Guided wave radar (GWR) technology has become a standard for level measurement in process and storage tanks. The Eclipse Model 706 GWR transmitter addresses challenges faced by earlier GWR devices. Its probe acts as a conductive path that maximizes signal strength and avoids scattering, allowing it to accurately measure even low dielectric liquids. The Model 706 also has a high signal-to-noise ratio, making it robust in challenging conditions. Additionally, it can measure to the very top of tanks without any non-measurable zone, offering overfill capability. The Model 706 addresses issues associated with using GWR in chambers/bridles and saturated steam applications through advanced measurement techniques.
Two detector elements are optically isolated by having them mounted (die-attached) on the same header so that the thermal tracking of the detectors respectively for the signal and reference channels is close to ideal.
This document summarizes a study on water level sensors conducted under the guidance of Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy. It discusses various types of level measurement sensors including capacitance, ultrasound, radar, and mobile canal control sensors. It reviews literature on the importance of accurate water level measurement and different sensor technologies. It also describes the site selection process for sensor installation based on factors like natural controls, safety, and maintaining a stationary record.
An ultrasonic level sensor uses high frequency sound waves to measure the distance from the sensor to the surface of the liquid being measured. It works by transmitting sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echoes to return. The sensor contains piezoelectric crystals that generate and detect sound waves. It can provide continuous level monitoring or point level control and has advantages of being non-contact, requiring no calibration, and working with viscous or solid materials. However, its accuracy can be affected by temperature, turbulence, foam and other process factors.
This document discusses various types of water level sensors used to monitor canal water levels, including contact sensors like pressure sensors, staff gauges, and Doppler sensors, and non-contact sensors like ultrasonic transmitters and radar sensors. It compares the accuracy, cost, and limitations of different sensor brands. Field observations at sample canal locations identified suitable installation points and challenges. The document recommends radar sensors for major canals and ultrasonic sensors or digital sensors for other canals, depending on conditions. It acknowledges contributions from organizations that supported the study.
Catalytic bead sensors require around 225mW of power to operate. For the average portable four-gas detector, the catalytic bead type LEL sensor typically accounts for more than half of the total power draw of the unit, which results in typical run times of 10-20 hours before a detector must be charged.
Rapid hydrogen and methane sensors for wireless leak detectionSherry Huang
Under NASA STTR NNK07EA39C, ASR&D developed passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) based hydrogen sensors that utilize Pd nanocluster films on self-assembled siloxane monolayers to provide rapid, reversible room temperature responses to hydrogen exposure.
Two detector elements are optically isolated by having them mounted (die-attached) on the same header so that the thermal tracking of the detectors respectively for the signal and reference channels is close to ideal.
This document summarizes a study on water level sensors conducted under the guidance of Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy. It discusses various types of level measurement sensors including capacitance, ultrasound, radar, and mobile canal control sensors. It reviews literature on the importance of accurate water level measurement and different sensor technologies. It also describes the site selection process for sensor installation based on factors like natural controls, safety, and maintaining a stationary record.
An ultrasonic level sensor uses high frequency sound waves to measure the distance from the sensor to the surface of the liquid being measured. It works by transmitting sound pulses and measuring the time it takes for the echoes to return. The sensor contains piezoelectric crystals that generate and detect sound waves. It can provide continuous level monitoring or point level control and has advantages of being non-contact, requiring no calibration, and working with viscous or solid materials. However, its accuracy can be affected by temperature, turbulence, foam and other process factors.
This document discusses various types of water level sensors used to monitor canal water levels, including contact sensors like pressure sensors, staff gauges, and Doppler sensors, and non-contact sensors like ultrasonic transmitters and radar sensors. It compares the accuracy, cost, and limitations of different sensor brands. Field observations at sample canal locations identified suitable installation points and challenges. The document recommends radar sensors for major canals and ultrasonic sensors or digital sensors for other canals, depending on conditions. It acknowledges contributions from organizations that supported the study.
Catalytic bead sensors require around 225mW of power to operate. For the average portable four-gas detector, the catalytic bead type LEL sensor typically accounts for more than half of the total power draw of the unit, which results in typical run times of 10-20 hours before a detector must be charged.
Rapid hydrogen and methane sensors for wireless leak detectionSherry Huang
Under NASA STTR NNK07EA39C, ASR&D developed passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) based hydrogen sensors that utilize Pd nanocluster films on self-assembled siloxane monolayers to provide rapid, reversible room temperature responses to hydrogen exposure.
This document discusses ultrasonic level sensing using transducers that emit high frequency acoustic waves and measure the time-of-flight of reflected echoes to determine the distance to the surface of a liquid. It describes the basic working involving excitation of a start pulse and detection of a stop pulse, with the time difference providing the time-of-flight and corresponding distance. It also mentions that there is a blanking zone near the transducer face where objects cannot be detected. Finally, it notes this technology is used for level sensing in tanks, containers, and various industrial equipment.
Humidity sensors have many applications in industries like semiconductor manufacturing, medical equipment, automobiles, agriculture, and general industry. There are different types of humidity sensors classified by their measurement techniques, including relative humidity sensors and absolute humidity sensors. Relative humidity sensors can be ceramic, semiconductor, or polymer-based, with ceramic sensors being the most common type. Ceramic humidity sensing materials include Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, spinel compounds, and other materials like MnWO4 and Fe2O3. Each material has advantages and limitations for humidity detection depending on factors like temperature range, response time, and minimum detectable humidity level.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are many types of sensors for measuring things like temperature, pressure, sound, motion, light, and more. Sensors work by being sensitive only to the property they are measuring. New microscopic sensors called microsensors can achieve high speeds and sensitivities. Some common sensors include thermometers, microphones, motion detectors, and sensors in cars that measure things like engine temperature, tire pressure, and vehicle speed.
Testing Multi-GNSS in an R&D Environment: From GPS to Multi-GNSSspirentgnss
Increasingly, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are capable of receiving and processing signals from multiple satellite systems. Multi-GNSS brings many new market opportunities, but it also creates new challenges for R&D teams.
Discover:
- The differing requirements of GLONASS, Galileo, GPS and Compass GNSS
- How Multi-GNSS simulators can help
FR1.L10.5: SMOS SOIL MOISTURE VALIDATION: STATUS AT THE UPPER DANUBE CAL/VAL ...grssieee
This document summarizes the status of soil moisture validation for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission at an Upper Danube calibration and validation site in Germany eight months after launch. It describes the calibration and validation approach using in situ soil moisture measurements, land surface modeling, and airborne campaigns to compare SMOS soil moisture and brightness temperature products to ground truth data over the large Upper Danube catchment area and smaller, well-instrumented Vils test site. Preliminary analysis of SMOS data from two airborne campaigns is presented along with plans for continued validation.
In this article from the January 2015 World Pipelines edition, Andre Lamarre, Business Development Manager - Power Generation and Pipeline Markets at Olympus NDT, writes about trusted UT inspection methods and new technique developments used to contribute to pipeline integrity.
More on Olympus ultrasonic flaw detectors: http://bit.ly/1zy3QUu
Contact us: http://bit.ly/1rDmq94
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/1j5FOTy
This document discusses the use of remote sensing devices (RSDs) in cold climates. It finds that RSDs can reliably measure wind shear, turbulence, and extreme winds. At one Swedish site, a Windcube lidar agreed very well with mast measurements and validated the mast's shear profile across the rotor. The document also finds that low turbulence levels do not necessarily lead to an overestimation of energy as seen in some US sites, and that each site should be evaluated individually to determine if an energy loss adjustment is needed. It concludes that deploying an appropriate RSD along with a reference mast can minimize uncertainty and maximize project value.
