This summarizes a scholarly article about different approaches to community-based health interventions. It identifies four categories: community as setting, community as target, community as resource, and community as agent. It explains each category and provides examples. It emphasizes the importance of considering a community's social ecology and using theories of change to target multiple levels of influence, not just individual behaviors. Community capacity and civil society are also discussed as important contexts for community health promotion efforts.
Chapter 16 Community Diagnosis, Planning, and InterventionSergEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 16 Community Diagnosis, Planning, and Intervention
Sergio Osegueda Acuna MSN-FNP-BC
MRC
Nursing Process with communities
Population-focused health planning
Health planning is a continuous social process by which data about clients are collected and analyzed for the purpose of developing a plan to generate new ideas, meet identified client needs, solve health problems, and guide changes in health care delivery.
To date, you have been responsible primarily for developing a plan of care for the individual client.
History of U.S. Health Planning
The history of health planning in the United States has alternated between the federal and state governments.
Before the 1960s, health planning occurred primarily at the state level.
In the 1960s, health planning became a federal effort.
In 1966, the Comprehensive Health Planning and Public Health Service Amendment was passed to enable states and local communities to plan for better health resources.
In the 1980s, President Reagan aimed to reduce both the size of the federal government and the influence the federal government had on states. His administration eliminated the federal budget and planning requirements while encouraging states to make their own planning decisions.
History of U.S. Health Planning
In 1980, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act encouraged the use of noninstitutional services, such as home health care, to fight escalating costs.
In 1983 the Prospective Payment System drastically changed hospital reimbursement, resulted in shorter hospital stays for patients, shifted care into the community, and placed greater responsibilities for care of relatives on family members
The federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act) of 2010 requires access to health care for most Americans.
Rationale for Nursing Involvement in the Health Planning Process
Florence Nightingale and Lillian Wald pioneered health planning based on an assessment of the health needs of the communities they served
Both the American Nurses Association (ANA) (2007) and the American Public Health Association (APHA) (1996) state that the primary responsibility of community/public health nurses is to the community or population as a whole and that nurses must acknowledge the need for comprehensive health planning to implement this responsibility.
Nurses spend a greater amount of time in direct contact with their clients than do any other health care professionals.
Nursing Role in Program Planning
Planning for change at the community level is more complex than at the individual level.
Components to the client system have been increased, and more people and more complex organizations are involved.
Baccalaureate-prepared community/public nurses are expected to apply the nursing process with subpopulations or aggregates with limited supervision (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 1986; ANA, 2007)
Planning for community change
To plan and implement programs at a commu ...
Social Welfare Programs: Enhancing Equity and Well-being in Societyassignmentcafe1
Welcome to an exploration of the vital role played by social welfare programs in promoting equity and well-being within societies. In this enlightening SlideShare presentation, we delve into the multifaceted nature of social welfare, highlighting its impact on individuals, families, and communities, and emphasizing the importance of fostering inclusivity and reducing social inequalities.
Join us as we navigate through the diverse landscape of social welfare programs. Through compelling visuals and informative narratives, we examine the range of services and initiatives aimed at providing assistance, support, and opportunities to vulnerable populations. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the critical components that contribute to the success of these programs.
Uncover the transformative power of social welfare programs in enhancing equity. We explore how these programs address social inequalities, poverty, and marginalization, while promoting access to education, healthcare, housing, employment, and other essential resources. Witness how targeted interventions can break the cycle of intergenerational disadvantage, creating pathways for upward mobility and social inclusion.
Through an exploration of research and case studies, we showcase the positive outcomes and impact of social welfare programs. We highlight how these initiatives contribute to improved health outcomes, reduced poverty rates, increased educational attainment, and enhanced overall well-being. Witness the transformative potential of a comprehensive and rights-based approach to social welfare.
Moreover, we delve into the importance of collaboration, advocacy, and policy reforms in advancing social welfare programs. We explore the role of government agencies, non-profit organizations, and community stakeholders in driving systemic change and ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of these programs. Learn about innovative practices, evidence-based policies, and approaches that foster participatory decision-making and empower individuals and communities.
By engaging with this presentation, we aim to inspire individuals, policymakers, and advocates to recognize the importance of social welfare programs in creating a more equitable and just society. Let us work together to promote inclusivity, reduce social disparities, and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive and enjoy a dignified life.
Running Head COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN 1COMMUNITY STRATE.docxsusanschei
Running Head: COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN
1
COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN
6
Community Strategic Plan
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Community Strategic Plan
Introduction
For care provision to be effective in the nursing field today, people are turning more towards the provision of community-based care (Lundy, Janes & Lundy, 2016). This requires one to clearly understand the specific care needs of the community to come up with programs to meet these needs. In the paper, we are going to identify a focus area I could work on in my community, the various health risks they can are vulnerable to and how to carry out a community assessment on my focus area.
Identify an area of focus in community health within your own community.
The health area that I would be highly interested in my community is lifestyle improvement. Lifestyle diseases have become a major health concern in my community since we have recording a great number of diseases such as child and adult obesity, diabetes and gout among many other lifestyle diseases. The main cause of this is making wrong lifestyle choices. My interest in this area is to help provide education to the community on lifestyle choices and what they ought to avoid and therefore help reduce the number of lifestyle diseases being recorded and also ensure that they are able to access healthy food choices.
Using Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns framework (p. 130 in your e-text), assess the health risks in your community.
· Health perception-health management pattern: Individuals in the community have not embraced primary care interventions. They often seek medical care when they have already contacted diseases or when a disease is already in its chronic stages making management harder.
· Nutritional-metabolic pattern: Individuals are at higher risk of lifestyle disease due to the pattern of fast food consumption. The presence of so many fast foods joints has encouraged this behavior especially for the children
· Elimination pattern: No Information
· Activity-exercise pattern: Individuals are actively involved in recreation activities but have very poor physical exercise patterns. This paired with the consumption of fast food such as burgers has led to increase in obesity rates.
· Sleep-rest pattern: The community can be commended for their good sleep patterns people are found resting or asleep early enough, and this enables them to get adequate hours of sleep.
· Cognitive-perceptual pattern: Individuals in the community have good Cognitive-perceptual patterns, and this is evident through proper language development as well as memory.
· Self-perception–self-concept pattern: The concept of self-esteem is slowly falling for individuals in the community. This is as a result of lifestyle diseases such as obesity which people are experiencing right from a young age. This leads to the formation of negative attitudes towards self.
· Roles-relationships pattern: The family relationships are ...
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at...Csdi Initiative
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at the animal-human-ecosystem interface
Keynote presentation by
Thomas Abraham
Director, Public Health Communications Programme,
The University of Hong Kong
10Where Do We Go From HereLearning ObjectivesAfte.docxpaynetawnya
10
Where Do We Go From Here?
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discuss the importance of collaboration between policy makers and vulnerable populations.
• Explain the community-oriented approach to health care.
• Define the market-oriented approach to health care.
• Specify the role that vulnerable populations should play when developing health care
programs.
• Identify policies (social and economic) for health care reform that will improve health
care services accessibility, cost, and quality.
Courtesy of maigi/fotolia
bur25613_10_c10_259-274.indd 259 11/26/12 2:50 PM
CHAPTER 10
Self-Check
Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. The best way for program administrators to achieve useful program design or
reform is to collaborate with whom?
a. the population they are trying to serve
b. legal counsel
c. government advisors
d. academic researchers
Critical Thinking
Communication can take many different forms. Communication can include everything from formal
town hall meetings to informal conversations between two people. Communication does not necessar-
ily even need to involve talking. Describe three special populations and specify a form of communication
that could be used to gather information on each group.
