Incorporating Intersectionality in Evaluation of Policy Impacts on Health Equity. A quick guide. Laia Palència, Davide Malmusi, Carme Borrell. Barcelona: Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona; 2014.
This document provides an overview of intersectionality. It defines intersectionality as a concept that describes how systems of oppression like racism, sexism, homophobia and transphobia intersect and cannot be examined separately. The key aspects are:
- Intersectionality considers that people have multiple identity factors like gender, race, class etc. and examines how these intersect.
- It was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw to argue that a straight white woman and a non-heterosexual Black woman cannot have their experiences compared and feminism must consider differences.
- Intersectionality calls for recognizing privilege and considering how to accommodate those without privilege for true equality.
Understanding Identity, Intersectionality, Privileges, and Our Role in Commun...Bonner Foundation
This session is intended for participants to critically reflect on different aspects of their identity (race, class, gender, sexual orientation, religious/spiritual affiliation etc.) and the ways in which these aspects intersect with one another. It provides a safe space to recognize areas of vulnerability as well as privileges, and engage in collective meaning-making of these experiences. The session also includes a discussion around historical policies and social contexts, which reflect structural forms of prejudice. At the end, participants share their perspectives on being cognizant of one’s power and privileges and structural forms of prejudice, while working with communities (especially marginalized populations).
Intersectionality recognizes that identities like race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability intersect and overlap. In the 1960s-70s, social movements focused on single identities, but women of color experienced multiple, intersecting forms of oppression. Intersectionality emerged to address how gender intersects with other identities and how women of different races experience gendered oppression uniquely. It provides a framework for understanding complex, overlapping systems of social injustice.
According to conflict theory, society is made up of groups that compete for limited resources. The document discusses key aspects of conflict theory including Marx's view of the worker-owner relationship under capitalism and the idea of class consciousness and struggle. It also summarizes Marx's view of historical stages involving modes of production and class structures from primitive communism to full communism.
Presented by Markus Ihalainen, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, Kenya, on August 29, 2017.
A presentation I made for my senior seminar at Whitman College. Design ideas are drawn from "Presentation Zen".
Some of the more interactive features are, unfortunately, unable to be experienced on SlideShare.
Durkheim's classic 1897 work on suicide was groundbreaking as it demonstrated suicide was a sociological phenomenon rather than solely an individual psychological matter. He showed suicide rates in societies remained remarkably stable, implying they were influenced by societal rather than individual factors. Durkheim developed a typology of suicide consisting of egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic types, defined by the degree to which society integrated and regulated individuals. Later positivist critiques found Durkheim overemphasized religion's role and lacked operational definitions, while his reliance on incomplete 19th century statistics limited verification of results.
This document provides an overview of intersectionality. It defines intersectionality as a concept that describes how systems of oppression like racism, sexism, homophobia and transphobia intersect and cannot be examined separately. The key aspects are:
- Intersectionality considers that people have multiple identity factors like gender, race, class etc. and examines how these intersect.
- It was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw to argue that a straight white woman and a non-heterosexual Black woman cannot have their experiences compared and feminism must consider differences.
- Intersectionality calls for recognizing privilege and considering how to accommodate those without privilege for true equality.
Understanding Identity, Intersectionality, Privileges, and Our Role in Commun...Bonner Foundation
This session is intended for participants to critically reflect on different aspects of their identity (race, class, gender, sexual orientation, religious/spiritual affiliation etc.) and the ways in which these aspects intersect with one another. It provides a safe space to recognize areas of vulnerability as well as privileges, and engage in collective meaning-making of these experiences. The session also includes a discussion around historical policies and social contexts, which reflect structural forms of prejudice. At the end, participants share their perspectives on being cognizant of one’s power and privileges and structural forms of prejudice, while working with communities (especially marginalized populations).
Intersectionality recognizes that identities like race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability intersect and overlap. In the 1960s-70s, social movements focused on single identities, but women of color experienced multiple, intersecting forms of oppression. Intersectionality emerged to address how gender intersects with other identities and how women of different races experience gendered oppression uniquely. It provides a framework for understanding complex, overlapping systems of social injustice.
According to conflict theory, society is made up of groups that compete for limited resources. The document discusses key aspects of conflict theory including Marx's view of the worker-owner relationship under capitalism and the idea of class consciousness and struggle. It also summarizes Marx's view of historical stages involving modes of production and class structures from primitive communism to full communism.
Presented by Markus Ihalainen, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in Nairobi, Kenya, on August 29, 2017.
A presentation I made for my senior seminar at Whitman College. Design ideas are drawn from "Presentation Zen".
Some of the more interactive features are, unfortunately, unable to be experienced on SlideShare.
Durkheim's classic 1897 work on suicide was groundbreaking as it demonstrated suicide was a sociological phenomenon rather than solely an individual psychological matter. He showed suicide rates in societies remained remarkably stable, implying they were influenced by societal rather than individual factors. Durkheim developed a typology of suicide consisting of egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic types, defined by the degree to which society integrated and regulated individuals. Later positivist critiques found Durkheim overemphasized religion's role and lacked operational definitions, while his reliance on incomplete 19th century statistics limited verification of results.
Intersectionality and Socioeconomic Resourcesjdubrow2000
The document discusses different approaches to analyzing intersectionality in quantitative analysis of cross-national survey data. It presents data from the European Social Survey on socioeconomic resources by intersections of gender, ethnicity, and class in France and Germany. Those with multiple disadvantaged demographic categories have lower socioeconomic resources on average, supporting the theory of cumulative disadvantage.
Conflict theory views society as characterized by inequality and power struggles among groups that compete for scarce resources. It was developed as an alternative to functionalism by Marx, Weber, Simmel and later theorists. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, who struggle over economic resources. Weber and Simmel expanded on this to argue that power can also be gained through social prestige and political influence. Modern conflict theorists like Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills applied these ideas to analyze power structures and social change in the post-World War II era.
This document summarizes key aspects of intersectionality theory as developed by Patricia Hill Collins. It discusses how intersectionality examines how gender, race, class, and sexuality intersect and interact to create social inequalities. It focuses on Collins' work developing black feminist thought, which centers the experiences of black women and validates their distinct forms of knowledge production. Collins argues inequality results from the intersecting forces within the matrix of domination, and examines oppression on individual, group, and institutional levels.
Ralf Dahrendorf was a German-British sociologist known for his theories on class conflict and social inequality. He believed society could be divided into two classes - the command class that ruled over the obey class. This rejected Marx's view of only two classes defined by wealth. Dahrendorf's most influential work, 1959's Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, presented his account of inequality in modern societies and argued that neither Marxism nor structural functionalism alone provide an adequate perspective.
Intersectionality refers to aspects of a person's identity such as race, gender, age, class, religion, sexuality, and national origin. These aspects can carry forms of privilege or oppression, and a person may experience multiple forms of oppression and privilege that intersect. The goal of intersectionality is to recognize similarities and differences in discrimination experiences across groups in order to build solidarity. It acknowledges all forms of oppression and helps people look past themselves to understand others' needs and concerns.
This document discusses the concept of intersectionality, which examines how social identities like gender, race, and class intersect and overlap. It was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw to explain how these identities are linked and can experience compounded discrimination. An intersectional lens is important for feminism to consider how experiences differ based on other social factors beyond just gender. Categories like class, age, sexuality, and more are socially constructed and viewed differently cross-culturally. A truly inclusive feminism must acknowledge these intersecting identities.
The document discusses race, ethnicity, and racism. It defines race as a socially constructed category based on shared biological traits, and ethnicity as a shared cultural heritage including common ancestors, language, and religion. It notes that minorities within a society can be subjected to disadvantages and discrimination. Specific examples provided include discrimination faced by Filipino Muslims and certain ethnic tribes in the Philippines in terms of education, employment, health, and shelter. Theoretical perspectives on racial and ethnic inequality are also summarized, including structural functional, symbolic interaction, and social conflict approaches.
The document discusses racism in the United States today. It defines racism and explores different perspectives on its meaning. While racism began as discrimination by whites against minorities, the document argues racism now affects all groups and defines it as "all cultures against all." It also discusses the prevalence of racist stereotypes according to studies and argues true racism is difficult to measure. The document concludes by advocating coming together to fight racism through understanding and integration across racial and cultural lines.
Becker's Labelling Theory & Interactionismcharlieh_0014
The document summarizes key aspects of labeling theory, including that deviance is defined by societal labels rather than inherent acts, that these labels can become an individual's master status and lead to exclusion and self-fulfilling prophecies of deviant behavior. It notes labeling theory argues deviance is created by societal rules and reactions to those who break norms, and that being denied means to participate normally can push some into criminal careers. However, it also outlines some criticisms of labeling theory, such as neglecting macro-level societal factors and change, and over-emphasizing determinism and individual choice.
Functionalism views society as a system of interdependent parts that work together to maintain social order and meet the system's needs. Parsons argues that shared social norms and values create a value consensus that integrates individuals and ensures their behavior meets society's goals. He identifies four subsystems - adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency - that fulfill the system's basic functions. Functionalism has been criticized for being too deterministic and for neglecting conflict and social change.