The document discusses lightning protection for wind turbines. It covers the new IEC 61400-24 standard which will require lightning testing for entire wind turbine systems. Analysis of lightning damage to over 500 turbines found that delamination and shell debonding were the most common types of damage. Explanations of failure mechanisms show that improper insulation allows lightning leaders to initiate from internal parts rather than just receptors. The presentation emphasizes the importance of robust lightning protection system design, testing, monitoring, and maintenance.
Jake Saletsky interned at National Grid over the summer, working on various projects in their T&D Work Methods department. He created standardized tool kits for field trucks, narrowed down the large inventory of meters and testers stocked, corrected issues with supplier part numbers, and began developing a new tool database. Through meetings, research, and field trips, Jake gained experience in time management, communication, and taking responsibility for challenging independent work. He felt the internship provided real contributions rather than just administrative tasks.
This presentation is about radar and is presented by 6 students to their lecturer. It includes an introduction, history of radar including its development from experiments in the late 19th century to use in World War II. It also outlines the different types of radar, how radar works, and its various applications such as in weather forecasting, air traffic control, police speed detection, and military uses. The presentation concludes by discussing advances in radar technology and its increasing role in the future.
The document summarizes research using Doppler radar measurements to study the impact of atmospheric stability on wind structure and turbine wakes. It finds that stable overnight conditions result in remarkably smooth laminar flow with significant wind shear and veer, while unstable daytime conditions feature gusts and turbulence. Stable conditions lead to longer turbine wakes that can exceed 100 rotor diameters, less wake meandering, and enhanced turbine-turbine interaction.
Comparing pulse doppler lidar with sodar and direct measurements for wind ass...ndkelley
The document compares wind measurements from a pulsed Doppler LIDAR, SODAR, and direct tower measurements taken during a field study. It finds that under optimal conditions, the LIDAR achieved a root mean square accuracy of 0.3 m/s or 2.5% compared to tower measurements, while SODAR measurements had a root mean square uncertainty of 0.6-0.7 m/s or 5-6% limited by tower flow distortion. Vertical wind profiles measured by the LIDAR's conical scanning mode provided detailed wind data, but initial vertical profiles from stationary scans showed larger errors compared to tower measurements.
Intrusion Detection In Open Field Using Geophone (Report)Nuthan Prasad
This dissertation discusses the design of an intrusion detection system using geophones in an open field. A sensor network of geophone nodes is used to detect human intrusions by identifying footstep impulses. When intrusion is detected via kurtosis analysis, the sensor node alerts a control room which can then dispatch an unmanned ground vehicle to the location. The system aims to remotely monitor large outdoor areas with limited manpower.
An optical liquid level sensor based on polarization maintainingZazi Si
This document describes an optical liquid level sensor based on a polarization-maintaining fiber modal interferometer. The sensor uses a polarization-maintaining fiber spliced between two single-mode fibers to form an interferometer. Changes in the liquid level cause a change in the optical path difference, resulting in a wavelength shift that can be used to measure the liquid level. The sensor is easy to fabricate, structurally stable, and highly sensitive. Experimental results show that the wavelength shift increases linearly with liquid level and refractive index, and decreases with shorter fiber length and increasing temperature.
The document summarizes Pawan Meena's summer training at the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) in New Delhi. It discusses (1) an overview of IMD, including its history and centers; (2) radar technology used by IMD, specifically Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) which uses microwave transmission to determine precipitation intensity and identify targets like rain, hail or snow; and (3) key learning outcomes from the training, such as gaining practical knowledge of DWR technology and its applications in weather monitoring and forecasting.
This presentation provides instruction on performing ultrasonic testing of welds according to the American Welding Society D1.1 code. It outlines 29 steps for inspecting a weld, including determining transducer selection and angle, performing calibration and reference level checks, scanning the weld to locate discontinuities, calculating discontinuity size, depth and rating, and determining acceptance based on discontinuity class. The goal is to train students to properly complete inspection form D-11 and evaluate any discontinuities found in the weld according to the AWS D1.1 acceptance criteria.
The document discusses pipeline leak detection technologies. It describes automated, semi-automated, and manual detection methods. Common current methods like satellite imaging, helicopter surveillance, and sonic sensors are outlined along with their limitations. An internally-based Real Time Transient Model (RTTM) method is proposed, which uses pressure, flow, temperature, and acoustic sensors along with modeling of the pipeline flow. RTTM can detect small leaks and estimate their location and rate. It is faster and less prone to false alarms than other methods but requires more complex modeling and instrumentation.
The document describes Elios 2 RAD, a remote-controlled drone system for indoor radiation sensing and mapping at nuclear power plants. It allows operators to safely measure and map radiation levels inside facilities without human exposure. Key features include identifying radiation leaks, estimating worker dose exposure for tasks, and monitoring radiation levels over time to improve safety standards. The system includes high, mid, and low-dose radiation sensors, software for mapping radiation readings and dose localization, and training materials for calibration and use. Pricing options are listed for the full Elios 2 RAD package or retrofitting an existing Elios 2 drone.
Radar uses radio waves to detect distant objects. It works by transmitting radio pulses and measuring their reflection off targets to determine range, angle, speed and other characteristics. There are two main types of radar: continuous wave radar which transmits a continuous radio signal, and pulsed radar which uses high power pulses. Radar has many applications including air traffic control, weather observation, speed enforcement, and military uses like air defense and missile guidance. It can operate in all weather conditions and is a vital detection system.
Eclipse Model 706 High Performance Guided Wave Radar Level TransmitterMiller Energy, Inc.
The Eclipse® Model 706 high performance transmitter is a loop-powered, 24 VDC level transmitter that is based upon the proven and increasingly accepted technology of guided wave radar (GWR). Encompassing a number of significant engineering accomplishments, this leading edge level transmitter is designed to provide measurement performance well beyond that of many of the more traditional technologies.
IRJET- Wave Ultrasonic Testing and how to Improve its Characteristics by Vary...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of wave ultrasonic testing and how varying operational parameters can improve its characteristics. It discusses how guided wave testing using low frequencies below 100 kHz can be used to inspect pipes over long distances for corrosion detection. Commercial systems have been developed that use arrays of piezoelectric transducers to generate and control axially symmetric modes to identify non-symmetric features indicating defects. Varying the test frequency affects sensitivity, resolution, and range, with lower frequencies providing longer ranges but reduced resolution.
This document discusses ultrasonic level sensing using transducers that emit high frequency acoustic waves and measure the time-of-flight of reflected echoes to determine the distance to the surface of a liquid. It describes the basic working involving excitation of a start pulse and detection of a stop pulse, with the time difference providing the time-of-flight and corresponding distance. It also mentions that there is a blanking zone near the transducer face where objects cannot be detected. Finally, it notes this technology is used for level sensing in tanks, containers, and various industrial equipment.
Humidity sensors have many applications in industries like semiconductor manufacturing, medical equipment, automobiles, agriculture, and general industry. There are different types of humidity sensors classified by their measurement techniques, including relative humidity sensors and absolute humidity sensors. Relative humidity sensors can be ceramic, semiconductor, or polymer-based, with ceramic sensors being the most common type. Ceramic humidity sensing materials include Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, spinel compounds, and other materials like MnWO4 and Fe2O3. Each material has advantages and limitations for humidity detection depending on factors like temperature range, response time, and minimum detectable humidity level.
Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are many types of sensors for measuring things like temperature, pressure, sound, motion, light, and more. Sensors work by being sensitive only to the property they are measuring. New microscopic sensors called microsensors can achieve high speeds and sensitivities. Some common sensors include thermometers, microphones, motion detectors, and sensors in cars that measure things like engine temperature, tire pressure, and vehicle speed.
Testing Multi-GNSS in an R&D Environment: From GPS to Multi-GNSSspirentgnss
Increasingly, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers are capable of receiving and processing signals from multiple satellite systems. Multi-GNSS brings many new market opportunities, but it also creates new challenges for R&D teams.