Introduction
Policy makers and program administrators must realize that there is often a lack of communication between those creating the
programs aimed at vulnerable populations and
the individuals who make up those populations.
Programs won’t be useful if they do not directly
address the needs of the vulnerable in ways that
are accessible to the vulnerable. The best way to
achieve useful program design or reform is to
collaborate with the population you are trying
to serve. Program designers and medical prac-
titioners can learn a lot about the needs of those
they are serving simply by asking them. By hav-
ing conversations with patients and community
leaders, and even by asking patients and patrons
to complete surveys, policy makers, program
administrators, and practitioners gain insight into
the needs and wants of the vulnerable populace.
Only through a coordinated, collaborative effort
to address the serious issues confronting vulner-
able populations can the health and wellness of
said population increase to resemble those who
are not classified as vulnerable.
Courtesy of Digital Vision/Thinkstock
Effective program planning must include
communication between policy makers
and the individuals who make up the
vulnerable populations meant to benefit
from a particular program.
Introduction
bur25613_10_c10_259-274.indd 260 11/26/12 2:50 PM
CHAPTER 10Section 10.1 The Community-Oriented Approach
2. Declarations from those in charge will be useless because ______________.
a. no one will listen
b. there is no food
c. those in charge have not sought the council of the masses
d. those in charge do not care
...
Chapter 16 Community Diagnosis, Planning, and InterventionSergEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 16 Community Diagnosis, Planning, and Intervention
Sergio Osegueda Acuna MSN-FNP-BC
MRC
Nursing Process with communities
Population-focused health planning
Health planning is a continuous social process by which data about clients are collected and analyzed for the purpose of developing a plan to generate new ideas, meet identified client needs, solve health problems, and guide changes in health care delivery.
To date, you have been responsible primarily for developing a plan of care for the individual client.
History of U.S. Health Planning
The history of health planning in the United States has alternated between the federal and state governments.
Before the 1960s, health planning occurred primarily at the state level.
In the 1960s, health planning became a federal effort.
In 1966, the Comprehensive Health Planning and Public Health Service Amendment was passed to enable states and local communities to plan for better health resources.
In the 1980s, President Reagan aimed to reduce both the size of the federal government and the influence the federal government had on states. His administration eliminated the federal budget and planning requirements while encouraging states to make their own planning decisions.
History of U.S. Health Planning
In 1980, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act encouraged the use of noninstitutional services, such as home health care, to fight escalating costs.
In 1983 the Prospective Payment System drastically changed hospital reimbursement, resulted in shorter hospital stays for patients, shifted care into the community, and placed greater responsibilities for care of relatives on family members
The federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Affordable Care Act) of 2010 requires access to health care for most Americans.
Rationale for Nursing Involvement in the Health Planning Process
Florence Nightingale and Lillian Wald pioneered health planning based on an assessment of the health needs of the communities they served
Both the American Nurses Association (ANA) (2007) and the American Public Health Association (APHA) (1996) state that the primary responsibility of community/public health nurses is to the community or population as a whole and that nurses must acknowledge the need for comprehensive health planning to implement this responsibility.
Nurses spend a greater amount of time in direct contact with their clients than do any other health care professionals.
Nursing Role in Program Planning
Planning for change at the community level is more complex than at the individual level.
Components to the client system have been increased, and more people and more complex organizations are involved.
Baccalaureate-prepared community/public nurses are expected to apply the nursing process with subpopulations or aggregates with limited supervision (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 1986; ANA, 2007)
Planning for community change
To plan and implement programs at a commu ...
Social Welfare Programs: Enhancing Equity and Well-being in Societyassignmentcafe1
Welcome to an exploration of the vital role played by social welfare programs in promoting equity and well-being within societies. In this enlightening SlideShare presentation, we delve into the multifaceted nature of social welfare, highlighting its impact on individuals, families, and communities, and emphasizing the importance of fostering inclusivity and reducing social inequalities.
Join us as we navigate through the diverse landscape of social welfare programs. Through compelling visuals and informative narratives, we examine the range of services and initiatives aimed at providing assistance, support, and opportunities to vulnerable populations. Gain a comprehensive understanding of the critical components that contribute to the success of these programs.
Uncover the transformative power of social welfare programs in enhancing equity. We explore how these programs address social inequalities, poverty, and marginalization, while promoting access to education, healthcare, housing, employment, and other essential resources. Witness how targeted interventions can break the cycle of intergenerational disadvantage, creating pathways for upward mobility and social inclusion.
Through an exploration of research and case studies, we showcase the positive outcomes and impact of social welfare programs. We highlight how these initiatives contribute to improved health outcomes, reduced poverty rates, increased educational attainment, and enhanced overall well-being. Witness the transformative potential of a comprehensive and rights-based approach to social welfare.
Moreover, we delve into the importance of collaboration, advocacy, and policy reforms in advancing social welfare programs. We explore the role of government agencies, non-profit organizations, and community stakeholders in driving systemic change and ensuring the effectiveness and sustainability of these programs. Learn about innovative practices, evidence-based policies, and approaches that foster participatory decision-making and empower individuals and communities.
By engaging with this presentation, we aim to inspire individuals, policymakers, and advocates to recognize the importance of social welfare programs in creating a more equitable and just society. Let us work together to promote inclusivity, reduce social disparities, and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to thrive and enjoy a dignified life.
Running Head COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN 1COMMUNITY STRATE.docxsusanschei
Running Head: COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN
1
COMMUNITY STRATEGIC PLAN
6
Community Strategic Plan
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Community Strategic Plan
Introduction
For care provision to be effective in the nursing field today, people are turning more towards the provision of community-based care (Lundy, Janes & Lundy, 2016). This requires one to clearly understand the specific care needs of the community to come up with programs to meet these needs. In the paper, we are going to identify a focus area I could work on in my community, the various health risks they can are vulnerable to and how to carry out a community assessment on my focus area.
Identify an area of focus in community health within your own community.
The health area that I would be highly interested in my community is lifestyle improvement. Lifestyle diseases have become a major health concern in my community since we have recording a great number of diseases such as child and adult obesity, diabetes and gout among many other lifestyle diseases. The main cause of this is making wrong lifestyle choices. My interest in this area is to help provide education to the community on lifestyle choices and what they ought to avoid and therefore help reduce the number of lifestyle diseases being recorded and also ensure that they are able to access healthy food choices.
Using Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns framework (p. 130 in your e-text), assess the health risks in your community.
· Health perception-health management pattern: Individuals in the community have not embraced primary care interventions. They often seek medical care when they have already contacted diseases or when a disease is already in its chronic stages making management harder.
· Nutritional-metabolic pattern: Individuals are at higher risk of lifestyle disease due to the pattern of fast food consumption. The presence of so many fast foods joints has encouraged this behavior especially for the children
· Elimination pattern: No Information
· Activity-exercise pattern: Individuals are actively involved in recreation activities but have very poor physical exercise patterns. This paired with the consumption of fast food such as burgers has led to increase in obesity rates.
· Sleep-rest pattern: The community can be commended for their good sleep patterns people are found resting or asleep early enough, and this enables them to get adequate hours of sleep.
· Cognitive-perceptual pattern: Individuals in the community have good Cognitive-perceptual patterns, and this is evident through proper language development as well as memory.
· Self-perception–self-concept pattern: The concept of self-esteem is slowly falling for individuals in the community. This is as a result of lifestyle diseases such as obesity which people are experiencing right from a young age. This leads to the formation of negative attitudes towards self.