This document provides an overview of classical theorists Karl Marx and Max Weber. It summarizes Marx's views on alienation under capitalism, the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat, and his belief that communism could better allow human potential. For Weber, it outlines his perspective on the Protestant work ethic and its role in the rise of capitalism, his views on types of social action, and analysis of power, authority and social stratification.
1. The document discusses several theories of crime and deviance, including functionalism, strain theory, and subcultural theories.
2. Functionalism argues that crime has positive functions for society by reaffirming social norms, while strain theory proposes that individuals engage in deviant acts when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means.
3. Subcultural theories suggest that some groups develop their own norms and values in opposition to the dominant culture in response to status frustration or a lack of opportunity, which can lead to criminal behavior.
This document discusses the topics of deviance, crime, and patterns of criminal behavior from a sociological perspective. It defines deviance as violating social norms and crime as breaking formal laws. It outlines two types of deviance - informal and formal - and provides examples. Characteristics, social control, and theories related to deviance are also examined. The document then contrasts crime and deviance, defines elements of a crime, and categorizes different types of criminal acts. Demographic patterns of crime are analyzed in relation to sex, age, socioeconomic status, and race. Crime on a global scale is also briefly discussed.
Saul Alinsky was an American community organizer and writer who is considered the founder of modern community organizing. In the 1930s, he organized neighborhoods suffering during the Great Depression like Chicago's Back of the Yards. He went on to found the Industrial Areas Foundation to train community organizers and help establish organizations across the US. His 1971 book Rules for Radicals outlined lessons from his career in tactics for grassroots community organizing and empowering the poor to create social and political change.
Peter Blau developed social exchange theory to explain social interactions and relationships. Some key points of the theory are:
- Social interactions involve an exchange of tangible or intangible rewards between individuals, with an expectation of reciprocity.
- Power results from an unequal exchange where one party has a monopoly over a desired resource.
- Individuals evaluate their satisfaction in a relationship based on comparisons to alternative relationships and their expectations.
- The more freely rewards are given in a relationship, the less value they have due to principles of marginal utility and reciprocity.
Blau aimed to link theories of interpersonal interactions with larger social structures using concepts from economics like supply/demand.
Crime and Deviance - Functionalist ApproachRachel Jones
This document summarizes key aspects of functionalist explanations of deviance. It discusses two important functionalist theorists - Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton. It outlines Durkheim's view that crime is a normal and inevitable part of society that can serve functions like strengthening social solidarity. It also discusses Merton's strain theory, which argues that a mismatch between cultural goals and legitimate means to achieve them can result in deviant behavior. The document also notes criticisms of functionalism and outlines alternative approaches like interactionism.
Conflict theory states that society functions through conflict between individuals and groups competing over limited resources. It views society as consisting of groups in conflict over power and resources rather than cooperation. Key aspects include inequality built into social structures that benefit those in power, change occurring through conflict rather than adaptation, and groups forming in opposition to pursue their own interests rather than cooperate for social benefits. Major theorists who contributed to conflict theory include Marx, who saw class conflict between owners and workers, and Weber, who argued multiple conflicts exist in society beyond class. Feminist conflict theory explains the oppression of women as benefiting men's pursuit of power. Modern approaches view inequality as producing conflict that can only be overcome through fundamental social transformation.
This document discusses gender inequality and development approaches over time. It covers topics such as:
1) The human development approach focuses on improving quality of life through health, education, and standard of living. Economic growth alone does not guarantee development.
2) Early approaches included trickle-down theory and growth with social justice. Recent approaches include human development, gender and development, and women's empowerment.
3) Gender inequalities exist due to discrimination and social norms. Reducing inequalities requires conventions, economic and legal reforms, and women's empowerment and agency.
Critical Social Work Seminar 2 2010[1]hunterkirsty
The document provides an overview of critical social work theory, including key concepts such as critical theory, oppression, post-colonial thought, and neoliberalism. It discusses influential thinkers in these areas such as Paulo Freire, Franz Fanon, Steve Biko, and their analysis of concepts like conscientization, internalization of oppression, and liberation through developing positive identity and collective action. The document also examines debates around issues like the politics of identity, fragmentation in social work, and ensuring analysis remains rooted in addressing inequality and capitalism.
This document discusses future research directions related to understanding and addressing poverty among rural women. It argues that current research often fails to consider the intersection of gender, race, and class, which shape women's experiences of poverty differently. Future research should employ frameworks like intersectionality and strategic gender needs to acknowledge this diversity. It also calls for incorporating the voices and perspectives of marginalized groups in community-based participatory research to better inform policymaking. This will help ensure policies and programs more effectively meet the needs of different populations.
Exploring Gender, Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity through ...Catho15
This study is part of an ongoing research initiative under the Climate Impact Research Capacity and Leadership Enhancement in Sub-Saharan Africa (CIRCLE) programme, an initiative of the Department for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom. This presentation was made during the Gender mainstreaming session at the 4th Climate Change and Population Conference on Africa (CC POP-Ghana 2015). The conference which was held at the University of Ghana from 29 - 31 July 2015, created an ideal platform to share ongoing research on climate change in Africa ahead of the upcoming 21st session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 21).
Intersectionality and Socioeconomic Resourcesjdubrow2000
The document discusses different approaches to analyzing intersectionality in quantitative analysis of cross-national survey data. It presents data from the European Social Survey on socioeconomic resources by intersections of gender, ethnicity, and class in France and Germany. Those with multiple disadvantaged demographic categories have lower socioeconomic resources on average, supporting the theory of cumulative disadvantage.
Conflict theory views society as characterized by inequality and power struggles among groups that compete for scarce resources. It was developed as an alternative to functionalism by Marx, Weber, Simmel and later theorists. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, who struggle over economic resources. Weber and Simmel expanded on this to argue that power can also be gained through social prestige and political influence. Modern conflict theorists like Coser, Dahrendorf, and Mills applied these ideas to analyze power structures and social change in the post-World War II era.
This document summarizes key aspects of intersectionality theory as developed by Patricia Hill Collins. It discusses how intersectionality examines how gender, race, class, and sexuality intersect and interact to create social inequalities. It focuses on Collins' work developing black feminist thought, which centers the experiences of black women and validates their distinct forms of knowledge production. Collins argues inequality results from the intersecting forces within the matrix of domination, and examines oppression on individual, group, and institutional levels.
Ralf Dahrendorf was a German-British sociologist known for his theories on class conflict and social inequality. He believed society could be divided into two classes - the command class that ruled over the obey class. This rejected Marx's view of only two classes defined by wealth. Dahrendorf's most influential work, 1959's Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, presented his account of inequality in modern societies and argued that neither Marxism nor structural functionalism alone provide an adequate perspective.
Intersectionality refers to aspects of a person's identity such as race, gender, age, class, religion, sexuality, and national origin. These aspects can carry forms of privilege or oppression, and a person may experience multiple forms of oppression and privilege that intersect. The goal of intersectionality is to recognize similarities and differences in discrimination experiences across groups in order to build solidarity. It acknowledges all forms of oppression and helps people look past themselves to understand others' needs and concerns.
This document discusses the concept of intersectionality, which examines how social identities like gender, race, and class intersect and overlap. It was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw to explain how these identities are linked and can experience compounded discrimination. An intersectional lens is important for feminism to consider how experiences differ based on other social factors beyond just gender. Categories like class, age, sexuality, and more are socially constructed and viewed differently cross-culturally. A truly inclusive feminism must acknowledge these intersecting identities.
The document discusses race, ethnicity, and racism. It defines race as a socially constructed category based on shared biological traits, and ethnicity as a shared cultural heritage including common ancestors, language, and religion. It notes that minorities within a society can be subjected to disadvantages and discrimination. Specific examples provided include discrimination faced by Filipino Muslims and certain ethnic tribes in the Philippines in terms of education, employment, health, and shelter. Theoretical perspectives on racial and ethnic inequality are also summarized, including structural functional, symbolic interaction, and social conflict approaches.
The document discusses racism in the United States today. It defines racism and explores different perspectives on its meaning. While racism began as discrimination by whites against minorities, the document argues racism now affects all groups and defines it as "all cultures against all." It also discusses the prevalence of racist stereotypes according to studies and argues true racism is difficult to measure. The document concludes by advocating coming together to fight racism through understanding and integration across racial and cultural lines.
Becker's Labelling Theory & Interactionismcharlieh_0014
The document summarizes key aspects of labeling theory, including that deviance is defined by societal labels rather than inherent acts, that these labels can become an individual's master status and lead to exclusion and self-fulfilling prophecies of deviant behavior. It notes labeling theory argues deviance is created by societal rules and reactions to those who break norms, and that being denied means to participate normally can push some into criminal careers. However, it also outlines some criticisms of labeling theory, such as neglecting macro-level societal factors and change, and over-emphasizing determinism and individual choice.
