model that is able to study the static behavior of fiber-
reinforced polymer thin-walled beams. It’s well
known that the statics of composite beam is strongly
influenced by shear deformability because of the low
values of the elastic shear module. Such a feature
cannot be analyzed by Vlasov’s theory, which
assumes that the shear strains are negligible along the
middle line of the
cross-section. Ferrero et al. [8] proposed that the stress
field in thin-walled composite beams due to a twisting
moment is not correctly modeled by classical
analytical theories, so numerical
modeling is essential. Therefore, they developed a
method with a simple way of determining stress and
stiffness in this type of structures where the
constrained warping effect can be taken into account.
They worked with both open and closed cross
sections. Also, to check the validity of the method for
structures made of composite materials, a beam with
thin, composite walls were studied. Wu et al. [9]
presented a procedure for analyzing the mechanical
behavior of laminated thin-walled composite box
beam under torsional load without external restraint.
Some analysis has been formulated to analyzed
composite box beam with varying levels of
assumptions [10-13]. Therefore, analysis of hollow
circular composite under varying loading condition is
key to improve the design and provide good
agreement in results.
II .SIMULATION
The Monte Carlo Simulation method is the most
common and traditional method for a probabilistic
analysis [14]. This method simulates how virtual
components behave the way they are built. Present
work uses FEM package ANSYS for analyses of
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 5), October 2014, pp.115-121
www.ijera.com 116 | P a g e
composite beam of hollow circular shape. All input
parameter for base model are given in table1. Element
selected for meshing the geometry of the specimen is
shell 181.Material properties of epoxy graphite are
entered. Fig 1 shows meshed model contains 3549
number of nodes and 3360 number of elements.
Figure 1: Meshed model of composite with SHELL
181 elements .
Figure 2: Meshed geometry with boundary conditions
The mesh size is reasonably small to obtain fairly
accurate results. Figure 2 shows model with applied
loads and boundary conditions, stressed model and
deformed shape. Geometry is meshed with element
size 1mm.Mapped type of meshing is used. Meshed
model of specimen is shown in above figure 2
Table 1. Input Parameter Specifications
Geometry Length = 1524 mm
OD= 101.6 mm
twall= 15.2 mm
Material E11 = 146.85 GPa
E22 = E33 = 11.03 GPa
G12 = G13 = 6.21 GPa
G23 = 3.86 GPa
12 = 13 = 0.28
23 = 0.5
tlayer = 0.127 mm
θ=[+2030/-7030]s
Load 4.45 KN
III .RESULTS AND DISCUSSION FOR
BASELINE MODEL
Figure 3: Contour plot of Bending stress distribution
Table 2: Comparison of Literature and ANSYS
results
Hollow
circular
beam
Displacement (mm)
Literature Current
study
%
Error
30.00 29.35 2.17
IV. PROBABILISTIC DESIGN SYSTEM FOR
HOLLOW CIRCULAR COMPOSITE BEAM
Probabilistic design system is used to determine the
effect of one or more variables on the out come of
Hollow Circular beam analysis. Present work
considers:
Geometric parameters: Length, Radius.
Material parameters: Young modulus, Poission
ratio and Shear modulus in respective direction.
Composite properties: Layer thickness and
Orientation angles.
Load parameters: Tip load.
Table 4.2: Parameters used in probabilistic design of
hollow circular beam
Parameter Distributi
on Type
Mean Standard
Deviation
Length Normal 1524 mm 15.24
Radius Normal 50.8 mm 2.54
EXX Normal 146.85e3
MPa
14685
MPa
EYY=EZZ Normal 11.03e3 MPa 1103 MPa
PRXY=PRXZ Normal 0.28 0.056
PRYZ Normal 0.50 0.1
GXY=GXZ Normal 6.21e3 MPa 621 MPa
GYZ Normal 6.21e3 MPa 621 MPa
Layer
Thickness
Normal 0.127 0.0127
1 Normal 20 deg 2.0 deg
2 Normal -70 deg 7.0 deg
Force Normal -4.45e3 N 4.45e2 N
3. Mr.Sachin M. Shinde Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 5), October 2014, pp.115-121
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All the parameters are considered as varying with
Gaussian ( or Normal ) distribution (see Table 4.2).
Baseline model inputs for beam are used as discussed
in chapter 3. Using uncertainties as stated above,
probabilistic design system is performed using
ANSYS to know sensitivity of each parameter on
Bending Stress. PDS within ANSYS uses Monte
Carlo Simulation approach and analysis was looped
through 1000 sample points considering the
variations defined in the input variables and the
corresponding static analysis of the output
parameters.After creating parametric model, analysis
file for Circular composite beam has been created.
The analysis file has been created for use during the
probabilistic analysis. It is a parametric model of the
problem geometry, materials, and loads. Within the
analysis file, input variables are initialized and output
variables are retrieved.
This section presents result of probabilistic design for
Circular composite beam. Figures 4 to 18 show
Scatter plots of each input and output parameters.
Scatter plots show uncertainty in Bending Stress.
Polynomial distribution of C1 powers is indicated by
red colored line. As degree of polynomial distribution
is small, there is more uncertainty in Bending Stress.
If linear correlation coefficient of scatter plot is small
then there is less uncertainty in Bending Stress and if
larger then there is more uncertainty in Bending
Stress. Similarly it is also same for rank order
correlation coefficient.