· Roles-relationships pattern: The family relationships are ...
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at...Csdi Initiative
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at the animal-human-ecosystem interface
Keynote presentation by
Thomas Abraham
Director, Public Health Communications Programme,
The University of Hong Kong
10Where Do We Go From HereLearning ObjectivesAfte.docxpaynetawnya
10
Where Do We Go From Here?
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discuss the importance of collaboration between policy makers and vulnerable populations.
• Explain the community-oriented approach to health care.
• Define the market-oriented approach to health care.
• Specify the role that vulnerable populations should play when developing health care
programs.
• Identify policies (social and economic) for health care reform that will improve health
care services accessibility, cost, and quality.
Courtesy of maigi/fotolia
bur25613_10_c10_259-274.indd 259 11/26/12 2:50 PM
CHAPTER 10
Self-Check
Answer the following questions to the best of your ability.
1. The best way for program administrators to achieve useful program design or
reform is to collaborate with whom?
a. the population they are trying to serve
b. legal counsel
c. government advisors
d. academic researchers
Critical Thinking
Communication can take many different forms. Communication can include everything from formal
town hall meetings to informal conversations between two people. Communication does not necessar-
ily even need to involve talking. Describe three special populations and specify a form of communication
that could be used to gather information on each group.
Introduction
Policy makers and program administrators must realize that there is often a lack of communication between those creating the
programs aimed at vulnerable populations and
the individuals who make up those populations.
Programs won’t be useful if they do not directly
address the needs of the vulnerable in ways that
are accessible to the vulnerable. The best way to
achieve useful program design or reform is to
collaborate with the population you are trying
to serve. Program designers and medical prac-
titioners can learn a lot about the needs of those
they are serving simply by asking them. By hav-
ing conversations with patients and community
leaders, and even by asking patients and patrons
to complete surveys, policy makers, program
administrators, and practitioners gain insight into
the needs and wants of the vulnerable populace.
Only through a coordinated, collaborative effort
to address the serious issues confronting vulner-
able populations can the health and wellness of
said population increase to resemble those who
are not classified as vulnerable.
Courtesy of Digital Vision/Thinkstock
Effective program planning must include
communication between policy makers
and the individuals who make up the
vulnerable populations meant to benefit
from a particular program.
Introduction
bur25613_10_c10_259-274.indd 260 11/26/12 2:50 PM
CHAPTER 10Section 10.1 The Community-Oriented Approach
2. Declarations from those in charge will be useless because ______________.
a. no one will listen
b. there is no food
c. those in charge have not sought the council of the masses
d. those in charge do not care
...
Running head PROJECT AND FUNDER YOUTH HOMELESS SHELTER .docxjeanettehully
Running head: PROJECT AND FUNDER YOUTH HOMELESS SHELTER 1
PROJECT AND FUNDER YOUTH HOMELESS SHELTER 5
Project and funder youth homeless shelter
Student name:
Institution:
Course:
Professor:
Date:
Part one
The description of the grant to be used in this paper includes the promotion and foster of community partnerships to reduce homelessness in various communities. In essence, the project is intended to engage both provincial and territorial government levels to join the effort of aligning homelessness investments and priorities with the ultimate goals and objectives to prevent and reduce the aspect of homelessness especially in many youths (Forchuk, 2018). To elaborate, the grant is a unique program based on community affairs with the ultimate goals of eliminating if not reducing homelessness issues within various communities. Moreover, the project is aimed to accomplish this by encouraging funders to directly provide their support and funds to about sixty designated communities across all territories and provinces that are possible to reach. The most appropriate hyperlink for identifying RFP is: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054288/
One of the significant factors that make this grant to be worth and for one to gain the confidant of pursuing it is the fact that it has been witnessed working for other countries. For instance, the grant was implemented in Canada in 2011, where it served over three hundred projects and managed to raise over fifty-five million Canadian dollars. The funds were well utilized by focusing them on, especially youth and young adults of age fifteen to twenty-eight. Based on that, it is a potential grant that I believe if well managed it is worth to take the risk as it guarantees the reduction of homelessness.
For evaluation purposes, several questions were identified to assess whether the grant was aligned with the objectives and goals of eliminating or reducing the aspect homelessness in various communities within the country. Furthermore, there were designed questions that aimed at assessing the progress of the program in its implementation including coordination, communication, reporting, adherence to housing first principles, monitoring as well as an assessment of early outcomes of the grant.
In accomplishing all the necessary criteria that were required by the project, I utilized Bing as my search engine for the task.
The goals and objectives of the selected funding agency are to ensure that it provides all the necessary resources that can enable the non-profitable organizations with its purposes of fulfilling the intended impact towards the communities concerned. Besides, the agency is aimed at addressing the essential issues relating to homelessness of especially youths and young adults within different communities.
The primary reason for selecting the RFP is accompanied by the fact that commu ...
Assessment 7 Course Textbook Edberg, M. (2015). Essentials .docxdavezstarr61655
Assessment 7
Course Textbook: Edberg, M. (2015). Essentials of health behavior: Social and behavioral theory in public health (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Q.1 MUST BE ANSWERED ON SATURDAY, Mar. 10 NLT 10 PM EST (200 words A MUST for each question. Please provide reference for each question for each question. Keep them numbered.)
1. This unit provided the 10-step approach of putting a communication campaign together. Step 6 involves selecting the appropriate communication channels. Why would selecting the right channel or channels be so important? What would be some of the examples of those channels if you were trying to put a communication campaign together that was designed to increase awareness for young people about the need for physical exercise and better eating habits to address the problem of obesity?
2. What are some of the key components in the overall ecology of global health? Are these different from the ecological context for domestic health? If so, how? Please explain and provide supporting examples.
3. Does mobile technology and social media change the way communications theory can be applied? Or do these developments change the theory itself?
4. Imagine you are in charge of putting an anti-smoking communication campaign together (geared towards young adults) in your local community. Correctly identifying your target audience would be an important step. Who would be your target audience or audiences in this example? Are there any groups or sub-groups? Also, would you need to segment your audience in any way? Please address each of these questions and explain the overall importance of correctly identifying your target audience as part of your intended communication campaign.
Q.1 MUST BE ANSWERED ON SATURDAY, Mar. 10 NLT 10 PM EST (A PARAGRAPH ONLY)
Q. 1 Why is it important to specifically identify those individuals who are the most vulnerable in terms of getting a certain disease or diseases?
· Why do general or mainstream approaches typically not work on those high-risk populations or groups?
ARTICLE REVIEW (READ INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY AND PAY ATTENTION TO THE ITEM HIGHLIGHTED IN RED)
· MUST BE ANSWERED BY MONDAY, MAR. 12 NLT 10 PM EST
For this assignment, choose a peer-reviewed article to review. Use source that contains peer-reviewed articles, and find an article about a concept tied to the unit outcomes in this unit.
Write a three- to five-page review (not counting the cover page and references page) of the article that includes the following information:
Briefly introduce and summarize the article.
Identify the author’s main points.
Who is the author’s intended audience?
How does the article apply to this course? Does it support the information in your textbook?
How could the author expand on the main points?
The article must be no more than three years old. Use APA style when writing your review.
UNIT VII STUD.