Functionalism views society as a system of interdependent parts that work together to maintain social order and meet the system's needs. Parsons argues that shared social norms and values create a value consensus that integrates individuals and ensures their behavior meets society's goals. He identifies four subsystems - adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency - that fulfill the system's basic functions. Functionalism has been criticized for being too deterministic and for neglecting conflict and social change.
This document provides an overview of classical theorists Karl Marx and Max Weber. It summarizes Marx's views on alienation under capitalism, the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat, and his belief that communism could better allow human potential. For Weber, it outlines his perspective on the Protestant work ethic and its role in the rise of capitalism, his views on types of social action, and analysis of power, authority and social stratification.
1. The document discusses several theories of crime and deviance, including functionalism, strain theory, and subcultural theories.
2. Functionalism argues that crime has positive functions for society by reaffirming social norms, while strain theory proposes that individuals engage in deviant acts when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means.
3. Subcultural theories suggest that some groups develop their own norms and values in opposition to the dominant culture in response to status frustration or a lack of opportunity, which can lead to criminal behavior.
This document discusses the topics of deviance, crime, and patterns of criminal behavior from a sociological perspective. It defines deviance as violating social norms and crime as breaking formal laws. It outlines two types of deviance - informal and formal - and provides examples. Characteristics, social control, and theories related to deviance are also examined. The document then contrasts crime and deviance, defines elements of a crime, and categorizes different types of criminal acts. Demographic patterns of crime are analyzed in relation to sex, age, socioeconomic status, and race. Crime on a global scale is also briefly discussed.
Saul Alinsky was an American community organizer and writer who is considered the founder of modern community organizing. In the 1930s, he organized neighborhoods suffering during the Great Depression like Chicago's Back of the Yards. He went on to found the Industrial Areas Foundation to train community organizers and help establish organizations across the US. His 1971 book Rules for Radicals outlined lessons from his career in tactics for grassroots community organizing and empowering the poor to create social and political change.
Peter Blau developed social exchange theory to explain social interactions and relationships. Some key points of the theory are:
- Social interactions involve an exchange of tangible or intangible rewards between individuals, with an expectation of reciprocity.
- Power results from an unequal exchange where one party has a monopoly over a desired resource.
- Individuals evaluate their satisfaction in a relationship based on comparisons to alternative relationships and their expectations.
- The more freely rewards are given in a relationship, the less value they have due to principles of marginal utility and reciprocity.
Blau aimed to link theories of interpersonal interactions with larger social structures using concepts from economics like supply/demand.
Crime and Deviance - Functionalist ApproachRachel Jones
This document summarizes key aspects of functionalist explanations of deviance. It discusses two important functionalist theorists - Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton. It outlines Durkheim's view that crime is a normal and inevitable part of society that can serve functions like strengthening social solidarity. It also discusses Merton's strain theory, which argues that a mismatch between cultural goals and legitimate means to achieve them can result in deviant behavior. The document also notes criticisms of functionalism and outlines alternative approaches like interactionism.
Conflict theory states that society functions through conflict between individuals and groups competing over limited resources. It views society as consisting of groups in conflict over power and resources rather than cooperation. Key aspects include inequality built into social structures that benefit those in power, change occurring through conflict rather than adaptation, and groups forming in opposition to pursue their own interests rather than cooperate for social benefits. Major theorists who contributed to conflict theory include Marx, who saw class conflict between owners and workers, and Weber, who argued multiple conflicts exist in society beyond class. Feminist conflict theory explains the oppression of women as benefiting men's pursuit of power. Modern approaches view inequality as producing conflict that can only be overcome through fundamental social transformation.
This document discusses gender inequality and development approaches over time. It covers topics such as:
1) The human development approach focuses on improving quality of life through health, education, and standard of living. Economic growth alone does not guarantee development.
2) Early approaches included trickle-down theory and growth with social justice. Recent approaches include human development, gender and development, and women's empowerment.
3) Gender inequalities exist due to discrimination and social norms. Reducing inequalities requires conventions, economic and legal reforms, and women's empowerment and agency.
Critical Social Work Seminar 2 2010[1]hunterkirsty
The document provides an overview of critical social work theory, including key concepts such as critical theory, oppression, post-colonial thought, and neoliberalism. It discusses influential thinkers in these areas such as Paulo Freire, Franz Fanon, Steve Biko, and their analysis of concepts like conscientization, internalization of oppression, and liberation through developing positive identity and collective action. The document also examines debates around issues like the politics of identity, fragmentation in social work, and ensuring analysis remains rooted in addressing inequality and capitalism.
This document discusses future research directions related to understanding and addressing poverty among rural women. It argues that current research often fails to consider the intersection of gender, race, and class, which shape women's experiences of poverty differently. Future research should employ frameworks like intersectionality and strategic gender needs to acknowledge this diversity. It also calls for incorporating the voices and perspectives of marginalized groups in community-based participatory research to better inform policymaking. This will help ensure policies and programs more effectively meet the needs of different populations.
Exploring Gender, Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity through ...Catho15
This study is part of an ongoing research initiative under the Climate Impact Research Capacity and Leadership Enhancement in Sub-Saharan Africa (CIRCLE) programme, an initiative of the Department for International Development (DFID) of the United Kingdom. This presentation was made during the Gender mainstreaming session at the 4th Climate Change and Population Conference on Africa (CC POP-Ghana 2015). The conference which was held at the University of Ghana from 29 - 31 July 2015, created an ideal platform to share ongoing research on climate change in Africa ahead of the upcoming 21st session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 21).
University Of Groningen - Teaching Diversity IntersectionalityHogeschool INHolland
The document discusses teaching diversity and intersectionality at Dutch universities. It argues for moving beyond "happy" views of multiculturalism and recognizing multiple disadvantages based on intersections of identity like race, gender and class. It notes the importance of addressing "The Big Four" of race, gender, class and sexuality. Student evaluations showed some became more aware of different perspectives after assignments on intercultural issues. The document calls for creating safe spaces, bridging differences between groups, and using feminist and provocative pedagogies to better equip students for multicultural societies.
NYU Guest Lecture on Intersectionality and Work-Life IntegrationAnna Beninger
This document contains information about a workshop on intersectionality and work-life integration. It includes an introduction to the speaker, Anna Beninger, who is the Director of Research at Catalyst and has conducted research on work-life balance. The document outlines the agenda for the workshop, including a reminder about an upcoming presentation outline deadline and homework assignments on observing workplace rituals and discussing how different aspects of one's identity intersect and affect work experiences. It also summarizes some of the content that will be covered, such as a discussion of intersectionality, social identity, and challenges to achieving work-life integration.
Un-Caging the Orphan: What Intersectionality Can Teach Us About the Education...ablwr
This document discusses the concept of intersectionality and how it relates to orphan works in film collections. It defines intersectionality as the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, gender, sexuality, ability status and more and how they apply to a person or group. It defines orphan works as public domain or archival films that lack information about their creators or rights holders. The document notes several examples of orphan film collections, including newsreels, educational films, home movies and other amateur works. It argues that understanding intersectionality can help provide important historical and cultural context for orphan films and make their educational role more meaningful.
This document discusses intersectional feminism and why it is important. Intersectional feminism acknowledges that feminism has historically excluded women of color and trans women. It recognizes that all forms of oppression are interconnected. The poem "All Oppression is Connected" illustrates that we cannot distance ourselves from each other's individual experiences with oppression. Therefore, intersectionality and inclusion are necessary for meaningful feminism. Advocating for intersectional feminism involves listening to marginalized groups, promoting body positivity, and using inclusive language.
This document discusses harm reduction approaches for working with criminalized communities like sex workers and substance users. It defines harm reduction as addressing risky behaviors in a public health framework that prioritizes individual choice and mitigating harm. It presents concepts like viewing sex work as legitimate work, distinguishing between substance use and abuse, and considering how multiple forms of oppression intersect. It advocates applying these frameworks in practice through affirming language, ongoing education, knowing applicable laws and policies, and meeting people where they are at with strengths-based models. The goal is mitigating the harms of criminalization in contexts like HIV treatment and care.
This document summarizes research on casual sex and well-being. It finds that whether casual sex is positively or negatively related to well-being depends on two factors: 1) The motivation behind the casual sex encounter (autonomous vs. non-autonomous motivation) and 2) An individual's level of sociosexuality. When casual sex is motivated by autonomous reasons and among individuals higher in sociosexuality, it is associated with greater well-being, whereas non-autonomous casual sex relates to lower well-being. Authenticity in casual sex encounters and relationships is important for buffering against distress and enhancing well-being.
Beyond PrEP: Intersectionality, Resilience & the Health of Black MSMJim Pickett
David Malebranche's, University of Pennsylvania, presentation at the Sex in the City II: Men, Sex, Love and HIV conference, held in Chicago on September 25, 2014. Sponsored by AIDS Foundation of Chicago and other partners.