Discover:
- The differing requirements of GLONASS, Galileo, GPS and Compass GNSS
- How Multi-GNSS simulators can help
FR1.L10.5: SMOS SOIL MOISTURE VALIDATION: STATUS AT THE UPPER DANUBE CAL/VAL ...grssieee
This document summarizes the status of soil moisture validation for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission at an Upper Danube calibration and validation site in Germany eight months after launch. It describes the calibration and validation approach using in situ soil moisture measurements, land surface modeling, and airborne campaigns to compare SMOS soil moisture and brightness temperature products to ground truth data over the large Upper Danube catchment area and smaller, well-instrumented Vils test site. Preliminary analysis of SMOS data from two airborne campaigns is presented along with plans for continued validation.
In this article from the January 2015 World Pipelines edition, Andre Lamarre, Business Development Manager - Power Generation and Pipeline Markets at Olympus NDT, writes about trusted UT inspection methods and new technique developments used to contribute to pipeline integrity.
More on Olympus ultrasonic flaw detectors: http://bit.ly/1zy3QUu
Contact us: http://bit.ly/1rDmq94
Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/1j5FOTy
This document discusses the use of remote sensing devices (RSDs) in cold climates. It finds that RSDs can reliably measure wind shear, turbulence, and extreme winds. At one Swedish site, a Windcube lidar agreed very well with mast measurements and validated the mast's shear profile across the rotor. The document also finds that low turbulence levels do not necessarily lead to an overestimation of energy as seen in some US sites, and that each site should be evaluated individually to determine if an energy loss adjustment is needed. It concludes that deploying an appropriate RSD along with a reference mast can minimize uncertainty and maximize project value.
The document discusses lightning protection for wind turbines. It covers the new IEC 61400-24 standard which will require lightning testing for entire wind turbine systems. Analysis of lightning damage to over 500 turbines found that delamination and shell debonding were the most common types of damage. Explanations of failure mechanisms show that improper insulation allows lightning leaders to initiate from internal parts rather than just receptors. The presentation emphasizes the importance of robust lightning protection system design, testing, monitoring, and maintenance.
Jake Saletsky interned at National Grid over the summer, working on various projects in their T&D Work Methods department. He created standardized tool kits for field trucks, narrowed down the large inventory of meters and testers stocked, corrected issues with supplier part numbers, and began developing a new tool database. Through meetings, research, and field trips, Jake gained experience in time management, communication, and taking responsibility for challenging independent work. He felt the internship provided real contributions rather than just administrative tasks.
This presentation is about radar and is presented by 6 students to their lecturer. It includes an introduction, history of radar including its development from experiments in the late 19th century to use in World War II. It also outlines the different types of radar, how radar works, and its various applications such as in weather forecasting, air traffic control, police speed detection, and military uses. The presentation concludes by discussing advances in radar technology and its increasing role in the future.
The document summarizes research using Doppler radar measurements to study the impact of atmospheric stability on wind structure and turbine wakes. It finds that stable overnight conditions result in remarkably smooth laminar flow with significant wind shear and veer, while unstable daytime conditions feature gusts and turbulence. Stable conditions lead to longer turbine wakes that can exceed 100 rotor diameters, less wake meandering, and enhanced turbine-turbine interaction.
Comparing pulse doppler lidar with sodar and direct measurements for wind ass...ndkelley
The document compares wind measurements from a pulsed Doppler LIDAR, SODAR, and direct tower measurements taken during a field study. It finds that under optimal conditions, the LIDAR achieved a root mean square accuracy of 0.3 m/s or 2.5% compared to tower measurements, while SODAR measurements had a root mean square uncertainty of 0.6-0.7 m/s or 5-6% limited by tower flow distortion. Vertical wind profiles measured by the LIDAR's conical scanning mode provided detailed wind data, but initial vertical profiles from stationary scans showed larger errors compared to tower measurements.
Intrusion Detection In Open Field Using Geophone (Report)Nuthan Prasad
This dissertation discusses the design of an intrusion detection system using geophones in an open field. A sensor network of geophone nodes is used to detect human intrusions by identifying footstep impulses. When intrusion is detected via kurtosis analysis, the sensor node alerts a control room which can then dispatch an unmanned ground vehicle to the location. The system aims to remotely monitor large outdoor areas with limited manpower.
An optical liquid level sensor based on polarization maintainingZazi Si
This document describes an optical liquid level sensor based on a polarization-maintaining fiber modal interferometer. The sensor uses a polarization-maintaining fiber spliced between two single-mode fibers to form an interferometer. Changes in the liquid level cause a change in the optical path difference, resulting in a wavelength shift that can be used to measure the liquid level. The sensor is easy to fabricate, structurally stable, and highly sensitive. Experimental results show that the wavelength shift increases linearly with liquid level and refractive index, and decreases with shorter fiber length and increasing temperature.
The document summarizes Pawan Meena's summer training at the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) in New Delhi. It discusses (1) an overview of IMD, including its history and centers; (2) radar technology used by IMD, specifically Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) which uses microwave transmission to determine precipitation intensity and identify targets like rain, hail or snow; and (3) key learning outcomes from the training, such as gaining practical knowledge of DWR technology and its applications in weather monitoring and forecasting.
This presentation provides instruction on performing ultrasonic testing of welds according to the American Welding Society D1.1 code. It outlines 29 steps for inspecting a weld, including determining transducer selection and angle, performing calibration and reference level checks, scanning the weld to locate discontinuities, calculating discontinuity size, depth and rating, and determining acceptance based on discontinuity class. The goal is to train students to properly complete inspection form D-11 and evaluate any discontinuities found in the weld according to the AWS D1.1 acceptance criteria.
The document discusses pipeline leak detection technologies. It describes automated, semi-automated, and manual detection methods. Common current methods like satellite imaging, helicopter surveillance, and sonic sensors are outlined along with their limitations. An internally-based Real Time Transient Model (RTTM) method is proposed, which uses pressure, flow, temperature, and acoustic sensors along with modeling of the pipeline flow. RTTM can detect small leaks and estimate their location and rate. It is faster and less prone to false alarms than other methods but requires more complex modeling and instrumentation.
The document describes Elios 2 RAD, a remote-controlled drone system for indoor radiation sensing and mapping at nuclear power plants. It allows operators to safely measure and map radiation levels inside facilities without human exposure. Key features include identifying radiation leaks, estimating worker dose exposure for tasks, and monitoring radiation levels over time to improve safety standards. The system includes high, mid, and low-dose radiation sensors, software for mapping radiation readings and dose localization, and training materials for calibration and use. Pricing options are listed for the full Elios 2 RAD package or retrofitting an existing Elios 2 drone.
Radar uses radio waves to detect distant objects. It works by transmitting radio pulses and measuring their reflection off targets to determine range, angle, speed and other characteristics. There are two main types of radar: continuous wave radar which transmits a continuous radio signal, and pulsed radar which uses high power pulses. Radar has many applications including air traffic control, weather observation, speed enforcement, and military uses like air defense and missile guidance. It can operate in all weather conditions and is a vital detection system.
Eclipse Model 706 High Performance Guided Wave Radar Level TransmitterMiller Energy, Inc.
The Eclipse® Model 706 high performance transmitter is a loop-powered, 24 VDC level transmitter that is based upon the proven and increasingly accepted technology of guided wave radar (GWR). Encompassing a number of significant engineering accomplishments, this leading edge level transmitter is designed to provide measurement performance well beyond that of many of the more traditional technologies.
IRJET- Wave Ultrasonic Testing and how to Improve its Characteristics by Vary...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of wave ultrasonic testing and how varying operational parameters can improve its characteristics. It discusses how guided wave testing using low frequencies below 100 kHz can be used to inspect pipes over long distances for corrosion detection. Commercial systems have been developed that use arrays of piezoelectric transducers to generate and control axially symmetric modes to identify non-symmetric features indicating defects. Varying the test frequency affects sensitivity, resolution, and range, with lower frequencies providing longer ranges but reduced resolution.