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at...FAO
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at the animal-human-ecosystem interface
Keynote presentation by
Thomas Abraham
Director, Public Health Communications Programme,
The University of Hong Kong
F e a t u r eGetting on Target with CommunityHealth Advi.docxmydrynan
F e a t u r e
Getting on Target with Community
Health Advisors (GOTCHA): an
innovative stroke prevention project
Lachel Story, Susan Mayfield-Johnson, Laura H Downey, Charkarra Anderson-Lewis, Rebekah Young
and Pearlean Day
The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
Accepted for publication 18 September 2010
STORY L, MAYFIELD-JOHNSON S, DOWNEY LH, ANDERSON-LEWIS C, YOUNG R and DAY P. Nursing Inquiry 2010; 17:
373–384
Getting on Target with Community Health Advisors (GOTCHA): an innovative stroke prevention project
Health disparities along with insufficient numbers of healthcare providers and resources have created a need for effective and
efficient grassroots approaches to improve community health. Community-based participatory research (CBPR), more specifi-
cally the utilization of community health advisors (CHAs), is one such strategy. The Getting on Target with Community Health
Advisors (GOTCHA) project convened an interdisciplinary team to answer the call from 10 counties in the rural Mississippi
Delta area of ‘The Stroke Belt’ to meet the region’s identified health needs, and to impact the health of a disparaged state. This
article explores this CBPR project including the community involvement strategies, innovative CHA training curriculum, evalua-
tion plan, and implications to healthcare professionals, particularly nurses.
Key words: cardiovascular health, community, education, health promotion, lay health workers, minority.
Health disparities along with insufficient numbers of health-
care providers and resources have created a need for grass-
roots approaches that effectively and efficiently address
community health needs. Community-based participatory
research (CBPR) is one such strategy and is defined as a ‘col-
laborative approach to research that equitably involves all
partners in the research process and recognizes the unique
strengths that each bring’ (Minkler and Wallerstein 2003, 4).
CBPR is a long-term cyclical process that requires commit-
ment to meet three goals: research, action, and education.
In this participatory process, information is exchanged freely
and all partners share problem-solving to accomplish knowl-
edge attainment. The community is a unit of identity with
existing strengths and resources upon which to build this
process. Additionally, the resources and expertise of research
partners are employed to benefit all stakeholders. CBPR
focuses on local public health problems and ecology while
recognizing that there are multiple determinants of health
(Minkler and Wallerstein 2003). This approach creates a
project that is truly community-based and community-driven
not merely community-placed. This approach also provides a
unique opportunity for nurses to engage the community to
generate substantial societal change.
Community transformation works through a social ecol-
ogy model (Stokols 2000; Institute of Medicine 2002). Social
ecology implies that cer ...
Running head PSYCHOLOGY1PSYCHOLOGY7Programmatic pur.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: PSYCHOLOGY
1
PSYCHOLOGY
7
Programmatic purposes and outcomes
Shekima Jacob
South University
Programmatic purposes and outcomes
Select and discuss three programmatic purposes and outcomes that should be evaluated. In your discussion, provide the rationale for the purposes and outcomes selected. It will be assumed the purposes and outcomes selected were influenced by the program being evaluated.
The program that I will be discussing is human service programs. In the abiding endeavor to enhance human service programs, service providers, policy makers and funders are more and more recognizing the significance of thorough program evaluations. They want to know what the programs achieve, what they spend, and how they must be operated to attain maximum cost efficiency. They want to recognize which programs function for which groups, and they need endings based on proof, as opposed to impassioned pleas and testimonials. The purposes should state the extensive, extensive range result that maintains the mission of the program, including content information areas, performance prospects, and values anticipated of program graduates. Purposes can be stated in wider and more stirring language than outcomes that have to be measurable and specific. Outcome is the reason nonprofit organizations struggle to build capacity and deliver programs. Measurement of outcomes is the systematic way of assessing the extent to which a program has attained its intended results.
The programmatic purposes and outcomes that should be evaluated include:
Programmatic purposes
· To monitor functions for the Health and Human Services department.
Without departments, the purpose or goals of human services would be very hard to fulfill. Human services is a very large sector that entails a wide range of skills, knowledge and disciplines focused on enhancing the well being of human both collectively and individually. Just like there are a lot of sectors in human services, so too there are a huge variety of functions of the human service programs that need to be evaluated so as to accomplish the purpose of the program (Connell, Kubisch, Schorr & Weiss, 1995). One of the programmatic purposes of human service programs is to monitor functions for the Health and Human Services department. Any department or even sector requires frequent checks to make sure that it is functioning well and according to the purpose. This purpose is very crucial in the execution of the human service program goals. It needs to be evaluated to make sure that the functions of the health and human service department are in line with the programmatic purposes of the program.
· Assessing internal control over compliance requirements to provide reasonable assurance.
The compliance requirements are very crucial in every program as they make sure that the program is in line with its goals and makes sure it works towards achieving its stipulated outcomes. This purpose needs to be evaluated to m ...
Benefits and Challenges of Generating Community ParticipationChantellPantoja184
Benefits and Challenges of Generating Community Participation
Leonard A. Jason
DePaul University
This article conveys important and useful information that practitioners can apply in their day-to-day
professional lives by including citizen– consumer– client participation in their work. Three collaborative
action projects are described that yielded significant benefits both for local communities and broader
policy. These interventions, which were on topics as diverse as tobacco use among youth, recidivism
among substance abusers, and chronic fatigue syndrome, were greatly enhanced by the involvement of
citizens. The case studies are presented in such a way that the reader has a sense of how, when, and in
what ways the interventions were collaborative as well as what the outcomes have been vis-à-vis public
policy. The article is intended to encourage professional psychologists to collaborate more fully with
community groups in efforts to expand and improve behavioral health services and policies.
Keywords: citizen participation, public policy, collaboration, community psychology
You might ask why practitioners would be interested in activity
involving community members in their work. With busy practices,
multiple obligations, and an increasingly hectic work world, add-
ing another set of responsibilities might seem to be burdensome
and even counterproductive. Yet, it is very possible that our work
could be immeasurably enriched by obtaining greater involvement
from citizens– consumers– clients. In fact, such work might even
make for more relevant assessments and interventions as well as
better relationships and cooperation with community partners and
local organizations. These types of rich collaborative efforts could
even help bring added attention, publicity, and even public policy
benefits. In fact, whether you are implementing individual-level
interventions at the local level or larger-scale public health projects
at the community or state level, you probably are going to be
involved in making some decisions regarding behavioral health
policies.
In this article, some of the benefits and challenges of mobilizing
citizen participation will be reviewed. Clearly, these collaborations
have important implications for practitioners. For example, it is
possible that bringing community members into our work might
help us better prioritize the needs and interests of our clients and
participants (Chataway, 2001). In addition, a relationship based on
meaningful citizen involvement may be a critical factor for the
sustainability of community efforts (Altman, 1995). In a sense,
there are multiple worthy rationales for citizen participation, in-
cluding its potential in sensitizing, prioritizing, and sustaining
intervention and research efforts, and these collaborative efforts
might also ultimately help us even influence public policy. But
before dealing with these very practical matters, let me first de-
scribe some basic terms that involve the co ...
Today, you are introduced to the Social Determinant of Health (SDOH) perspective. This assignment responds to two questions, firstly “What is a SDOH perspective?” which will be explored in detail providing two examples of a Social Worker role. The second question requiring a critical discussion surrounding SDOH including “What benefits does a social determinants of health perspective provide, and what are its limits?”.
Write an formal outline that explains mass incarceration, based .docxbriankimberly26463
Write an formal outline that
explains mass incarceration
, based on these sources:
Barry Latzer,
“The Myth of mass Incarceration
”
Jason Riley “
When Black Lives Mattered (to other blacks, that is)”
Hager & Keller,
“Everything you think you know about mass Incarceration is Wrong”.