This document discusses intersectionality and how gender, race, and class intersect to impact women's health. It defines sex as biological and gender as cultural, shaped by societal norms and roles that typically disadvantage women. Intersectionality recognizes that forms of oppression cannot be separated and a person's social location is determined by multiple, intertwining factors that alter their combined effect on health. Data shows Black women experience higher infant mortality rates than white women at every education level, demonstrating the intersectional paradox where higher socioeconomic status Black women have equivalent or worse health outcomes than lower socioeconomic status white women. The document also examines how women's roles as sexual partners and mothers can impact their health.
This document discusses the concept of intersectionality, which refers to how social factors like gender, ethnicity, religion, etc. interact and affect inequalities. It provides examples of issues at the intersection of various factors, like certain forms of gender-based violence. It also discusses why intersectionality is sometimes ignored, such as because addressing minority issues could lead to assumptions that problems only affect minorities. Finally, it outlines six dilemmas in studying intersections, such as balancing structural influences with individual agency, and addressing intersecting issues without reducing their complex nature.
The document discusses intersectionality and how class, ethnicity, and gender interact and affect achievement. It notes that sociologists often study the impact of either culture or class when looking at ethnicity and achievement, but rarely consider their interaction. The document advocates looking at how all of these factors combine and interact to advantage or disadvantage children in their achievement. It also introduces the concept of "interaction effects" where certain combinations of attributes, like being female and black Caribbean, can have a greater impact than others, such as the interaction between gender and being white.
Interactive presentation delivered at Smith College's House Diversity Representative Training Workshop (Building Communities for Social Justice): Sept. 1, 2012
The document discusses intersectionality theory and Black feminist thought as developed by Patricia Hill Collins. It explains that intersectionality examines how gender, race, class, and sexuality interact to create social inequalities. Collins argues that Black feminism develops knowledge in ways different from dominant white male perspectives and that Black women's experiences and knowledge should be recognized. The matrix of domination refers to how different forces like class, race and gender intersect to affect people, especially Black women.
Cultural capital refers to non-financial social assets like education, knowledge, and speech patterns that promote social mobility. Pierre Bourdieu theorized that cultural capital contributes to educational achievement, giving an advantage to the middle class whose culture and values are rewarded in schools. Studies have found cultural capital is transmitted within families and significantly impacts students' exam results. However, a lack of cultural capital does not determine all working class students' failure, and material factors like money can also impact educational achievement and choices.
This document discusses Basil Bernstein's theory of cultural deprivation and language codes as it relates to class differences in education. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Bernstein proposed that working class children experience cultural deprivation that limits their intellectual development and language skills compared to middle class children.
2. He identified two main language codes - restricted code used by working class families and elaborated code used by middle class families and schools.
3. Bernstein argued that schools reward the use of elaborated code, putting working class children at a disadvantage if they only have access to restricted code in their home environment.
Task Force Project—Applying TheoryIn Module 1, you began.docxbriankimberly26463
This summarizes a scholarly article about different approaches to community-based health interventions. It identifies four categories: community as setting, community as target, community as resource, and community as agent. It explains each category and provides examples. It emphasizes the importance of considering a community's social ecology and using theories of change to target multiple levels of influence, not just individual behaviors. Community capacity and civil society are also discussed as important contexts for community health promotion efforts.
The department of health in taiwan initiated community health developmentMaricris Santos
The document discusses community health development (CHD) in Taiwan and the appropriateness of using participatory action research (PAR) to evaluate CHD. It explores the theoretical concepts of CHD and finds that PAR is a flexible approach that can capture the complex social and health phenomena in the CHD framework. PAR is appropriate for both the methodological framework of CHD evaluation and enhancing the actualization of CHD.
Today, you are introduced to the Social Determinant of Health (SDOH) perspective. This assignment responds to two questions, firstly “What is a SDOH perspective?” which will be explored in detail providing two examples of a Social Worker role. The second question requiring a critical discussion surrounding SDOH including “What benefits does a social determinants of health perspective provide, and what are its limits?”.
Action Research Inquiry CycleINQUIRY CYCLE PHASE 2Implem.docxnettletondevon
Action Research Inquiry Cycle
INQUIRY CYCLE PHASE 2
Implement actions
and measure results
INQUIRY CYCLE PHASE 1
Plan for research and
addressing the problem
INQUIRY CYCLE PHASE 3
Evaluate and reflect
on results of actions
Assess the
Core Issues
1
Review the
Literature
2
Design the Projected
Intervention
3
Implement the
Intervention
4
Collect and
Analyze Data
5
Communicate Results
6
Evaluate
Outcomes
7
9
Recommend or Decide on
Next Steps
Reflect on and
Dialogue about
Results
8
Action Research Inquiry Cycle
INQUIRY CYCLE PHASE 2
Implement actions
and measure results
INQUIRY CYCLE PHASE 1
Plan for research and
addressing the problem
INQUIRY CYCLE PHASE 3
Evaluate and reflect
on results of actions
Assess the
Core Issues
1
Review the
Literature
2
Design the Projected
Intervention
3
Implement the
Intervention
4
Collect and
Analyze Data
5
Communicate Results
6
Evaluate
Outcomes
7
9
Recommend or Decide on
Next Steps
Reflect on and
Dialogue about
Results
8
9. Minkler M, Wallerstein N., eds. Community-Based Participatory Research for Health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2003.
10. Cargo M, Mercer SL. The value and challenges of participatory research: strengthening its practice. Annual Review of Public Health.
2008 April;29:325–50.
11. Devault M, Ingraham C. Metaphors of silence and voice in feminist thought. In: Devault M, ed. Liberating Method. Philadelphia, PA:
Temple University Press; 1999:175–86.
12. Bobo K, Kendall J, Max S. Organizing for Social Change. 3rd ed. Santa Ana, CA: Seven Locks Press; 2001.
13. Chambers E, Cowan MA. Roots for Radicals: Organizing for Power, Action, and Justice. New York: Continuum International Publishing
Group; 2003.
14. Lewin K. Resolving Social Conflicts and Field Theory in Social Science. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1997.
15. Freire P. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, NY: Continuum International; 1970.
16. Hacker K, Chu J, Leung C, Marra R, Pirie A, Brahimi M, English M, Beckmann J, Acevedo-Garcia D, Marlin RP. The impact of
Immigration and Customs Enforcement on immigrant health: perceptions of immigrants in Everett, Massachusetts, USA. Social Science &
Medicine. 2011 Aug;73(4):586–94.
17. Heller C, de Melo-Martin I. Clinical and translational science awards: can they increase the efficiency and speed of clinical and
translational research? Academic Medicine. 2009 Apr;84(4):424–32.
18. Minkler M. Linking science and policy through community-based participatory research to study and address health disparities. American
Journal of Public Health. 2010 Apr 1;100 Suppl 1:S81–87.
19. Hacker K, Collins J, Gross-Young L, Almeida S, Burke N. Coping with youth suicide and overdose: one community’s efforts to
investigate, intervene, and prevent suicide contagion. Crisis. 2008;29(2):86–95.
20. Wallerstein N, Duran B. Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: the intersection .
PH01A0 An Introduction To Public Health Sciences.docxwrite5
The document discusses frameworks for developing policies to address social determinants of health (SDH) and reduce health inequities. It examines the WHO's work addressing both social and economic determinants of health. It also analyzes Diderichsen et al.'s framework, which identifies levels of policy intervention and entry points for action on SDH. Finally, it discusses three strategic approaches for policy work on SDH: context-specific tactics, intersectoral action, and social engagement/empowerment.
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at...FAO
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at the animal-human-ecosystem interface
Keynote presentation by
Thomas Abraham
Director, Public Health Communications Programme,
The University of Hong Kong
A Review Of Experimental Evidence Of How Communication Affects Attitudes To I...Lori Moore
This summarizes 68 experimental studies on how communication affects attitudes toward immigration. The studies are categorized into 9 common communication strategies: 1) providing information to correct misperceptions, 2) appealing to emotions, 3) appealing to self-interest vs common interest, 4) emphasizing diversity vs conformity, 5) migrant descriptions, 6) emphasizing common ground, 7) appealing to empathy, 8) using certain messengers, and 9) appealing to identity. Most strategies are found to effectively influence immigration attitudes positively, except appealing to diversity which is ineffective, and appealing to self-interest and correcting migrant stock information which are mostly ineffective.
This document summarizes a study that used qualitative methods to investigate how knowledge functioned in the implementation of an Australian mental health policy called Partners in Recovery (PIR). The study found that the policy aimed to address coordination problems in the fragmented mental health system and the needs of those with complex mental health issues. It did so through establishing support facilitator roles to coordinate services at a local level. The analysis revealed that while the policy aimed for coordination through these roles, implementation in reality relied on embodied knowledge as facilitators enacted the policy based on their experiences. Challenges arose from how knowledge became localized within individuals and how some types of knowledge were structurally valued over others.
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at...Csdi Initiative
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at the animal-human-ecosystem interface
Keynote presentation by
Thomas Abraham
Director, Public Health Communications Programme,
The University of Hong Kong
1. The document discusses the need for a sociological approach that considers both individual and collective dimensions in understanding contemporary society.