The document discusses advances in differential probing technology that can capture high frequency signals with low loading effects. It begins by explaining the limitations of single-ended probes in measuring signals with varying grounds and introduces differential probes as a solution. It then describes a new class of differential probes that have the lowest loading of any previous probe due to advances that reduced inductance and capacitance. Charts are presented comparing the impedance profiles of the new differential probes to previous single-ended probes, showing the differential design maintains a much higher input impedance even at very high frequencies.
Microwave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular SystemsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper about using microwave radiometry for fire detection around moving vehicles. The paper proposes using a ground-based microwave radiometer mounted near a road or rail track to image potential fire areas on a passing vehicle. Simulations were conducted using 30 GHz microwave radiation to analyze transmission through typical vehicle walls of different materials, thicknesses, and properties. The research suggests microwave radiometry may provide early fire detection by measuring changes in emitted radiation transmitted through dielectric vehicle walls, as an alternative or supplement to existing infrared sensor systems.
This document provides an overview of several new technologies for the oil and gas industry:
1) Adrok's Atomic Dielectric Resonance Scanner uses low-energy electromagnetic waves to map subsurface geology without drilling. It can image depths of up to 4,000 meters.
2) ShawCor's Simulated Service Vessel allows testing of pipes, valves, and other equipment to simulate deepwater conditions of up to 3,000 meters and 180°C. It provides data to predict long-term performance of subsea infrastructure.
3) Eztek's TallyBook data acquisition units measure parameters like temperature, flow and density during well operations. They provide real-time monitoring and analysis to improve safety and efficiency
This document describes a battery-less wireless chipless sensor tag for subsoil moisture monitoring. The sensor tag uses multiple resonant frequencies to wirelessly detect changes in soil volumetric water content (VWC) through shifts in resonant frequency caused by changes in the dielectric constant of surrounding soil. An experiment demonstrated the sensor tag could accurately detect VWC changes from 4% to 27% at a detectable range of up to 2.5 meters, making it suitable for agricultural monitoring and longer ranging than other chipless wireless sensors.
The Claus process is the industry standard and so the most
significant gas desulfurizing process, recovering elemental sulfur
from gaseous hydrogen sulfide.
The process is commonly referred to as a sulfur recovery unit
(SRU) and is very widely used to produce sulfur from the
hydrogen sulfide found in raw natural gas and from the by-product
sour gases containing hydrogen sulfide derived from refining
petroleum crude oil and other industrial facilities.
There are many hundreds of Claus sulfur recovery units in
operation worldwide.
In fact, the vast majority of the 68,000,000 metric tons of sulfur
produced worldwide in one year is by-product sulfur from
petroleum refining and natural gas processing plants.
This document discusses the development of an innovative logging while drilling (LWD) system using underground georadar (UGR) technology. It aims to improve navigation and maximize oil recovery from directional drilling. Key challenges include developing compact antenna designs that can operate in harsh downhole conditions and suppress leakage between antennas. The proposed system uses stepped frequency continuous wave radar with two receiving antennas to differentiate between leakage and boundary reflections. A prototype has been developed with antennas placed inside stabilizer blades to displace drilling fluid and achieve over 45dB leakage suppression without an antenna spacing. The design provides stable characteristics and anisotropic signals that can detect boundaries within 1-5m and estimate properties like propagation velocity.
The document summarizes several common level measurement methods: float type, RF capacitance, RF impedance, conductance, hydrostatic head, radar, and ultrasonic. It provides details on how each method works, including explanations of concepts like dielectric constants, time of flight measurements, and guided wave radar. Radar level measurement can be done through air, using through air radar, or with contact devices like guided wave radar. Ultrasonic level measurement also uses time of flight principles with top-mounted transducers. Choosing a measurement method depends on factors like vessel dimensions, product composition, and process conditions.
The document describes the design of an ultrasonic radar system for short range object detection. It discusses using ultrasonic frequencies instead of microwaves to make a more cost effective radar. The system uses an Arduino board, ultrasonic sensor, servo motor, LEDs and buzzer. It works by sending and receiving ultrasonic pulses and measuring the time delay to determine distance. The servo motor rotates to scan in different angles. Code and algorithms are provided to control the hardware and calculate distance measurements at various angles for object detection.
The document discusses various techniques for high precision speed measurement. It describes laser Doppler anemometry which uses lasers to measure the Doppler shift induced by moving particles to calculate speed. Optical fibers can also be used, with light signals affected by passing trains allowing their speed detection. GPS methods calculate speed from position data recorded at intervals. Interferometric techniques precisely measure small displacements over time for speed. Accuracy, non-contact operation and suitability for different applications are advantages of optical speed measurement methods.
The document discusses calibration of radiometric detectors. It explains that metrology labs purchase calibrated transfer standard detectors from NIST that are then used to calibrate the lab's working standards. The working standards are calibrated using a monochromatic light source and are rotated, tracked, and recalibrated over time. Detectors are usually calibrated at the peak wavelength of the intended application using identical optics. An uncertainty of 10% or less is considered good for radiometry equipment, while NIST can achieve 1% uncertainty.
Fiber Optic Sensors, Fiber Optical Temperature Sensor - Rugged Monitoringrugged_monitoring
Check what is Fiber Optic Sensor? The sensor which uses optical fiber as sensing device. Rugged Monitoring have top fiber optic temperature sensors team on monitors, Software accessories, E-mobility, medical, energy, RF/Microwave, research labs etc.
Check what is Fiber Optic Sensor? The sensor which uses optical fiber as sensing device. Rugged Monitoring have top fiber optic temperature sensors team on monitors, Software accessories, E-mobility, medical, energy, RF/Microwave, research labs etc
Oscilloscopes and their Calibration-WebDavid Martson
The document provides an overview of oscilloscope calibration, including a brief history of oscilloscope development and the introduction of dedicated calibration equipment. It describes the primary instruments used to calibrate the vertical, triggering, and horizontal subsystems of oscilloscopes. For the vertical subsystem, these include a standard amplitude calibrator, fast-rise pulse generator, high amplitude square wave generator, and constant amplitude signal generator. A constant amplitude signal generator is also used for triggering calibration. Horizontal sweep speeds are calibrated using a time-mark generator.
This document describes a wireless sensor network system for monitoring temperature and gas leakage. The system uses small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard to wirelessly transmit sensor data from gas and temperature sensors up to 15-20 meters away. The sensors detect when temperature exceeds 40°C or gas levels exceed 120ppm and trigger an alarm buzzer. The system was tested successfully to monitor indoor environments and detect gas and temperature changes in real-time.
Surge wave generators (SWG) are used with reflectometers for cable fault location. They generate surges that create arcs at faults, allowing transient waves to be recorded and fault distances to be determined. SWGs are available for voltages up to 3500kV and energies up to 3500J. They use switchable capacitors and surge stages to optimize energy for prelocation and pinpointing faults. A Digiphone receiver uses the difference in arrival time between electromagnetic and acoustic signals to precisely locate faults.
This document discusses continuous wave radars and their advantages over pulse radars. It begins with an introduction explaining how radar technology has migrated from military to civilian security applications. It then discusses the basics of pulse radars and how continuous wave radars offer advantages like lower transmitted power, lack of ambiguity issues, and better electromagnetic compatibility. The document provides theoretical background on continuous wave radar signal processing and highlights key features of this radar type. It also discusses applications in security fields like target identification.
Consumers, business partners and regulatory
authorities demand more accurate product codes and
information. Are processes and today’s coding systems
up to meeting that challenge?
Videojet develops and manufactures high quality industrial printers designed with your real-world goals in mind. Now you can keep downtime to a minimum, expand true availability and count on maintenance that's routine.