Sawyer & Wagner,
Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020
Do not use any other sources for this assignment. Use MLA Style.
.
write an expository essay discissing the diffculties a time traveler.docxbriankimberly26463
write an expository essay discissing the diffculties a time traveler fr 1950 might have adapting to world as we know today. discuss how traveler would ot understand as well as from technology from his time changed all the that much. choose a few modern technologies
the paper must be at least 2 full pages, typed, #14 font, single spaced.
.
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Running head PROJECT AND FUNDER YOUTH HOMELESS SHELTER .docxjeanettehully
Running head: PROJECT AND FUNDER YOUTH HOMELESS SHELTER 1
PROJECT AND FUNDER YOUTH HOMELESS SHELTER 5
Project and funder youth homeless shelter
Student name:
Institution:
Course:
Professor:
Date:
Part one
The description of the grant to be used in this paper includes the promotion and foster of community partnerships to reduce homelessness in various communities. In essence, the project is intended to engage both provincial and territorial government levels to join the effort of aligning homelessness investments and priorities with the ultimate goals and objectives to prevent and reduce the aspect of homelessness especially in many youths (Forchuk, 2018). To elaborate, the grant is a unique program based on community affairs with the ultimate goals of eliminating if not reducing homelessness issues within various communities. Moreover, the project is aimed to accomplish this by encouraging funders to directly provide their support and funds to about sixty designated communities across all territories and provinces that are possible to reach. The most appropriate hyperlink for identifying RFP is: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054288/
One of the significant factors that make this grant to be worth and for one to gain the confidant of pursuing it is the fact that it has been witnessed working for other countries. For instance, the grant was implemented in Canada in 2011, where it served over three hundred projects and managed to raise over fifty-five million Canadian dollars. The funds were well utilized by focusing them on, especially youth and young adults of age fifteen to twenty-eight. Based on that, it is a potential grant that I believe if well managed it is worth to take the risk as it guarantees the reduction of homelessness.
For evaluation purposes, several questions were identified to assess whether the grant was aligned with the objectives and goals of eliminating or reducing the aspect homelessness in various communities within the country. Furthermore, there were designed questions that aimed at assessing the progress of the program in its implementation including coordination, communication, reporting, adherence to housing first principles, monitoring as well as an assessment of early outcomes of the grant.
In accomplishing all the necessary criteria that were required by the project, I utilized Bing as my search engine for the task.
The goals and objectives of the selected funding agency are to ensure that it provides all the necessary resources that can enable the non-profitable organizations with its purposes of fulfilling the intended impact towards the communities concerned. Besides, the agency is aimed at addressing the essential issues relating to homelessness of especially youths and young adults within different communities.
The primary reason for selecting the RFP is accompanied by the fact that commu ...
Assessment 7 Course Textbook Edberg, M. (2015). Essentials .docxdavezstarr61655
Assessment 7
Course Textbook: Edberg, M. (2015). Essentials of health behavior: Social and behavioral theory in public health (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Q.1 MUST BE ANSWERED ON SATURDAY, Mar. 10 NLT 10 PM EST (200 words A MUST for each question. Please provide reference for each question for each question. Keep them numbered.)
1. This unit provided the 10-step approach of putting a communication campaign together. Step 6 involves selecting the appropriate communication channels. Why would selecting the right channel or channels be so important? What would be some of the examples of those channels if you were trying to put a communication campaign together that was designed to increase awareness for young people about the need for physical exercise and better eating habits to address the problem of obesity?
2. What are some of the key components in the overall ecology of global health? Are these different from the ecological context for domestic health? If so, how? Please explain and provide supporting examples.
3. Does mobile technology and social media change the way communications theory can be applied? Or do these developments change the theory itself?
4. Imagine you are in charge of putting an anti-smoking communication campaign together (geared towards young adults) in your local community. Correctly identifying your target audience would be an important step. Who would be your target audience or audiences in this example? Are there any groups or sub-groups? Also, would you need to segment your audience in any way? Please address each of these questions and explain the overall importance of correctly identifying your target audience as part of your intended communication campaign.
Q.1 MUST BE ANSWERED ON SATURDAY, Mar. 10 NLT 10 PM EST (A PARAGRAPH ONLY)
Q. 1 Why is it important to specifically identify those individuals who are the most vulnerable in terms of getting a certain disease or diseases?
· Why do general or mainstream approaches typically not work on those high-risk populations or groups?
ARTICLE REVIEW (READ INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY AND PAY ATTENTION TO THE ITEM HIGHLIGHTED IN RED)
· MUST BE ANSWERED BY MONDAY, MAR. 12 NLT 10 PM EST
For this assignment, choose a peer-reviewed article to review. Use source that contains peer-reviewed articles, and find an article about a concept tied to the unit outcomes in this unit.
Write a three- to five-page review (not counting the cover page and references page) of the article that includes the following information:
Briefly introduce and summarize the article.
Identify the author’s main points.
Who is the author’s intended audience?
How does the article apply to this course? Does it support the information in your textbook?
How could the author expand on the main points?
The article must be no more than three years old. Use APA style when writing your review.
UNIT VII STUD.
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at...FAO
New trends and directions in risk communication: combating disease threats at the animal-human-ecosystem interface
Keynote presentation by
Thomas Abraham
Director, Public Health Communications Programme,
The University of Hong Kong
F e a t u r eGetting on Target with CommunityHealth Advi.docxmydrynan
F e a t u r e
Getting on Target with Community
Health Advisors (GOTCHA): an
innovative stroke prevention project
Lachel Story, Susan Mayfield-Johnson, Laura H Downey, Charkarra Anderson-Lewis, Rebekah Young
and Pearlean Day
The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
Accepted for publication 18 September 2010
STORY L, MAYFIELD-JOHNSON S, DOWNEY LH, ANDERSON-LEWIS C, YOUNG R and DAY P. Nursing Inquiry 2010; 17:
373–384
Getting on Target with Community Health Advisors (GOTCHA): an innovative stroke prevention project
Health disparities along with insufficient numbers of healthcare providers and resources have created a need for effective and
efficient grassroots approaches to improve community health. Community-based participatory research (CBPR), more specifi-
cally the utilization of community health advisors (CHAs), is one such strategy. The Getting on Target with Community Health
Advisors (GOTCHA) project convened an interdisciplinary team to answer the call from 10 counties in the rural Mississippi
Delta area of ‘The Stroke Belt’ to meet the region’s identified health needs, and to impact the health of a disparaged state. This
article explores this CBPR project including the community involvement strategies, innovative CHA training curriculum, evalua-
tion plan, and implications to healthcare professionals, particularly nurses.
Key words: cardiovascular health, community, education, health promotion, lay health workers, minority.
Health disparities along with insufficient numbers of health-
care providers and resources have created a need for grass-
roots approaches that effectively and efficiently address
community health needs. Community-based participatory
research (CBPR) is one such strategy and is defined as a ‘col-
laborative approach to research that equitably involves all
partners in the research process and recognizes the unique
strengths that each bring’ (Minkler and Wallerstein 2003, 4).
CBPR is a long-term cyclical process that requires commit-
ment to meet three goals: research, action, and education.
In this participatory process, information is exchanged freely
and all partners share problem-solving to accomplish knowl-
edge attainment. The community is a unit of identity with
existing strengths and resources upon which to build this
process. Additionally, the resources and expertise of research
partners are employed to benefit all stakeholders. CBPR
focuses on local public health problems and ecology while
recognizing that there are multiple determinants of health
(Minkler and Wallerstein 2003). This approach creates a
project that is truly community-based and community-driven
not merely community-placed. This approach also provides a
unique opportunity for nurses to engage the community to
generate substantial societal change.