2. It argues for the importance of participatory approaches from the local level in analyzing health issues and promoting health governance.
3. The author advocates for moving beyond a passive, needs-based approach to health care towards one that emphasizes prevention, socialization, and empowering individuals and communities in decision making.
MDRC Working Papers on Research Methodology In.docxARIV4
The New Chance demonstration project provided educational, social, and employment supports to teenage welfare recipients who had dropped out of high school. While quantitative data from the project found high dropout rates and low service participation, qualitative research in the form of 50 one-on-one interviews with program participants aimed to understand these issues from the participants' perspectives. The interviews explored how life experiences and contexts influenced participation in the program and later success. The qualitative research provided a richer understanding of the quantitative findings and participants' behaviors.
DIVISIONS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE PRESENTATIONrtuppil
The document discusses several key aspects of public policy. It defines public policy as laws, guidelines and actions decided by governments to benefit the public. It notes that public policy plays a crucial role in governing and forming societal principles. Examples of types of public policy discussed include distributive, redistributive, regulatory, constituent and substantive policies. Distributive policies focus on solving societal issues while redistributive policies redistribute resources. Regulatory policies define legal boundaries and constituent policies relate to government structure.
CHAPTER 7The policy processEileen T. O’GradyThere are tJinElias52
CHAPTER 7
The policy process
Eileen T. O’Grady
“There are three critical ingredients to democratic renewal and progressive change in America: good public policy, grassroots organizing and electoral politics.”
Paul Wellstone
Nurses can more strategically and effectively influence policy if they have a clear understanding of the policymaking process. Conceptual models can help to organize and interpret information by depicting complex ideas in a simplified form; to this end, political scientists have developed a number of conceptual models to explain the highly dynamic process of policymaking. This chapter reviews two of these conceptual models.
Health policy and politics
Health policy encompasses the political, economic, social, cultural, and social determinants of individuals and populations and attempts to address the broader issues in health and health care (see Box 7.1 for policy definitions). A clear understanding of the points of influence to shape policy is essential and includes framing the problem itself. For example, if nurses working in a nurse-managed clinic are troubled by staff shortages or long patient waits, they may be inclined to see themselves as the solution by working longer hours and seeing more patients. Defining and framing the problem is the first step in the policy process and involves assessing its history, patterns of impact, resource allocation, and community needs. Broadening and framing the problem to influence or educate stakeholders at the local, state, or federal level could include advocating for better access or funding for nursing workforce development (see Box 7.1).
BOX 7.1
Policy Definitions
Policy is authoritative decision making related to choices about goals and priorities of the policymaking body. In general, policies are constructed as a set of regulations (public policy), practice standards (workplace), governance mandates (organizations), ethical behavior (research), and ordinances (communities) that direct individuals, groups, organizations, and systems toward the desired behaviors and goals.
Health policy is the authoritative decisions made in the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government that are intended to direct or influence the actions, behaviors, and decisions of others (Longest, 2016).
Policy analysis is the investigation of an issue including the background, purpose, content, and effects of various options within a policy context and their relevant social, economic, and political factors (Dye, 2016).
The next step is to bring the problem to the attention of those who have the power to implement a solution. Other key factors to consider include generating public interest, the availability of viable policy solutions, the likelihood that the policy will serve most of the people at risk in a fair and equitable fashion, and consideration of the organizational, community, societal, and political viability of the policy solution.
Public interest is a fascinating dynamic ...
Chapter 16 Community Diagnosis, Planning, and InterventionSergEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 16 Community Diagnosis, Planning, and Intervention
Sergio Osegueda Acuna MSN-FNP-BC
MRC
Nursing Process with communities
Population-focused health planning
Health planning is a continuous social process by which data about clients are collected and analyzed for the purpose of developing a plan to generate new ideas, meet identified client needs, solve health problems, and guide changes in health care delivery.
To date, you have been responsible primarily for developing a plan of care for the individual client.
History of U.S. Health Planning
The history of health planning in the United States has alternated between the federal and state governments.
Before the 1960s, health planning occurred primarily at the state level.
In the 1960s, health planning became a federal effort.
In 1966, the Comprehensive Health Planning and Public Health Service Amendment was passed to enable states and local communities to plan for better health resources.
In the 1980s, President Reagan aimed to reduce both the size of the federal government and the influence the federal government had on states. His administration eliminated the federal budget and planning requirements while encouraging states to make their own planning decisions.
History of U.S. Health Planning
In 1980, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act encouraged the use of noninstitutional services, such as home health care, to fight escalating costs.
In 1983 the Prospective Payment System drastically changed hospital reimbursement, resulted in shorter hospital stays for patients, shifted care into the community, and placed greater responsibilities for care of relatives on family members
The federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act) of 2010 requires access to health care for most Americans.
Rationale for Nursing Involvement in the Health Planning Process
Florence Nightingale and Lillian Wald pioneered health planning based on an assessment of the health needs of the communities they served
Both the American Nurses Association (ANA) (2007) and the American Public Health Association (APHA) (1996) state that the primary responsibility of community/public health nurses is to the community or population as a whole and that nurses must acknowledge the need for comprehensive health planning to implement this responsibility.
Nurses spend a greater amount of time in direct contact with their clients than do any other health care professionals.
Nursing Role in Program Planning
Planning for change at the community level is more complex than at the individual level.
Components to the client system have been increased, and more people and more complex organizations are involved.
Baccalaureate-prepared community/public nurses are expected to apply the nursing process with subpopulations or aggregates with limited supervision (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 1986; ANA, 2007)
Planning for community change
To plan and implement programs at a commu ...
This document summarizes strategies discussed at an AIDS2031 working group meeting around addressing social and structural drivers of HIV. The group discussed (1) taking a more holistic, contextual view of social drivers that interact in complex ways, (2) shifting from individual-level to collective approaches, and (3) moving beyond short-term HIV targets to long-term social transformations. They also outlined approaches to nurturing AIDS resilience at individual and community levels and 6 strategic actions including better understanding local epidemics, community involvement, long-term funding, and multisectoral partnerships.
Understanding hmis implementation in a developing country ministry of health ...Ime Asangansi, MD, PhD
Abstract
Globally, health management information systems (HMIS) have been hailed as important
tools for health reform (1). However, their implementation has become a major challenge for
researchers and practitioners because of the significant proportion of failure of
implementation efforts (2; 3). Researchers have attributed this significant failure of HMIS
implementation, in part, to the complexity of meeting with and satisfying multiple (poorly
understood) logics in the implementation process.
This paper focuses on exploring the multiple logics, including how they may conflict and
affect the HMIS implementation process. Particularly, I draw on an institutional logics
perspective to analyze empirical findings from an action research project, which involved
HMIS implementation in a state government Ministry of Health in (Northern) Nigeria. The
analysis highlights the important HMIS institutional logics, where they conflict and how they
are resolved.
I argue for an expanded understanding of HMIS implementation that recognizes various
institutional logics that participants bring to the implementation process, and how these are
inscribed in the decision making process in ways that may be conflicting, and increasing the
risk of failure. Furthermore, I propose that the resolution of conflicting logics can be
conceptualized as involving deinstitutionalization, changeover resolution or dialectical
resolution mechanisms. I conclude by suggesting that HMIS implementation can be improved
by implementation strategies that are made based on an understanding of these conflicting
logics.
Community mobilization activities aim to address HIV at the interpersonal, community, and structural levels for key populations. At the interpersonal level, activities include safe sex workshops, peer leader programs, outreach providing condoms and referring individuals to services, and behavior change messaging. These activities often overlap and are implemented through community-based organizations. However, key populations still face stigma, discrimination and legal barriers that limit access to services. Greater structural interventions are needed to improve health outcomes and rights for these groups.
Community-based services for key populations (MSM, IDU, sex workers) focus on interpersonal, community, and structural interventions. At the interpersonal level, services include peer education, outreach, workshops, and condom/needle distribution. Community services center around drop-in clinics providing testing, treatment, and support groups. Structural interventions advocate for rights, provide alternative incomes, and implement policies like needle exchange. However, major gaps remain in accessing adequate, quality services. Social factors like stigma, discrimination, and restrictive policies also limit service provision and uptake for key populations.
Similar to Incorporating Intersectionality in Evaluation of Policy Impacts on Health Equity. A quick guide. (20)
Integration policy models and the health of immigrants in Europesophieproject
This document summarizes research on the relationship between integration policies in European countries and the health of immigrants. It finds that immigrants living in countries with "exclusionist" integration policies tend to have poorer physical and mental health outcomes compared to immigrants in countries with more inclusive policies. Specifically:
- Immigrants in exclusionist countries have higher rates of poor self-rated health, limiting long-term illnesses, and mortality compared to natives. These health inequalities are larger than in inclusive countries.
- Immigrants in exclusionist countries also report more depressive symptoms, though socioeconomic factors explain some of this difference across countries.