Discover our continuous inkjet printing solutions for product packaging identification.
Contact your local representative at :
Benjamin W. Kyalo
Sales Engineer
Kep Services Ltd
Email: benjamin.kyalo@kep.co.ke
Mobile: +254735211022 / +254724249395
www.kep.co.ke
This document provides information on the Night-Lite PRO II light tower. It has a Kohler, Kubota, or CAT diesel engine and generator. It comes in vertical and laydown tower configurations on a trailer with stabilizing outriggers. The document outlines the features and specifications of the tower, engine, lights, and electrical components. It also provides instructions for operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting.
This document contains summaries of various products and technologies for powder and bulk solids handling. It discusses mercury intrusion porosimeters that can accurately measure pore size distributions and densities. It also mentions a patented bulk bag material conditioner that can return solidified materials to a free-flowing state and a silo weight monitoring and control system that can predict when refills are needed to avoid shutdowns. The document provides brief summaries of these various powder and bulk solids handling products and technologies.
JEPL, an engineering arm of Jasubhai Group, today, has pioneered the fields of instrumentation, equipment and engineering for process industries. Driven with an utmost desire to 'make a difference' in customers' lives with the best possible solutions, the company steadily developed its operations and established different divisions, including Combustion Engineering, Contract Manufacturing, Material Handling, Process Equipment, Process Automation, Oil & Gas Service and Water Technology.
Focused on providing Combustion Technology and Turnkey Solutions to OEMs and end users, Jasubhai Engineering specialise in:
Handling all types of fuels - such as Light Fuel Oils, Heavy Fuel Oils, Gases - LPG, Refinery Gas, Bio-gas, Lean Waste - Gases, etc.
Multi-fuel fired burners for flexibility and operational economy.
Robust and high efficiency burners operating at low excess air and optimise fuel consumption.
Supplies to major OEMs of Boilers & Process heating systems to all Industry Segments like Power, Paper, Sugar, Minerals, Cement, Refinery, Chemicals, Petrochemicals and Metals to name a few.
Backward and forward integration to suit existing systems.
Feel free to contact me (benjaminkyalo@dewarlos.co.ke / +254735211022) we discuss more on your application.
7 Key Points for Process excellence/ Process ImprovementBenjamin Kyalo
The document outlines 7 key points for organizational process excellence: 1) Design systems and processes that meet customer needs; 2) Involve workers in process improvement by having them identify opportunities and solutions; 3) Align and guide metrics to measure the right things and ensure the data is useful; 4) Ensure process visibility and ownership with someone responsible for understanding and improving entire processes; 5) Consider technology which has potential to radically redesign processes; 6) Make continuous process improvement part of the organizational DNA; 7) Avoid being too complicated and reduce unnecessary complexity.
This document provides product information for various vapor control systems manufactured by ValveConcepts, Inc. It describes the models, body sizes, materials, and pressure/vacuum settings for their pressure vents, vacuum vents, emergency relief vents, and blanketing valves used in vapor control systems for storage tanks. The document contains detailed specifications for over 15 different product lines and models.
Cashco manufactures a broad line of throttling rotary and
linear control valves, pressure reducing regulators, and
back pressure regulators in line sizes from 1⁄4 inch to
10 inches and Cv ranges from .002 to 4,406. Models
are available to handle slurries, cryogenic service, and
corrosive fluids; to withstand high temperatures and
pressures; and to maximize the reduction of fugitive
emissions. Contact Cashco for complete product information.
Thermatel products are in service worldwide in many of the most demanding applications.As a flow switch Thermatel is used for gas and liquid applications for both flow and no/low flow detection. Typical applications involve pump protection, cooling air/water,relief valve monitoring,exhaust flows and lubrication systems. Thermatel products provide outstanding low flow sensitivity with high range ability.
This document provides an overview of level instrumentation applications for natural gas processing. It discusses level measurement and control needs at various stages of natural gas processing including inlet separators, chemical injection, amine separation, sulfur treatment, gas dehydration, NGL recovery, storage tanks, water processing, compression, and more. Recommendations are provided for point level, continuous level, and visual level indicators suitable for different processing equipment.
Biofuel is produced from biomass resources to make liquid fuels like ethanol, methanol,and bio diesel,and gaseous fuels such as hydrogen and methane(see Biogas). Bio fuels are primarily used to fuel transportation vehicles, but they can also fuel engines or fuel cellsforelectricity generation
Eclipse 705 GWR Level Transmitter's calibration and calibration verification are easily accomplished in a controlled workshop environment calibration test fixture. This feature allows the user to validate the initial, in-situ calibration, without the need to remove the probe from the vessel. This avoids the need for further time consuming and expensive in – situ process validation procedures, such as RO or WFI water metering and because the probe remains in the vessel there is no need for pressurising or depressurising of the vessel or further CIP/SIP cleaning regimes.
The test probe is mounted horizontally on a custom made test fixture fitted with a sliding target plate that can be moved along its entire length, to simulate desired test points. As all calibration information is stored in the electronics, either the electronics or the whole ”quick disconnect” transmitter housing can be quickly and easily removed, refitted to the test probe and powered up. The transmitter output can then be verified against the measured distance from the process connection to the target.
27859 a new distributed architecture for remote communications 2013Benjamin Kyalo
The whitepaper discusses the limitations of the traditional "Host-Centric Model" for remote communications in industries like oil and gas. It proposes a new "Distributed Communications Architecture" that addresses these issues by distributing data collection away from host computers and closer to field devices. This reduces bandwidth usage and costs while improving security and scalability. The technology for such an architecture exists today using standards like OPC UA, allowing for a transition with minimal disruption.
The Magnetic Level Indicator is an alternative to leakage-prone sight glasses, a traditional but fragile means to achieve visual indication of liquid level. Unlike hard-to-read sight glasses, Aurora’s visual indicator is highly visible. Maintenance on the MLI, its transmitter and switches (if so equipped), can be accomplished without breaching the vessel.
Cashco Inc. is a company with over 95 years of experience manufacturing pressure and temperature regulators, control valves, tank blanketing valves, conservation vents, and arrestors. It was founded in 1917 as A.W. Cash Company and has expanded through acquisitions of other valve companies. The document describes Cashco's history, facilities, product lines, and sales solutions for various applications. It provides information on Cashco's testing facilities, warehouse storage, and focus on serving customers' present and future needs through a wide range of valve products.
This document provides an overview of Contour's line of level measurement products for bulk solids. It describes the various models including the 3DS-S, 3DS-M, 3DS-V, and 3DS-L multi-scanner systems. Key details covered include measurement characteristics, environmental specifications, software options for visualization and remote monitoring, and installation considerations. The document also highlights a specialized Contour ESP model designed for measuring fly ash accumulation in electrostatic precipitator hoppers.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slack
GUIDED WAVE RADAR TECHNOLOGY
1. Guided Wave Radar
TODAY’S VANGUARD
IN LEVEL MEASUREMENT
Today’s Vanguard
Measurement
in
Level
What has been revealed in the past 15 years is the special qualities
of Eclipse Model 706 GWR that has allowed it to seep into the
bag of instrumentation tricks we have come to count on every
day. GWR, as a technology, has slowly become the standard in
process and storage tanks around the globe. First it was used as
a problem-solver. Then, as users gained confidence, it became a
daily staple on their level measurement menu.
Guided Wave Radar (GWR), the increasingly popular, industrial,
loop-powered transmitter we know today, burst on the scene
in the late 1990s. The Magnetrol® Eclipse® Model 706, like
most devices, is based on the revolutionary Lawrence Livermore
National Lab patent that in 1995 Popular Science magazine called
“Radar on a Chip” for $10.