Figure 4 : Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs Beam
Radius of hollow circular composite beam
Figure 5: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs Beam
Length of hollow circular composite beam
Figure 6: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs EXX of
hollow circular composite beam
Figure 7: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs EYY of
hollow circular composite beam
4. Mr.Sachin M. Shinde Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 5), October 2014, pp.115-121
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Figure 8:Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs EZZ of
hollow circular composite beam
Figure 9: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs PRXY of
hollow circular composite beam
Figure 10: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs PRYZ of
hollow circular composite beam
Figure 11 : Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs PRXZ
of hollow circular composite beam
Figure 12: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs GXY of
hollow circular composite beam
Figure 13: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs GYZ of
hollow circular composite beam
5. Mr.Sachin M. Shinde Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 5), October 2014, pp.115-121
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Figure 14:Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs GXZ of
hollow circular composite beam
Figure 15: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs Ply
Thickness of hollow circular composite
beam
Figure 16: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs Ply
Angle1 (THETA1) of hollow circular
composite beam
Figure 17: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs Ply
Angle2 (THETA2) of hollow circular
composite beam
Figure 18: Scatter plot of Bending Stress vs Load of
hollow circular composite beam
Figure 19: Histogram of output parameter Bending
Stress of hollow circular composite beam
Figure 19 shows variatiation in Bending Stress due
to combined variation in various input parameters.
Bending Stress varies between 104 MPa to 392
MPa. Although all input parameters vary using
normal distribution function but output parameters
do not follow same. It can be seen from values of
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Kurtosis and Skewness. Value of skewness deviates
from zero.
Figure 20: 95% confidence interval for Bending
Stress of hollow circular composite beam
Beams are typically designed to fulfill certain design
criteria based on the output parameters. For example,
a design for Bending Stress will be above or below a
certain limit, yet, the cumulative distribution curve
for Bending Stress shows minimum 104 MPa and
maximum 392 MPa. Probability of having Bending
Stress less than 250 MPa is below 90% (see Figure
20).
The line in middle is the probability P that the
maximum Bending Stress remains lower than a
certain limit value with 95% confidence interval. The
confidence interval quantifies the accuracy of the
probability results. After the reliability of the beam
has been quantified, it may happen that the resulting
value is not sufficient. The answer to the question
which input variables should be addressed to achieve
a robust design and improve the quality; can be
derived from probabilistic sensitivity diagrams plot.
The result of the proposed method is Spearman rank-
order correlation to determine which random
parameters are most significant in affecting the
uncertainty of the design. The sensitivity analysis
results obtained are shown in Fig. 21 The sensitivities
are given as relative values (bar chart) and relative to
each other (pie chart).
On the other hand, variation in following seven
parameters significantly affect bending stress of beam
whereas variation in remaining eight parameters do
not have significant effect:
Tip load
Ply thickness
Beam radius
Orientation angle – 70 deg
Youngs modulus in XX
Shear modulus in XY
Poissions ration in XZ
Figure 21: Sensitivity plot for bending stress
V CONCLUSION
The influence of the design parameters on
bending stress under variable loading condition is
studied. The conclusions obtained are summarized as
follows.
- Baseline analysis deflection results perfectly match
with literature results for all three cases and
percentage error is less than 3%.
-Successfully carried out probabilistic analysis to
study effect of input uncertainties on Bending Stress
of static analysis for circular composite beam. From
analysis it appears that not all input uncertainties
affect Bending stress.
o Co-relation coefficients and rank order
coefficients of selected parameters are
obtained to know the relationship between
Bending Stress and design variables.
o In Monte Carlo simulation, it was observed
that maximum probable value of Bending
Stress was 392 MPa and minimum probable
value was104 MPa.
REFERENCES
[1]. Lee, J., and Lee, S., “Flexural-torsional
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[2]. Mitra, M., Gopalakrishnan, S., and
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[3]. Chan, W. S., and Demirhan K. C., “A Simple
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[5]. Syed, K. A., and Chan, W. S., “Analysis of
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[7]. Ascione, L., Feo, L., and Mancusi, G., “On
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Castanie, B. , and Sudre, M., “Torsion of
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[9]. Wu, Y., Zhu, Y., Lai, Y., Zhang, X., and Liu,
S., “Analysis of thin-walled composite box
beam under Torsional load without external
restraint”, ELSEVIER, Thin-walled
Structures, vol. 40, 2002, pp. 385-397.
[10]. Chuanxian, C., “Researches on bending and
torsional stiffness of thin-walled carbon
epoxy box beam”, Mechanics and Practice,
Beijing University Press, 1985.
[11]. Chandra, R., Stemple, A. D., and Chopra I.,
“Thin-walled composite beams under
bending, torsional and extensional loads”,
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[12]. Fei, Y., “A theory for bending and torsion of
the composite single cell thin-walled beam",
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[13]. Min, J. S., Hyo, C. M., and In, L., “Static and
dynamic analysis of composite box beams
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[14] Shinde,S.M., Ronge,B,P, Pawar, P.P.,
”Probabilistic Design and Random
Optimization of Aerofoil Composite by Using
Finite Element Method”, www.ijera.com Vol.
3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.01-05
[15] Jiang, Sun, Milan Ruziicka,” A Calculation
Method of Hollow Circular Composite Beam
under General Loadings”, Bulletin of Applied
Mechanics, 2006, vol.3, pp.05–114 2006
[16] Shinde S.M.,”Probabilistic Design and
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215