- The findings suggest that more inclusive integration policies may benefit immigrants' health, while restrictive policies may
Impacto en la mortalidad asociada a frío de intervenciones de eficiencia ener...sophieproject
Las intervenciones de aislamiento térmico de fachada en viviendas sociales en Barcelona entre 1986 y 2012 tuvieron un impacto significativo en reducir la asociación entre temperaturas frías y la mortalidad. Los análisis mostraron que las intervenciones evitaron un porcentaje alto de muertes asociadas al frío, especialmente en mujeres. Los efectos variaron dependiendo del sexo, edad, nivel educativo y causa de muerte. El estudio proporciona evidencia del impacto positivo de mejorar la eficiencia energética para reducir la mortalidad
Empleo a tiempo parcial, salud y género en Europa: revisiónsophieproject
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Social and economic policies can change health inequalities sophieproject
Conclusions of the SOPHIE project presented at the meeting of the DG SANTE Expert Group on Social Determinants of Health. Luxembourg, 10th of March 2016.
Resultados Vivienda y Salud Proyecto SOPHIEsophieproject
Presentación de Carme Borrell sobre las principales conclusiones en vivienda y salud del Proyecto SOPHIE. Lección magistral de primavera 2016 Master Salud Pública, Barcelona.
New metro line in Turin: an analysis of the impacts on road traffic accidents...sophieproject
1) The document analyzes the impacts of a new metro line in Turin, Italy on road traffic accidents and local mobility.
2) An interrupted time series analysis found no significant changes in trends of traffic accidents after the opening of the new metro segments.
3) An analysis of injured road users found differences in modal shares between the metro catchment area and overall Turin, but no significant trend changes related to the metro.
Los determinantes estructurales de las desigualdades en salud: metodología ut...sophieproject
Este documento describe un estudio que evalúa el impacto de intervenciones de aislamiento térmico de fachadas en viviendas sociales de Barcelona en la asociación entre bajas temperaturas y mortalidad. Se utilizó un diseño de casos cruzados comparando días de muerte con días de control emparejados. Los resultados sugieren que las intervenciones redujeron el exceso de mortalidad en invierno, especialmente entre personas mayores y con menor nivel educativo. El estudio proporciona evidencia sobre los beneficios para la salud de mejorar la eficiencia energ
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Impact of three decades of energy efficiency interventions in public housing buildings on cold-related mortality: a case-crossover analysis, by Andrés Peralta, Lluís Camprubí, Maica Rodríguez-Sanz, Xavier Basagaña, Carme Borrell, Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo. Communication presented at the 4th International City Health Conference 2015, in Barcelona. 6th November 2015.
Inequalities by immigrant status in unmet needs for healthcare: a comprehens...sophieproject
This document summarizes a study analyzing inequalities in unmet healthcare needs by immigrant status across 17 European countries. The study finds that after controlling for socioeconomic position, foreigners from other EU countries experience more unmet needs than natives, suggesting discrimination within healthcare systems. While non-EU foreigners have higher unmet needs due to lower incomes, EU foreigners' needs are less explained by socioeconomics. The results imply European citizens face health inequalities at the European level despite expectations of equal access within the EU.
Efectos de la Llei de Barris en las desigualdades en salud y Barcelonasophieproject
Efectos de la Llei de Barris en la salud y desigualdades en salud y Barcelona. Tesis doctoral de Roshanak Mehdipanah. Presentado por Davide Malmusi en la Jornada "Planificació urbana, habitatge i desigualtats en salut", 8 de octubre de 2015
Evolució de la mortalitat als barris de Barcelona abans i després de la crisissophieproject
Evolució de la mortalitat als barris de Barcelona abans i després de la crisis, per Maica Rodríguez-Sanz i Carme Borrell. Jornada Planificació urbana, habitatge i desigualtats en salut. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 8 d'octubre del 2015.
Impacte dels canvis en l’habitatge en la salut en població vulnerablesophieproject
Impacte dels canvis en l’habitatge en la salut en població vulnerable, per Fernando Díaz Alpuente. Jornada Planificació urbana, habitatge i desigualtats en salut. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 8 d'octubre del 2015.
Ejecuciones hipotecarias y salud en el sur de Europa: El caso de la Plataform...sophieproject
Ejecuciones hipotecarias y salud en el sur de Europa: El caso de la Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca per Hugo Vásquez, Maica Rodríguez-Sanz, Laia Palència i Carme Borrell. Jornada Planificació urbana, habitatge i desigualtats en salut. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 8 d'octubre del 2015.
Impacto en la mortalidad asociada a frío de intervenciones de eficiencia ener...sophieproject
Impacto en la mortalidad asociada a frío de intervenciones de eficiencia energética en vivienda social en la ciudad de Barcelona (1986-2012), per Andrés Peralta, Lluís Camprubí, Maica Rodríguez-Sanz, Xavier Basagaña, Carme Borrell i Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo. Jornada Planificació urbana, habitatge i desigualtats en salut. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 8 d'octubre del 2015.
El procés d’implementació de polítiques d’aïllament tèrmic de façanes i els i...sophieproject
El procés d’implementació de polítiques d’aïllament tèrmic de façanes i els impactes sobre els determinants de l’equitat en salut: Una revisió realista, per Lluís Camprubí, Davide Malmusi, Roshanak Mehdipanah, Laia Palència, Agnes Molnar, Carles Muntaner i Carme Borrell. Jornada Planificació urbana, habitatge i desigualtats en salut. Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 8 d'octubre del 2015.
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This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
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Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptxMatSouthwell1
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Incorporating Intersectionality in Evaluation of Policy Impacts on Health Equity. A quick guide.
1. SOPHIE: Evaluating the impact of structural policies on
health inequalities and their social determinants and
fostering change
Incorporating
Intersectionality in
Evaluation
of Policy Impacts
on Health Equity
A quick guide
Laia Palència, Davide Malmusi, Carme Borrell
Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, CIBERESP
October 2014
2. 2
Content
About this guide .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Why this guide and what is it about? ...................................................................................................... 3
Who is this guide for? .............................................................................................................................. 3
Intersectionality theory: the concept ...................................................................................................... 3
Intersectionality and public policy .............................................................................................................. 4
Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis (IBPA)......................................................................................... 4
Guiding principles when performing an IBPA.......................................................................................... 4
IBPA questions ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Intersectionality and health research ......................................................................................................... 8
Intersectionality-informed quantitative research ................................................................................... 8
Examples of quantitative applications of intersectionality analyses ........................................................ 10
Example of gender and social-class bias in a cross-sectional study ...................................................... 10
Examples from SOPHIE .......................................................................................................................... 12
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................ 13
References ................................................................................................................................................. 14
3. 3
About this guide
Why this guide and what is it about?
Socio-economic position (including indicators of social stratification and social class) is the most studied
form of social inequality when describing health inequalities and analysing policies to tackle them (CSDH,
2008). However, there are other social relations that generate health inequalities such as, for example,
gender, ethnicity or migration status (Solar & Irwin 2007). These axes, or dimensions of social inequality,
can be seen as intertwined power relations interacting among each other in creating health inequalities.
Therefore, not only research on health inequalities but also the design of policies and the study of the
impact of a policy on health equity needs to take into consideration all these dimensions, as well as their
intersections (Schulz & Mullings 2006). This guide aims to raise this issue, by introducing central concepts
of intersectionality theory and questions to consider in an intersectionality-based policy analyses and by
showing examples of how one-dimensional analyses of population health and health inequalities can mask
evidence of true health effects.
Who is this guide for?
This guide is originally intended for the researchers of the European project SOPHIE (Evaluating the Impact
of Structural Policies on Health Inequalities and their Social Determinants, and Fostering Change) as a way
to introduce them to intersectionality theory and to promote the use of the intersection approach in their
analyses of structural policies related to health inequalities. However, it will be useful to all people
engaged in research on social inequalities in health, and for those evaluating policy impacts on such
inequalities. This is exactly the kind of research we are performing in the collaborative European project
SOPHIE.
Intersectionality theory: the concept
Intersectionality theory, inspired by the feminist and antiracist traditions, demands that inequalities by
race, gender, class and sexuality be considered in tandem rather than distinctly. Intersections between
axes are thought to create complex social locations that are more central to the nature of social
experiences than are any of the axes of inequality considered singly (Veenstra 2011). Focusing on single
markers leads to a false classification of people: groups in society are affected by their position in multiple
systems of power and oppression, a “matrix of domination” that changes over time and place and in
different institutional domains (Hankivsky & Cormier 2011).
Intersectionality has not a predetermined or pre-hierarchical pattern between categories. It is not an
additive approach, but instead strives to understand what is created and experienced at the intersection
of two or more axes of oppression (Hankivsky et al. 2010). It considers the impact of systems and
processes of oppression and domination, being attentive to time, place, and historical specificity.
4. 4
Intersectionality and public policy
The goal of intersectionality policy analysis should be to identify and address the way specific acts and
policies address the inequalities experienced by various social groups, taking into account that social
identities such as race, class, gender, ability, geography, and age interact to form unique meanings and
complex experiences within and between groups in society. It shares similarities with other critical frames
that have revealed that policy is not neutral as it is not experienced in the same way by all populations.