This article will not explore the simple, generic applications
we know can be solved with almost any level measurement
technology including GWR. Rather, we intend to highlight a few
of the special areas where users have found particular success
in solving nagging measurement problems and the Eclipse GWR
has become their go-to technology as application knowledge and
product performance have evolved.
Hard-fought Early Battles
At first the Eclipse GWR was almost shunned. Why would a
customer use an “RF capacitance-looking device” with a probe?
Non-contact devices had clear advantages over contact with
ultrasonic and radar transmitters already carving out their own
niche in the marketplace. Installing a probe seemed almost
archaic. But, the probe WAS the secret.
Radar Echo – Is Bigger Always
Better?
What almost 15 years of experience has taught us is that the
probe, the initial perceived weakness, is the real strength of the
system. First, the probe offers a conductive path for the extremely
low-energy signal to travel. This allows a maximum amount of
energy to reach the surface where it is reflected and sent back to
the transmitter for interpretation. Extremely low dielectric/low SG
liquids like propane and butane can be measured with no problem.
Non-contact radars can measure these liquids using a stillwell/
standpipe that essentially provides a guided wave device, but at a
far greater cost. DPs can measure these materials but are subject
to SG variations that will greatly affect accuracy. Secondly, since
the probe is a conductive path that maintains control of the signal,
energy is not scattered within the tank (like non-contact radar)
where it can encounter numerous objects that create false targets.
Much has been said in the radar world about the need for a
strong signal, (i.e., a high-amplitude transmitted signal to the
medium you are measuring). It might seem like heresy to say
it is not the real issue, but is it? In some ways, the radar signal
is like the sound from a radio to which you are listening. If you
want it louder, you amplify the signal–an easy task. However, if
there is a high noise level behind the desired signal, what you
get is garbled. The same situation occurs in the radar world. This
relationship between the wanted and unwanted signals is called
Signal to Noise Ratio, abbreviated as SNR. Strong amplitude is a
“brute force” approach and is much easier to achieve than overall
SNR. In practical use the design with a greater SNR is more robust
and far less likely to have issues with unwanted reflections than
one that has an inferior value.
1
2. Modern radar designs strive to increase their SNR, and users
would be wise to keep this lesser-known trait in mind as they
choose between the various designs offered in the market. Low
dielectric, turbulence and other challenging conditions are made
easier with a superior SNR–and the new Eclipse Model 706
leads the industry in this area.
While some manufacturers of GWR transmitters may use special
algorithms to “infer” level measurement when this undesirable
signal interaction occurs and the actual level signal is lost, the
advanced design of the Eclipse Models 705 and 706 offer unique
solutions by utilizing a concept called Overfill Safe Operation. An
Overfill Safe probe is defined by the fact that it has predictable
and uniform characteristic impedance all the way down the
entire length of the waveguide (probe). This allows the probe to
measure true level at all times.
Overfill Capability
It is commonly understood that no level measurement technology is
perfect in all applications. Many have issues measuring accurately
to the very top of the tank. The most advanced of GWR designs
remove this weakness that plagues so many devices in the radar
category. This can be critical with media that are highly corrosive,
toxic or otherwise dangerous in a spill. The ability to read to the
very top of the vessel is often called Overfill Capability.
This probe design has the ability to measure accurate levels up
to the process flange without any non-measurable zone at the
top of the GWR probe. Overfill Safe GWR probes are a unique
advancement because coaxial probes can be installed at any
location on the vessel. Overfill Safe probes are offered in a variety
of Coaxial and Caged designs.
European agencies like WHG or VLAREM certify Overfill proof
protection, defined as the tested, reliable operation when the
transmitter is used as an overfill alarm. Further, it is assumed
in their analysis that the installation is designed in such a way
that the vessel or side-mounted cage cannot physically overfill.
However, there are practical applications where a GWR probe can
be completely flooded with level all the way up to the process
connection (face of the flange). Although the affected areas are
application dependent, typical GWR probes have a transition zone
(or possibly dead zone) at the top of the probe where interacting
signals can either affect the linearity of the measurement or, more
dramatically, result in a complete loss of signal.
Guided Wave Radar in
Chambers/Bridles and
Magnetic Level Indicators
Bridles and chambers have become popular means of level
measurement, first due to use with displacer transmitters and now
as an efficient means of external mounting that allows isolation
via shut-off valves. GWR has often been used in this configuration
utilizing coaxial probes. However, the recent popularity of single
rod probes (primarily due to their cost and higher immunity to
buildup) has raised a set of important performance issues.
2
3. NOTE: The measurement error associated with this propagation
delay depends on temperature and is a function of the square
root of the vapor space dielectric constant. For example, with
no compensation, a 450° F application would show a level error
of about 5.5%, while a 600° F application would show an error
approaching 20%!
Coaxial probes are the most efficient propagators of microwave
energy, which is why everyone’s television signal is transmitted
over coaxial cable. Single rod probes are inefficient in two key
aspects:
• Launching the signal causes a large impedance mismatch
at the top of the probe which creates noise that interferes
with good target acquisition.
The Eclipse GWR Model 706 features advanced measurement
techniques that provide a unique solution to this application.
Utilizing a mechanical steam target placed 10–20” (250–500
mm) down a single rod probe can compensate for the effects
of the changing steam conditions. (Some advanced designs have
shortened this distance to 5 inches [125 mm] by utilizing a
coaxial probe, which allows measurement closer to the very top.)
Knowing exactly where the target is located at room temperature,
then continuously monitoring its apparent location, the vapor
space dielectric can be back-calculated. By knowing the vapor
space dielectric, accurate compensation of the actual liquid level
reading is accomplished.
• Propagation of energy along the single rod probe is the
least efficient of all GWR waveguides, which is not the
best approach for optimal performance.
Both of these issues are resolved in the Eclipse Model 706 when
its single rod probe is carefully impedance-matched to the typical
chambers/bridles seen in the process industries. In this way,
there is no top-of-probe mismatch and, when done very carefully,
the single rod probe/cage combination effectively becomes a
coaxial arrangement creating excellent propagation efficiency.
The most recent Eclipse Model 706 developments have included
this probe/chamber matching design which yields excellent
performance at the lower cost of a single rod probe.
Saturated
Steam Applications
Saturated steam applications (i.e., high temperature/high
pressure water used in power generation) touch on one of the
theoretical weaknesses of radar. Radar technology has proven
to be a successful level measurement technology because it can
measure liquids that have drastically changing characteristics
like dielectric, specific gravity conditions that cause accuracy
headaches for conventional technologies like pressure cells
and torque-tube transmitters. This is true because the speed
of microwave propagation is based on the equation velocity =
speed of light/square root of dielectric (of vapor space). Typical
process conditions have little effect on this equation until you
enter the realm of high temperature/high pressure water (steam)
applications that occur during power generation.
As the temperature of saturated steam increases in these boiler
and feedwater heater applications, the dielectric constant of the
polar gas steam vapor space also increases. This increase in vapor
space dielectric causes a delay in the GWR signal propagation as
it travels down the probe, causing the liquid level to appear lower
than actual.
Saturated Steam Applications
3
4. Remote Site and Solar
Power Applications
Why? The speed of propagation of the microwave signal is
constant when passing through the typical vapor space (air) of
liquids normally measured. However, when the signal passes into
a low dielectric liquid, the speed of the electromagnetic signal
slows based on the equation velocity = speed of light/
square root of dielectric. By knowing the medium dielectric
and the expected end of probe location (based on probe length),
the level of the medium can be calculated based on the apparent
(delayed) end of probe location.
One application that has been gaining in popularity is generically called a
“solar application.” This refers to a remote, often unmanned site, with a
solar powered system with battery backup. The demand on transmitter
performance may not be obvious at first glance. These systems, by their
very design, have three key criteria that must be met: low power, fast
turn-on time and fast response time.