Community transformation works through a social ecol-
ogy model (Stokols 2000; Institute of Medicine 2002). Social
ecology implies that cer ...
Running head PSYCHOLOGY1PSYCHOLOGY7Programmatic pur.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: PSYCHOLOGY
1
PSYCHOLOGY
7
Programmatic purposes and outcomes
Shekima Jacob
South University
Programmatic purposes and outcomes
Select and discuss three programmatic purposes and outcomes that should be evaluated. In your discussion, provide the rationale for the purposes and outcomes selected. It will be assumed the purposes and outcomes selected were influenced by the program being evaluated.
The program that I will be discussing is human service programs. In the abiding endeavor to enhance human service programs, service providers, policy makers and funders are more and more recognizing the significance of thorough program evaluations. They want to know what the programs achieve, what they spend, and how they must be operated to attain maximum cost efficiency. They want to recognize which programs function for which groups, and they need endings based on proof, as opposed to impassioned pleas and testimonials. The purposes should state the extensive, extensive range result that maintains the mission of the program, including content information areas, performance prospects, and values anticipated of program graduates. Purposes can be stated in wider and more stirring language than outcomes that have to be measurable and specific. Outcome is the reason nonprofit organizations struggle to build capacity and deliver programs. Measurement of outcomes is the systematic way of assessing the extent to which a program has attained its intended results.
The programmatic purposes and outcomes that should be evaluated include:
Programmatic purposes
· To monitor functions for the Health and Human Services department.
Without departments, the purpose or goals of human services would be very hard to fulfill. Human services is a very large sector that entails a wide range of skills, knowledge and disciplines focused on enhancing the well being of human both collectively and individually. Just like there are a lot of sectors in human services, so too there are a huge variety of functions of the human service programs that need to be evaluated so as to accomplish the purpose of the program (Connell, Kubisch, Schorr & Weiss, 1995). One of the programmatic purposes of human service programs is to monitor functions for the Health and Human Services department. Any department or even sector requires frequent checks to make sure that it is functioning well and according to the purpose. This purpose is very crucial in the execution of the human service program goals. It needs to be evaluated to make sure that the functions of the health and human service department are in line with the programmatic purposes of the program.
· Assessing internal control over compliance requirements to provide reasonable assurance.
The compliance requirements are very crucial in every program as they make sure that the program is in line with its goals and makes sure it works towards achieving its stipulated outcomes. This purpose needs to be evaluated to m ...
Benefits and Challenges of Generating Community ParticipationChantellPantoja184
Benefits and Challenges of Generating Community Participation
Leonard A. Jason
DePaul University
This article conveys important and useful information that practitioners can apply in their day-to-day
professional lives by including citizen– consumer– client participation in their work. Three collaborative
action projects are described that yielded significant benefits both for local communities and broader
policy. These interventions, which were on topics as diverse as tobacco use among youth, recidivism
among substance abusers, and chronic fatigue syndrome, were greatly enhanced by the involvement of
citizens. The case studies are presented in such a way that the reader has a sense of how, when, and in
what ways the interventions were collaborative as well as what the outcomes have been vis-à-vis public
policy. The article is intended to encourage professional psychologists to collaborate more fully with
community groups in efforts to expand and improve behavioral health services and policies.
Keywords: citizen participation, public policy, collaboration, community psychology
You might ask why practitioners would be interested in activity
involving community members in their work. With busy practices,
multiple obligations, and an increasingly hectic work world, add-
ing another set of responsibilities might seem to be burdensome
and even counterproductive. Yet, it is very possible that our work
could be immeasurably enriched by obtaining greater involvement
from citizens– consumers– clients. In fact, such work might even
make for more relevant assessments and interventions as well as
better relationships and cooperation with community partners and
local organizations. These types of rich collaborative efforts could
even help bring added attention, publicity, and even public policy
benefits. In fact, whether you are implementing individual-level
interventions at the local level or larger-scale public health projects
at the community or state level, you probably are going to be
involved in making some decisions regarding behavioral health
policies.
In this article, some of the benefits and challenges of mobilizing
citizen participation will be reviewed. Clearly, these collaborations
have important implications for practitioners. For example, it is
possible that bringing community members into our work might
help us better prioritize the needs and interests of our clients and
participants (Chataway, 2001). In addition, a relationship based on
meaningful citizen involvement may be a critical factor for the
sustainability of community efforts (Altman, 1995). In a sense,
there are multiple worthy rationales for citizen participation, in-
cluding its potential in sensitizing, prioritizing, and sustaining
intervention and research efforts, and these collaborative efforts
might also ultimately help us even influence public policy. But
before dealing with these very practical matters, let me first de-
scribe some basic terms that involve the co ...
Today, you are introduced to the Social Determinant of Health (SDOH) perspective. This assignment responds to two questions, firstly “What is a SDOH perspective?” which will be explored in detail providing two examples of a Social Worker role. The second question requiring a critical discussion surrounding SDOH including “What benefits does a social determinants of health perspective provide, and what are its limits?”.
Write an formal outline that explains mass incarceration, based .docxbriankimberly26463
Write an formal outline that
explains mass incarceration
, based on these sources:
Barry Latzer,
“The Myth of mass Incarceration
”
Jason Riley “
When Black Lives Mattered (to other blacks, that is)”
Hager & Keller,
“Everything you think you know about mass Incarceration is Wrong”.
Sawyer & Wagner,
Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2020
Do not use any other sources for this assignment. Use MLA Style.
.
write an expository essay discissing the diffculties a time traveler.docxbriankimberly26463
write an expository essay discissing the diffculties a time traveler fr 1950 might have adapting to world as we know today. discuss how traveler would ot understand as well as from technology from his time changed all the that much. choose a few modern technologies
the paper must be at least 2 full pages, typed, #14 font, single spaced.
.
Write an essay using one of the 32 topics below. This assignment is .docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay using one of the 32 topics below. This assignment is to be at least 2000 words in length, no more than 2500 words, then upload as a
PDF DOCUMENT ONLY
, and will be turned in using their blackboard access. Your assignment will be scanned for plagiarism. This assignment is worth up to 100 pts toward your final grade.
Here are the topics to choose from.
*In ancient Egypt, what happens to a Pharaoh, a rich person, a poor person, and a slave, when they die?
*What weapons were used in (pick one):
(Please incorporate pictures)
-Ancient China
-Ancient Egypt
-Ancient Rome
-Mycenae
-The Aztecs
*Write an overview of (pick one):
-Hinduism
-Confucianism
-Buddhism
-Islam
-The Socratic Method
Write about the life of its founder, the life changing event(s) that spawned the beginning of their faith, and what their life is like, as well as what happens after death.
*
Pick One
of these Renaissance artists, write a summary of their life, and then write about four of their works of art.
-Leonardo di Venice
-Rafael
-Leon Battista Alberti
-Michelangelo
-Sandro Botticelli
-Donatello
-Carravaggio
-Brunelleschi
*Write about the Architecture, daily life, and leaders of the ancient civilization of Babylonia.
*Write about the life of Beethovan, and make sure to include these topics:
-his relationship with his father.
-who was Beethovan's Immortal Beloved?
-how and when did he become deaf?
*Write about the life of Qin Shi Huang.
*Compare different structures of society, including, Monarchy, Constitutional Monarchy, Egalitarian, Democracy, Representative Democracy, Socialism, Facism, and Dictatorship.