However, it states that people’s lives, their experiences, and positions in relation to policy are created by
intersecting social locations. Therefore, targeted policies can be often as ineffective as general policies in
that both fail to address multiple identities and within-group diversity (Hankivsky & Cormier 2011).
Intersectionality warns us of the risks of policies that, by privileging the treatment of some inequities and
ignoring the fact that inequalities are often mutually constitutive, end up marginalizing some people,
reproducing power mechanisms among groups, and failing to address the creation of categories that are
at the root of the constitution of inequities (Hankivsky 2012a).
Efforts to move beyond “one-dimensional” and “additive” policy analyses have included equality
mainstreaming, diversity mainstreaming, intersectional feminist frameworks, intersectional public policy
analysis, and multistrand mainstreaming. These approaches share the logic that meaningful attention to
diversity changes the policy questions that are asked, the kind of data that are collected, how data are
collected, and how data are disaggregated. Little work has been done to determine whether all possible
intersections might be relevant at all times, or when some of them might be most salient (Hankivsky &
Cormier 2011).
The development of an intersectionality policy analysis is still undertheorized, and methods for integrating
intersectionality into policy development, implementation, and evaluation are in their very early stages of
development (Hankivsky & Cormier 2011).
Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis (IBPA)
Intersectionality-Based Policy Analysis (IBPA) provides a new and effective method for understanding the
varied equity-relevant implications of policy and for promoting equity-based improvements and social
justice within increasingly diverse and complex populations (Hankivsky 2012a). IBPA is intended to improve
current tools for evaluating the differential effects of policy on populations, in particularhealth impact
assessments (HIA), which seek to tackle health inequities when making health and health-related
decisions at the level of policy and programming. IBPA is founded on what HIAs commonly overlook:
reflexivity; relationality; processes shaping power differentiation within and among populations; and
accounting for resistance and resilience.
The IBPA Framework developed by Hankivsky et al. (2012a) has two core components: a set of guiding
principles, and a list of 12 overarching questions to help guide/frame/shape the analysis which are
developed in the following sections.
Guiding principles when performing an IBPA
When performing an IBPA there are certain principles that one has to keep in mind during the entire
research process. These aspects are summarised as follows:
5. -Social categories interact with and co-constitute one another to create unique social locations that vary
according to time and place, namely, intersecting categories.
-There exist multiple levels in society and intersectionality aims to understand the effects between and
across the various levels, including macro (global and national-level institutions and policies), meso or
intermediate (provincial and regional-level institutions and policies) and micro levels (community-level,
grassroots institutions and policies as well as the individual or ‘self’).
-Power is a central concept in intersectionality. The focus is not just on domination or marginalization, but
on the intersecting processes, by which power and inequity are produced, reproduced and actively
resisted.
-Reflexivity recognises multiple truths and a diversity of perspectives, while privileging those voices
typically excluded from policy ‘expert’ roles.
-Privileges and disadvantages, including intersecting identities and the processes that determine their
value, change over time and place.
-Power has also a role in knowledge production. Intersectionality analysis expands understandings of what
is typically constituted as “evidence” by recognizing a diversity of knowledge, paradigms and theoretical
perspectives that can be included in policy analysis.
-Intersectionality places an emphasis on social justice.
-Equity is concerned with fairness. Inequities exist where differences in outcomes of interest are unfair or
unjust. The intersectional lenses mean looking not only at gender equity, but also at the impacts of the
intersections of multiple positions of privilege and oppression.
5
IBPA questions
The checklist of questions to be answered in order to perform an intersectionality-informed policy analysis
and included in the IBPA framework is shown next. As explained by the authors the framework has been
designed in order to be flexible, therefore some users may focus on certain questions, tailoring them to specific
policy contexts. In the context of evaluating the impact of structural policies on health inequalities, we would
advise our partners to go through all the questions but to focus on 1,2,5,6,9, and 11.
Descriptive
1. What knowledge, values and experiences do you bring to this area of policy analysis?
• What is your experience with policy and policy analysis? What type of policy areas have you worked in?
• What are your personal values, experiences, interests, beliefs and political commitments?
• How do these personal experiences relate to social and structural locations and processes (e.g., gender,
‘race’ and ethnicity, socio-economic status, sexuality, gender expression and age; patriarchy, colonialism,
capitalism, racism and heterosexism) in this policy area?
2. What is the policy ‘problem’ under consideration?
• What assumptions (e.g., beliefs about what causes the problem and which population(s) is/are most
affected) underlie this representation of the ‘problem’?
3. How have representations of the ‘problem’ come about?
• What was the process in framing the ‘problem’ this way?
• Who was involved and why was the ‘problem’ defined in this way?
6. 6
• What types of evidence were used?
• How has the framing of the ‘problem’ changed over time (e.g., historically) or across different places (e.g.,
geographically)?
4. How are groups differentially affected by this representation of the ‘problem’?
• Who is considered the most advantaged and who is the least advantaged within this representation? Why
and how?
• How do the current representations shape understandings of different groups of people?
• What differences, variations and similarities are considered to exist between and among relevant groups?
5. What are the current policy responses to the ‘problem’?
• Who has responded to the ‘problem’ and how? For example, how have governments and affected
populations and communities responded to the framing of the ‘problem’?
• What are the current policy responses trying to achieve?
• Do current policies focus on target groups? If so, are they seen as homogenous or heterogeneous? Are
they stigmatized by existing policy responses?
• How do existing policies address, maintain or create inequities between different groups?
• Do existing responses create competition for resources and political attention among differently situated
groups?
• What levels or combination of levels of analysis exist (e.g., micro, meso, macro) in relation to the policy
‘problem’?
Transformative
6. What inequities actually exist in relation to the problem?
• Which are the important intersecting social locations and systems? For example, how do ‘race’, ethnicity,
class, sexuality and other social locations and systems of inequality (racism, colonialism, classism,
heterosexism) interact in relation to this policy problem?
• Where will you look to find necessary information to help you answer this question (e.g., evidence from
academic sources, grey literature and policy reports focusing on intersectionality-informed analyses)?
• What potential approaches can be used to promote discussion of the problem across differently affected
groups (e.g., Parken’s (2010) Multi-Strand Method, which lays out a process for understanding intersecting
inequities in the evidence gathering phase of policy)?
• What are the knowledge/evidence gaps about this problem across the diversity of the population?
7. Where and how can interventions be made to improve the problem?
• What are the logical entry points? What are the available policy levers (e.g., research/data, political
champions/allies, laws/regulations/conventions, resources)?
• What are other examples of successes? How could policy interventions build on these examples?
• Who is part of the proposed intervention? Who is positioned to influence and implement the
intervention?
• What role can diverse communities play in these interventions? How will they be meaningfully engaged
and supported in providing input?
• At what level or combination of levels (e.g., micro, meso, macro) can interventions be made?
8. What are feasible short, medium and long-term solutions?
7. • How can solutions be pragmatically positioned and promoted in relation to government policy priorities
(e.g., budget allocations, ministerial priorities and departmental plans)?
• How can proposed solutions be synthesized into a clear and persuasive message?
9. How will proposed policy responses reduce inequities?
• How will proposed options address intersectional inequities and promote social justice? How will you
ensure that the proposed options do not reinforce existing stereotypes and biases or produce further
inequities for some populations?
• How will the solutions interact with other existing policies?
• What might be the challenges and opportunities for proposed policy solutions?
7
10. How will implementation and uptake be assured?
• Who will be responsible (and who is best positioned) to ensure the implementation of the policy
recommendations?
• What time frames and accountability mechanisms are identified for implementation?
• How do the policy solutions encourage solidarity and coalition building across divergent interests and
groups?
11. How will you know if inequities have been reduced?
• How will you measure policy implementation and outcomes?
• What intersectional factors will be measured in the evaluation process? How will they be measured?
• How will affected communities be meaningfully engaged in assessing the reduction of inequities?
• What will be the measure of success?
12. How has the process of engaging in an intersectionality- based policy analysis transformed the following:
• Your thinking about relations and structures of power and inequity?
• The ways in which you and others engage in the work of policy development, implementation and
evaluation?
• Broader conceptualizations, relations and effects of power asymmetry in the everyday world?
8. 8
Intersectionality and health research
Intersections in health inequalities remain underexplored, despite the immense popularity of
intersectionality theory in humanities and social sciences and the growing body of both qualitative and
quantitative intersectionality research (Schulz & Mullings 2006; Veenstra 2011). Intersectionality is being
recognized as a valuable normative and research paradigm for furthering understandings of the
complexity of health inequities (Cummings & Braboy Jackson 2008; Iyer et al. 2008; Hankivsky et al. 2010;
Hankivsky 2012b).