Low power has evolved to mean the ability to operate at 12VDC
minimum (240 mW @20mA). This can be accomplished directly
or with the use of a digital signal like HART® or MODBUS® with a
fixed output current to some low value, say 8-10mA. In this way,
power usage can be controlled to a tolerable level (particularly if
using a multi-drop configuration).
The delayed position of the end of probe will vary as the dielectric
of the process medium varies. As a result, this technique will not
provide the same accuracy as measuring the true product level.
For that reason, this is not a commonly used technique but it
can come in handy when using today’s more sophisticated GWR
transmitters in troublesome applications. The goal of dedicated
GWR manufacturers is to always detect the true level signal, so
this feature should only be used when conventional gain/threshold
troubleshooting techniques are exhausted.
Fast turn-on is the key to successful solar power applications.
Since these are remote sites, continuous reporting of information
is usually not a requirement. Updating once per hour, or even
once per day, is not unusual. This allows for a highly efficient
installation with minimal power usage. The real challenge for
transmitters is the ability to come back from being turned off
(“sleep” mode), power up and take a reliable reading within
15–30 seconds before being put back to sleep to await the next
measurement cycle. The latest GWR designs can accomplish this
power-up cycle in less than 15 seconds, making for an extremely
nice fit in these installations.
Guided Wave Radar
Measurement Bonus
Interface
Many industries encounter interface applications that contain
two, immiscible liquids of different specific gravities. The Oil &
Gas industry is rife with oil/water vessels in which separation
is critical. Water can be a major liquid that accompanies
hydrocarbons from within their original rock formations or a minor
liquid that condenses out after long periods. In many cases, it is
advantageous to measure both the hydrocarbon that rises to the
top and the water that settles to the bottom.
Non-standard Measurement
Techniques
GWR is a time-of-flight technology with a microwave echo that
yields a reliable level reading even in changing process conditions.
This direct measurement of true product level is key to accurate
performance. However, there are times when a calculated (inferred)
measurement may be necessary. Again, the probe becomes a
critical component. Knowing the exact probe length (a standard
parameter) allows the transmitter to look for the end-of-probe
signal to be in a precise location. In applications of extremely low
dielectric (<1.4), due to inherent media characteristics or process
conditions (e.g., flashing), detecting the “apparent location” of
the end of probe can be used to calculate the amount (level) of
the medium.
4
5. This design would demand a secondary seal as a back-up, the
double-seal approach.
The Eclipse GWR transmitter is capable of effectively measuring
both an upper liquid level and an interface liquid level. As only
a portion of the pulse is reflected from a low dielectric upper
surface, some of the transmitted energy continues down the GWR
probe through the upper liquid. The remaining initial pulse is again
reflected when it reaches the higher dielectric lower liquid. It is
typically required that the upper liquid has a dielectric constant
less than 10, and the lower liquid has a dielectric constant greater
than 15. A typical interface application would be oil over water,
with the upper layer of oil being non-conductive (εr ≈ 2.0),
and the lower layer of water being very conductive (εr ≈ 80).
The Eclipse GWR transmitter can accurately detect upper layer
thicknesses as small as 2” (50 mm) while the maximum upper
layer is limited to the length of the GWR probe.
The key characteristics of these seals include:
Single seals must pass the following tests:
• Leakage and burst: must show visible signs of leakage
when subjected to overpressure.
• Temperature cycling: must not fail when subjected to
repeated changes in temperature near the manufacturer’s
rated maximum.
• Fatigue cycling: must not fail when subjected to changes
in pressure over 100,000 cycles which includes cycling
from atmospheric pressure to the manufacturer’s rated
maximum.
One consideration with interface applications is emulsion layers.
For applications containing an emulsion layer (also called a “rag
layer”) of 4 inches or less, the Eclipse will detect the emulsion/
water interface level. For applications with an emulsion layer
greater than approximately 4 inches, the Eclipse will tend to read
the top of the emulsion (the oil/emulsion interface).
Dual-seal designs must pass the following tests:
• Leakage and burst: same as single seal.
• Venting: must account for pressure and flow capacity of
the worst-case primary seal failure. Pressure is applied until
the needed annunciation has indicated failure.
• Annunciation: must be verified by further testing.
ANSI/ISA 12.27.01
Process Seals
It should be clear that the goal is to use, where possible, a single
seal, given its more robust design and rigorous testing. There are
premium GWR probes on the market that have been approved to
the ANSI/ISA 12.27.01 specification. These designs offer the
kind of safety, via robust designs, that users need. Eclipse Model
705 and Eclipse Model 706 GWR probe designs meet these
specification demands.
Measurement of flammable media has always taken on a higher
level of criticality. In search of ultimate safety, the issue has been
raised as to what makes an appropriate seal between flammable
media inside a vessel and the outside world. The intent is to
eliminate the possibility of process fluids (gas or liquid) migrating
under pressure through conduit/cable/wiring systems back to the
control room in the event of a primary seal failure. Poured, conduit
seals are NOT considered a deterrent to pressurized fluids.
Improvements in User
Interface and Software Tools
This issue has evolved to a discussion of “single seal” vs. “dual
seal.” Does a single seal have enough integrity to be considered
safe in these applications? Is a dual seal a better solution?
The use of personal computers (PCs) has been a boon for instrument
users. The ability to do sophisticated calibration and remote diagnostic
troubleshooting means optimized performance and less downtime.
PACTware™ is one program in the Field Device Tool (FDT) family
that has become popular with many users. Manufacturers design
DTMs that work within the PACTware frame. These DTMs present
transmitter information in the way each manufacturer feels best
Stainless steel thermowells have the kind of robust characteristics
that meet the ASNI/ISA 12.27.01 specifications as an acceptable
single seal. However, removing the stainless steel well and creating
an O-ring compression removes those same robust characteristics.
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6. represents their device. This is important in the more sophisticated
aspects of PC software use.
• Three tabs are visible showing HOME, DEVICE SETUP and
DIAGNOSTICS
As transmitters and their accompanying PC programs have become
more sophisticated, users demand that manufacturers keep it
simple and intuitive. Magnetrol’s Eclipse Model 706 DTM is a
logical approach that is centered on how the customer uses the
information, NOT how the transmitter develops it.
- HOME shows key variables and diagnostic information
in an easy-to-read graphical format.
The new Eclipse Model 706 approach breaks the information
down into usable sections:
• HOME SCREEN (dashboard) shows a snapshot in time of all
key information.
• DEVICE SETUP yields all necessary configuration parameters
- SETUP WIZARD offers a minimum subset of configuration
parameters to get up and running quickly.
- DEVICE SETUP opens up a set of tabs instrumental for
configuration.
• DIAGNOSTICS make all diagnostics and troubleshooting
available.
- DIAGNOSTICS opens up a different set of tabs for
troubleshooting.
The above HOME screen shows such a layout. Key aspects are:
• HEADER that provides all key information and is always
viewable.
Two clicks of the mouse takes the user to any of the transmitter
information. In addition, “flyover” HELP is available by positioning
the cursor over any piece of information.
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7. Unattended Echo Capture
PACTware. The user can then email the information to the factory for
expert assistance in troubleshooting. This enables the problem to be
resolved much more quickly, minimizing possible downtime.
It would be a wonderful world if transmitters never experienced
a process upset or problem throughout their entire life cycle. Of
course, this utopia has never been found. The best that can be
done it so improve the speed at which a user can turn around a
problem and get the device back online to minimize down time.
One of the most important tools used to troubleshoot a GWR
application is the echo curve.
NE107
For many years transmitters could yield only 4–20mA information
related to a change in a primary variable. Smart (microprocessorbased) devices raised that bar by offering the ability to do selfdiagnosis and transmit information over digital networks such
as HART, Profibus and Foundation fieldbus. Many manufacturers
evolved their diagnostics into three basic categories: Fault (most
critical), Warning (less critical), Informational.