*Compare the use, the building techniques and challenges, and the architectural innovations of these four structures:
-The Great Pyramid of Egypt
-The Ziggurat of Ur
-The Palace of Knossos
-Aztec Temple-Pyramids
*Write a summary of these three literary works, and why they are significant.
-The Odyssey
-The Epic of Gilgamesh
-The Canterbury Tales
*Pick three chapters from
The Decameron
and summarize them.
*Pick three chapters from the
Canterbury Tales
and Summarize them.
*Write about the source of The Black Death, as well as the symptoms, the percentage of people killed, and the effect it had on Europe.
*Compare Romanesque vs. Gothic architecture, including stainless glass windows, walls, layout, vaulted ceilings, arches, window placement, and use of light.
*Discuss the different types of Gothic Art in the Middle Ages, including fresco, panel painting, illuminated manuscripts, and stain glass windows.
*Write the history and evolution of both the violin and piano.
*Write about five musical instruments in the ancient world.
.
write an explotatory essay as per the instructions. The topic is Gay.docxbriankimberly26463
write an explotatory essay as per the instructions. The topic is Gay Adoption - i am both gay and adopted so that should be inputed in the paper.
detailed instructions document and an assignment that i have done for this topic are attached -- (its an ongoing assignment) you can use sources/information from each source needed from this assignment
*means you don't need to look up the 3 sources -- all the info is in here
.
Write an explanatory essay of no less than three pages describing th.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an explanatory essay of no less than three pages describing the process that labor unions must follow to be recognized as employee representatives, and explain what it means to negotiate "in good faith." Use references, quotes, and avoid plagiarism. Apa Style and language Spanish.
.
Write an essay to describe the roles of engineering design in the ma.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay to describe the roles of engineering design in the manufacturing industry with consideration of one or more of the following factors (at least 600 words). Give a list of the references at the end of your essay and cite them properly in your context. i. Public health, safety & welfare ii. Global, cultural and societal impacts iii. Environmental impacts iv. Economic factors
.
Write an essay using the authoritive literature to discuss; does it .docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay using the authoritive literature to discuss; does it matter where financial information is displayed? In your answer discuss, is information presented in the primary financial statements (income, financial position) perceived by investors, or preparers, to be more important than information disclosed in the accompanying notes?
The essay should be approximately 1,500 words in length (excluding appendices, tables, diagrams and references) and conform to the marking guide provided.
.
Write an essay that talks about human research projects where partic.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay that talks about human research projects where participants have been abused and their rights violated and give the example of the study. Write about why the IRB (Institutional Review Board) or the Belmont Principles are important to protect participants. Minimum two paragraphs and reference.
Avoid plagiarism, write in APA style 7
.
write an essay that highlights how Indigenous poetry play an importa.docxbriankimberly26463
write an essay that highlights how Indigenous poetry play an important role in the construction of an aesthetic identity and culture for the Indigenous communities of Canada in the 21st century. Refer to the essay “The Uses of Indigenous Literature” to illustrate/ elaborate on the social function of Indigenous literature. Add a Works Cited page at the end of your essay and include both the poem and the essay in this list. Writing Hint In the introduction clearly identity the topos (of the poem).
.
Write an essay on ICT tools and their role in the policy-making proc.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay on ICT tools and their role in the policy-making process.
use this texbook as reference
https://www.rug.nl/about-us/who-are-we/sustainability/greenoffice/cursus/myth3/policypracticeanddigitalscience.pdf
no refernces required in essay.
.
Write an essay on What is the state and local picture of Civil .docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay on "What is the state and local picture of Civil Service Merit Systems today?"
Research and review three articles (may include articles referenced in book).
Write a two-page paper (maximum) that explains the state and local picture of Civil Service Merit Systems today.
Be certain to include the websites of the organization used to access the information by creating a references page as a document.
Follow APA style format.
Include in-text reference citation and a References page in APA format.
.
Write an essay on the U.S. President who you believe was the most en.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay on the U.S. President who you believe was the most environmentally effective.
Be sure to make your case using your own words. Remember to cite your sources. The essay should be at least 300 to 350 words in length (excluding references), double-spaced using 12 point font. Include citations and references in accordance with APA guidelines.
Plagiarism Free.
At least 2 scholarly sources.
.
Write an essay on the following video, Link is belowhttpsw.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay on the following video, Link is below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=2Cg2So2js5k&feature=emb_title
Title: Introduction to Basic Cryptography: Hashing
In this essay, you will provide a real-world example of how cryptography/hashing can be used in order to secure data transmission across a network. Provide a scenario and explain how data is secured using the plaintext and ciphertext process that was discussed last week.. In addition to the video, choose one other scholarly reference to support your discussion.
Requirements:
Submit in a Word document.
Include cover page
Must be a minimum of two pages (excluding references and cover page)
Appropriate APA format is required.
Properly cite and reference any borrowed resource(s)
.
Write an essay on the topic Covid-19 has drastically impacted the .docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay on the topic: "Covid-19 has drastically impacted the world and will continue to change how society views our home as a place of living, working, and studying. What was your most memorable experience during the 2020 pandemic, and how has it changed your education, career, and life plans?"
500 words
.
Write an essay on the challenge of the Christian faith to the notion.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay on the challenge of the Christian faith to the notion of multiculturalism. The paper should be based on the readings of Greer and Anderson and should be 3-4 pages in length. It should include insights on what you found fruitful and engaging as well as two or three questions raised after reading the material. You must refer to the concepts / ideas that were new to you from the textbooks in your reflections and reference the textbook.
.
Write an essay on pressure of being a secondary student. It has to i.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay on pressure of being a secondary student. It has to include introduction,paragraph 1,2,3 and conclusion. And it has to include:
TOPIC SENTENCE
SUPPORTING DETAIL
EXPLANATION/EXAMPLE
SUPPORTING DETAIL
EXPLANATION/EXAMPLE
SUPPORTING DETAIL
EXPLANATION/EXAMPLE
QUOTE
.
Write an essay on one of the 8 topics. Note Note Good use of sec.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay on one of the 8 topics.
Note: Note: Good use of secondary sources. Cite sources in standard form. Cite
the text as your primary source. Proofreading and development required. Please I want good organization, content, form/delivery, thesis, and good documentation
.
Write an essay on Conflict Theory. (According to Conflict Th.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay on Conflict Theory.
(According to Conflict Theory, there are conficts everywhere and the major cause for conflicts is social inequality. Do you agree or disagree? Why? GIve examples to support your opinion.)
Requirements:
1. Minimum 3 pages (no cover page, reference page necessary)
2. Must be typed, double spaced with proper format
4. Always use your own words and give examples
6. You may come up with your own title.
.
Write an essay of the changes that you have observed since your chil.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay of the changes that you have observed since your childhood in the way crime and justice is portrayed in the media. Discuss which changes you see as positive and which ones you feel are negative and the reasons for your view. As part of your essay discuss whether you feel that the media today more often promote crime control or due process goals.
Write up a list of criminal justice memorial policies and note the characteristics of the persons and events they memorialize and the policies they established. Discuss what the characteristics of the crimes and victims say about criminality and crime in America and what the resulting policies suggest as a general philosophy of criminal justice.
.
Write an essay of Diabetic mellitus types 1 and 11 MLA and APA styl.docxbriankimberly26463
Write an essay of Diabetic mellitus types 1 and 11 MLA and APA style including pathophysiology epidemiology/ biostatistic, sign and symptoms , diagnosis and treatment if any.
At the end of the paper bibliography/ reference/ and source must be including. Every thing must be 1 or 1 1/2 pages.