However, the development of research designs and methods that capture effectively all of the tenets of
intersectionality theory remains underexplored. Quantitative researchers have acknowledged the tensions
between conventional research designs, intended to test for independent effects, and intersectionality
principles. This has not impeded the emergence of intersectionality-informed quantitative studies that
utilize techniques to examine significant interactions between social determinants which constitute health
(Sen et al. 2009; Veenstra 2011; Malmusi et al. 2010). Thus, interaction could be seen as the statistical
way of looking at the relevance of an intersection. Moreover, there is a growing body of literature that
provides normative and operational guidance for the application of intersectionality in qualitative and
quantitative health research and policy (Hankivsky 2012b). Intersectionality scholars also emphasize that
to address the whole of a complex problem no individual study but programs of research including
different studies which sequentially build upon one another should be developed.
Intersectionality-informed quantitative research
One of the criticisms that the intersectionality approach has received is that, although it is theoretically
well developed, there exists a huge gap between the theory and methods used. In addition, most of its
use in health research has been primarily in the form of qualitative studies (Bauer 2014). Recently, several
authors have developed guidelines to apply intersectionality in quantitative research (Bauer 2014;
Spierings 2012; Rouhani 2014).
One of the frameworks proposed (Spierings 2012) describes three steps required to test interaction
effects across social groups: classification, description and drawing differences. Rouhani(Rouhani 2014)
explains this framework suggesting that the key principles of intersectionality mentioned in the previous
section be at the forefront throughout all phases of the research process. For example, when developing
an intersectionality-informed research question the author must consider which categories will be
included by asking “Who is being studied? Who is being compared to whom and why, and whether the
research is framed within the current political, societal or cultural context”. The last part reinforces the
importance of contextual factors when applying intersectionality.
The classification part consists of defining which categories are relevant for data collection in order to
understand the different social positions individuals occupy. Some authors consider that traditional
quantitative analysis do not represent the personal narratives typically captured by qualitative methods.
To overcome this challenge Spiering suggests using detailed classification of sex and other identity
variables (present in most surveys) to create numerous categories, that is, creating an intersectional
identity matrix that crosses each variable so that each subgroup is uniquely classified. In a simplified
example, if studying gender and race, four groups could be created: black woman, black man, white
woman, white men. However, when working with a limited sample size there has to be a balance between
the number of categories and the statistical power achieved. Strategies to create a sufficient sample size
9. would include: limiting the number of intersections (eg. gender, race and class), create only the categories
with sufficient size with cross-tabulations and pooling waves, surveys or countries. Another way to dealing
with insufficient statistical power would be to increase the alpha-level to 0.10.
Sometimes researchers work with secondary data and can’t influence much the design. However, if
possible, the researchers should improve data collection by: ensuring the data set is large enough to
construct at least three-way interactions; oversampling disadvantaged groups; including population
groups that are currently excluded in national surveys and refining the questionnaire to capture greater
detail of social identity groups (Rouhani 2014).
The description part consists of providing figures on the population on a whole and for each of the
subgroups. Beside measures of centrality (eg. mean) the differences within a groups can be provided by
including measures of variability to check for the heterogeneity within a group (Spierings 2012).
Finally, in order to draw inferences, all the relevant variables should be included in model as explanatory
variables. To incorporate intersectionality one should allow variables to intersect with one another.
Rouhani suggests performing first a model with only the main effects, then a second model with the main
effects and the two-way interactions, next a model with the main effects, two-way and three-way
interactions, and so on. The best model would then be checked by means of the R2 or the AIC test. The
results would be showed by means of stratification between categories or subgroups.
In addition to test for interaction we would really recommend on looking at the stratified results as
sometimes the interaction may not be statistically significant, maybe due to a lack of statistical power, but
the stratification shows opposite results in the different groups.
Authors also recommend the use of more complex models like multilevel analyses to account for the
social locations, forces, factors and power structures that shape and influence human life.
9
10. Examples of quantitative applications of intersectionality analyses
As explained throughout the document, apart from socioeconomic position, there are other social
relations that generate health inequalities such as, for example, gender, ethnicity or migration status. If
these axes are not considered properly in the analyses of public policies systematic errors can be
produced and wrong results, and thus decisions, can be derived. For example, the design and analysis of
research may cause systematic gender-dependent errors to be produced in results because of gender
insensitivity or androcentrism. Based on the paper by Ruiz-Cantero et al. (2007) we are going to illustrate
with an example why it is important that statistical analyses consider the potential intersection of gender
and social class when examining variables associated with self-perceived health status. In addition, we are
going to show examples from SOPHIE in which we try to incorporate intersectional analysis when studying
how health inequalities are affected by a policy or by the changing macroeconomic context.
Example of gender and social-class bias in a cross-sectional study
The example is based on a study conducted on workers aged 25–64 who were married or cohabiting (2148
men and 1185 women) where the association between family demands and six health indicators was
assessed (Ruiz-Cantero et al. 2007). The data were taken from the 1994 Catalonian Health Survey (CHS), a
cross-sectional survey based on a representative sample of the non-institutionalised population of
Catalonia. Family demands were measured through three variables: household size, living with children
under 15 and living with people older than 65. Multiple logistic regression models and adjusted odds
ratios were fitted and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
The authors start their analyses assuming that the impact of family demands on health does not vary by
gender or occupational class. The result is that household size and living with people older than 65 has an
effect on health (table 2).
10
11. In the stratified analysis by sex (table 3), we can see that in reality the effect of household size and living
with people older than 65 is only seen among women.
When they further stratify the analysis by social class (table 4) they observe that the effect of household
size and living with people older than 65 was in fact only true among women of manual social classes.
The result is that what we observed at the beginning for all the population in the study, that is, household
size and living with older people having an effect on health is only true for an intersection of gender and
social class: women of manual classes.
11
12. This study exemplifies the importance of using an intersectional perspective when analysing different
social determinants of health. However, this cross-sectional example is also relevant for the analysis of
policy impacts and other social determinants of health. An analysis of the whole population, or taking into
account only one potential dimension of inequality, can disregard an existing association or effect that
emerges only in a further stratified analysis. That is why it is important to consider the intersections of
different social determinants when analysing the health effects of a given policy.
12
Examples from SOPHIE
In the SOPHIE project we are trying to incorporate this perspective when studying how health inequalities
are affected by a policy or by the changing macroeconomic context. Two examples follow.
The evolution of mental health in Spain during the economic crisis
In the first of the studies (Bartoll et al. 2014) we described significant changes of opposite direction
between Spanish men and women’s mental health when we compared the prevalence before and after
the onset of the economic crisis. In particular, we observed an increase in poor mental health in men
(Prevalence Ratio in 2011 vs 2006: 1.15) and a decrease in women (PR 0.92). Had we not stratified this
analysis, we would have observed no significant changes. Moreover, by further stratifying the analysis by
age and social class, we could show that men’s mental health worsening was actually concentrated among
middle-aged (35 to 54) and manual social class men, which resulted in an increase in social class
inequalities. Other groups of men experienced no change in their mental health.
The effects of an urban renewal project on health and health inequalities
In this case study of evaluation of the health equity impact of the urban renewal program “Llei de Barris”
in Barcelona, we considered different intersections of inequality in both the qualitative and the
quantitative parts of the evaluation. In the qualitative research (Mehdipanah et al. 2013), we compared
the perceptions of two groups in one neighbourhood, one made up of senior native residents and one of
mainly youth immigrants. We could observe that the combination of both age and immigrant status
determined the different and sometimes opposite opinions of these two groups on some of the reformed
public spaces or on the change in the population composition.
In the quantitative, quasi-experimental analysis (Mehdipanah et al. 2014), we analysed the change in self-rated
health and mental health among residents in intervened and comparison neighbourhoods before
and after the intervention. Again, we stratified the analysis by sex, then by sex and social class. For mental
health, the pattern by sex differed with little change among women. Among men, poor mental health
increased significantly in comparison neighbourhoods and non-significantly in intervened
neighbourhoods, thus showing a “protective” role of the intervention in the worsening of mental health in
intervened neighbourhoods. For self-rated health, we found a similar pattern in men and women, but
stratification by social class revealed that the self-rated health improvement in intervened
neighbourhoods was concentrated among residents of manual social class.
13. 13
Conclusions
This guide has showed that even socio-economic position is the most studied form of social inequality,
there are other social relations such as for example, gender, ethnicity or migration status that generate
health inequalities. These dimensions of health inequalities are intertwined mechanisms of power
relations and interact among them so inequalities by race, gender, social class and sexuality must be
considered in tandem rather than distinctly. Intersections in inequalities in health remain underexplored,
therefore, not only research on health inequalities but also the design of policies and the study of the
impact of a policy on health equity needs to take into consideration all these dimensions, as well as their
intersections. This guide has aimed to raise this issue by introducing central concepts of intersectionality
theory and questions to consider in an intersectionality-based policy analyses. In addition, it has
presented some guidelines to perform intersectional quantitative analyses and showed examples of how
one-dimensional analyses of population health and health inequalities can mask evidence of true health
effects. We encourage the researchers of SOPHIE as well as other researchers on public policies and their
impact on health inequalities to use the intersectionality approach and to collaborate to spread its use so
that inequalities in health and their intersections can be properly understood.
14. 14
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