NAMUR, an international association dedicated to automation
in the process industries, has been influential in improving
various areas of this industry for many years. The NAMUR NE43
recommendation, which is modifying the original 4–20mA loops
to a 3.8–20.5mA working range with low alarm below 3.8mA
and high alarm above 21mA, is now widely accepted as a de facto
standard by many manufacturers.
NAMUR is raising the bar again with the release of its NE107
recommendation for diagnostic information (Self-monitoring and
Diagnosis of Field Devices). The new NE107 recommendation
offers the following categories (in order of importance):
This graphical representation of a GWR echo speaks volumes to those
trained to interpret them. It is like a snapshot in time of the health of
the transmitter. It is actually like seeing inside of the tank.
The challenge with echo curves is acquiring them in a timely fashion.
However, most problems develop when there is a skeleton crew and no
one watching this tank. By the time an instrument tech can investigate,
the alarm has cleared and no one understands why it occurred or, more
importantly, when it will happen again.
1. Failure
2. Function Check
Operating out of specified
measurement range,
4. Maintenance Required
Output valid, but in need
of some attention.
5. OK
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Output temporarily invalid
due to other activity (e.g.
maintenance).
3. Out of Specification
Since an echo curve is so important in troubleshooting the device, it is
critical to capture the curve at the instant a problem occurs. Too often
this means connecting a laptop and gathering information AFTER the
first signs of the problem, which is obviously not ideal. The advanced
Eclipse Model 706 GWR design makes this much less painful. These
advanced designs are shipped from the factory so an echo curve is
captured based on Time (using an on-board clock) or a key Event (such
as Loss of Echo or Low Echo Strength). The transmitter has the ability
to store a number of echo curves in its on-board memory. These echo
curves can then be downloaded to a laptop running software such as
Output invalid due to a
malfunction.
No diagnostic issues.
8. This relatively new standard allows the user to categorize
diagnostic indicators in a way that suits their specific needs. The
more advanced GWR transmitters are already incorporating this
approach into their transmitters diagnostic scheme to allow much
greater flexibility for the sophisticated user. All transmitters are
shipped with default values for these diagnostic categories, so the
casual “non-NE107” user will still have them at their disposal with
no added effort.
706 is leading the way in GWR transmitter performance. It can
effectively and reliably measure up to the process seal of the
probe. With specially bent probes, GWR can measure to almost
the last drop of liquid in a tank. This makes them particularly
attractive for industries like pharmaceuticals with extremely highvalue products.
From the first drop to the last, the Eclipse Model 706 has shown
the ability to tackle some of the toughest industry challenges.
With its ease of installation and stellar performance in changing
process conditions, it is no wonder the Eclipse Model 706 GWR
transmitter has become a go-to product for problem applications,
yet it is seen worthy of even the most generic plant applications.
Summary
GWR has emerged as a level measurement staple in instrument
shops around the world and the new Magnetrol Eclipse Model
Features
PROBES
Overfill probes: A broad range of Coaxial and
Caged probes, which offer accurate readings to the
very top of the probe.
Probe seals that are fired and bonded for true
hermetic performance. The glass ceramic alloy
means no concerns about O-ring material
compatibility, which is an upgrade to previous
borosilicate designs.
Steam probe with patented compensation
technique. Steam target is only 5 inches down
the probe. Offered in lengths up to 20 feet long.
ISA 12.27.01/single seal and dual seal
approved.
Patented offering that constains a GWR
transmitter integrated and matched to a Magnetic
Level Indicator.
Optional segmented probe configuration.
NACE and B31 construction codes are standard
options.
ELECTRONICS
Full graphic local user interface that is easily
added or removed. Displays echo curves and
trends. Configurable to show only the info you
want to see. Offers context sensitive help screens.
Fully encapsulated electronics.
Can operate down to 11V supply voltage, even in
hazardous areas.
Magnetrol
Eclipse
Other Brands
Benefit
√
Typical single rod probes may
have non-measurable areas at
the top, resulting in signal loss.
Most offer “soft” non bonded
seals.
No dead zones, which provide Overfill
Capability and improved safety.
√
Large unusable range on
probe. Some offer no
compensation at all.
May charge extra, or not offer.
√
N/A
Maintains accuracy in saturated steam
applications, and increases usable
range.
Increased safety.
Compliance with NEC/CEC.
Provides redundant local indication,
with independent technology.
√
Available from some.
√
May include as a special.
√
Non graphic indicator, with no
local interface.
√
√
May have exposed circuitry.
Reliable, even under extreme moisture.
May require 16VDC or higher, Ideal for solar power installations.
particularly in cold climates and
hazardous areas.
√
√
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Greatly reduced risk of process fluid
leak, and material compatibility issues.
Operation up to +850F and 2500#
service.
Available to assemble segments on site
where limited overhead clearance may
be an issue.
Required for critical applications in
power plants and refineries.
No need for expensive hand-held
terminal, or external software.
9. Features
Magnetrol
Eclipse
Highest signal-to-noise ratio, up to 3 times better
than some competitors. Patent pending “Diode
Switched Front End” circuit completely isolates
the transmitted and received signals for more
robust operation.
Built-in “virtual technician” automatically saves
echo curves during upsets and other events.
Real time clock calendar on board to time stamp
events. Supply voltage to device is continuously
monitored.
“Fast Boot” fully functional level measurement in
under 15 seconds from the application of power.
√
Some offer similar, but less
effective techniques.
√
May need a technician and/or Save information automatically in the
external software to catch the transmitter when a problem occurs
issue when it happens.
to minimize troubleshooting and
downtime.
√
One transmitter model handles all probe and
application types.
√
Published specifications are achieved with true
direct level measurement.
√
Best in class interface performance can resolve
down to 2 inches of upper medium. Top tracking
of large emulsions.
√
Patented “Split Barrier” design provides full
safety compliance in explosion proof applications,
without reductions in loop loading performance.
SIL 2 Hardware with a Safe Failure Fraction (SFF)
= 93%.
NE 107 Compliant.
√
Slow to get running and
Fast start up, and short on-time in
update level, may take 5 times polled applications. Can start up, read
longer just to get started.
the level, transmit data and shutdown
in under 15 seconds.
Different models required for Reduced spares and more flexibility.
different applications.
Electronics do not need to be replaced
if application is different than originally
expected.
May use inferred level
Always reading true level results
measurement when signals
in accurate performance even with
are lost, which can be less
dielectric changes, water bottoms, etc.
accurate and risky in some
applications.
May require 4 to 6 inches
Handles more challenging interface
of upper medium before
applications.
the interface signal can be
detected. Can also be limited
to small emulsions.
Limited loop loading and high Can drive more than 630 Ohms with a
supply voltage requirements. 24VDC supply in XP applications.
Dual Compartment, quick disconnect, factory
sealed enclosure.
√
Multivariable device. In addition to level, easy
configuration of interface, volume or flow with
extensive internal library of vessel and flow
element shapes and types.
Probe buildup monitoring.
SOFTWARE
Free industry standard FDT/DTM offers easy
wizard-based setup, advanced troubleshooting
and documentation tools.
√
√
√
√
√
Other Brands
Benefit
Robust, reliable operation even in
challenging applications. Continues to
work where others would fail.
May not be available.
Suitable for use in critical safety
systems.
May not be available.
Compatible with the latest diagnostic
standards.
May offer single compartment, Full separation of wiring compartment
screwed directly on the probe. from electronics. No need to pour an
external seal in XP applications.
May require use of custom
Simply choose the Measurement type,
strapping tables, developed
enter a few configuration parameters,
and configured by user.
and the Eclipse Model 706 does the
rest.
N/A
Alerts you to needed maintenance.
May require proprietary
Nothing else to buy.
software, or expensive asset
Universal operation across many
management systems, to work brands.
with the instrument.
Bulletin: 57-218.0 • Effective: February 2013
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