.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Task Force Project—Applying TheoryIn Module 1, you began.docx
1. Task Force Project—Applying Theory
In
Module 1
, you began your work as the head of the Maternal, Infant, and
Reproductive Health Task Force in Centervale. You did this by
learning more about adolescent pregnancy and the behavioral,
cultural, and environmental risk factors associated with this
health issue. In this assignment, your attention turns to
community issues. Your task force has representatives from
several community organizations. You know that in addition to
your focus on an individual-level change, you will need to
provide the group with information about community-level
change to impact the adolescent pregnancy issue in Centervale.
Directions:
Read the editorial entitled “Community-based Intervention” in
which the authors recommend four typologies or approaches to
community-based projects (McLeroy, Norton, Kegler, Burdine,
& Sumaya, 2003). Consider how each of these typologies might
be applicable to adolescent pregnancy prevention in Centervale.
Download and review the “Demographic Background on
Centervale.”
Prepare a memo for the task force on the following:
2. Compare and contrast the four categories of community-based
interventions.
Select two typologies to present as options to the task force and
explain in detail how these can be applied.
Identify one typology for recommendation, giving reasons in
support.
Your final product will be in a MS Word document of
approximately 3–4 pages. You should utilize at least 3 scholarly
sources beyond the course readings in your research. Your paper
should be written in a clear, concise, and organized manner;
demonstrate ethical scholarship in accurate representation and
attribution of sources; and display accurate spelling, grammar,
and punctuation.
THIS THE REFERENCE THAT YOU NEED
Community-based interventions
McLeroy, Kenneth R
Author Information
;
Norton, Barbara L
Author Information
;
Kegler, Michelle C
Author Information
3. ;
Burdine, James N
Author Information
;
Sumaya, Ciro V
Author Information
.
American Journal of Public Health
; Washington
93.4
(Apr 2003): 529-33.
Full text
Full text - PDF
Abstract/Details
References 25
Abstract
TranslateAbstract
McLeroy et al examine the four categories of community-based
projects: community as setting, community as target,
community as agent, and community as resource. The goal of
community-based programs is to carefully work with naturally
occurring units of solution as our units of practice. This
necessitates a careful assessment of community structures and
processes of any intervention.
4. Full Text
·
TranslateFull text
·
The article Reconsidering Community-Based Health Promotion:
Promise, Performance, and Potential by Merzel and D'Afflitti1
in this issue of the Journal makes a valuable contribution to the
literature on community approaches to health promotion. The
breadth of studies covered in this review article, combined with
the prominence the Journal is giving to the subject in this issue,
suggests how far the field has come in its understanding of the
links between public health and communities. The authors
summarize many of the community-based studies since 1980
and draw useful conclusions for strengthening community-based
efforts at improving the health of the US population. Moreover,
by drawing from the lessons learned from human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-prevention programs, they
provide significant recommendations for improving the
potential of community-based strategies. However, we would
like to draw the readers' attention to some of the substantive
issues involved in reviewing such a diverse literature, including
a number raised by Merzel and D'Afflitti.
The term community-based has a wide range of meanings. In
this editorial we focus on 4 categories of community-based
projects based on implicit constructions of community
employed by investigators: community as setting, community as
target, community as agent, and community as resource. This
typology (many typologies of community approaches have been
proposed in the literature, the most frequently used of which is
Rothman's Strategies of Community Intervention2; we chose not
to use Rothman's categories explicitly, although some of his
5. ideas are included in the discussion) is used to illustrate the
difficulties in summarizing results across the array of
community-based projects (of course we recognize that projects
rarely fit our categories neatly and that any one project may
have characteristics borrowed from each of the categories). This
brief discussion of "types" of projects is followed by a
discussion of the importance of community capacity; the use of
social ecology as a framework for community interventions; the
use of a theory of community change; and the role of public
health values.
A TYPOLOGY OF COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTIONS
As indicated by some of the studies reviewed by Merzel and
D'Afflitti, the term community-based often refers to community
as the setting for interventions. As setting, the community is
primarily defined geographically and is the location in which
interventions are implemented. Such interventions may be
citywide, using mass media or other approaches, or may take
place within community institutions, such as neighborhoods,
schools, churches, work sites, voluntary agencies, or other
organizations. Various levels of intervention may be employed,
including educational or other strategies that involve
individuals, families, social networks, organizations, and public
policy. These community-based interventions may also engage
community input through advisory committees or community
coalitions that assist in tailoring interventions to specific target
groups or to adapt programs to community characteristics.
However, the focus of these community-based projects is
primarily on changing individuals' behaviors as a method for
reducing the population's risk of disease. As a result, the target
of change may be populations, but population change is defined
as the aggregate of individual changes.
The term community-based may also have a very different
meaning, that of the community serving as the target of change.
6. The community as target refers to the goal of creating healthy
community environments through broad systemic changes in
public policy and community-wide institutions and services. In
this model, health status characteristics of the community are
the targets of interventions, and community changes,
particularly changes thought to be related to health, are the
desired outcomes. Several significant public health initiatives
have adopted this model. For example, community indicators
projects use data as a catalytic tool to go beyond using
individual behaviors as primary outcomes.3 Indicators can range
from the number of days exceeding Environmental Protection
Agency standards for air quality to the amount of park and
recreation facility space per capita to the proportion of residents
living below federal poverty levels.4 Strategies are tied to
selected indicators, and success is defined as improvement in
the indicators over time.
A third model of "community-based" is community as resource.
This model is commonly applied in community-based health
promotion because of the widely endorsed belief that a high
degree of community ownership and participation is essential
for sustained success in population-level health outcomes.
These programs are aimed at marshaling a community's internal
resources or assets, often across community sectors, to
strategically focus their attention on a selected set of priority
health-related strategies. Whether a categorical health issue is
predetermined or whether the community selects, perhaps within
certain parameters, its own priorities, these kinds of
interventions involve external resources and some degree of
actors external to the community that aim to achieve health
outcomes by working through a wide array of community
institutions and resources. Examples of major public health
initiatives that have applied this model include "healthy cities"
initiatives within several states,5 the National Healthy Start
program,6 and the federal Center for Substance Abuse
Prevention Community Partnership program.7
7. Finally, a fourth model of "community-based," and the one least
utilized in public health, is community as agent. Although
closely linked to the model just described, the emphasis in this
model is on respecting and reinforcing the natural adaptive,
supportive, and developmental capacities of communities. In the
language of Guy Steuart,8 communities provide resources for
meeting our day-to-day needs. These resources are provided
through community institutions including families, informal
social networks, neighborhoods, schools, the workplace,
businesses, voluntary agencies, and political structures. These
naturally occurring units of solution meet the needs of many, if
not most, community members without the benefit of direct
professional intervention. However, communities are defined as
much by whom they exclude as whom they include, and the
network of relationships that defines communities may be under
stress.
The goal of community-based programs in this model is to
carefully work with these naturally occurring units of solution
as our units of practice, or where and how we choose to
intervene. This necessitates a careful assessment of community
structures and processes, in advance, of any intervention. It also
requires an insider's understanding of the community to identify
and work with these naturally occurring units of solution to
address community problems. Thus the aim is to strengthen
these units of solution to better meet the needs of community
members. This approach may include strengthening community
through neighborhood organizations and network linkages,
including informal social networks, ties between individuals
and the organizations that serve them, and connections among
community organizations to strengthen their ability to
collaborate. The model also necessitates addressing issues of
common concern for the community, many or most of which are
not directly health issues. In other words, this model
necessitates starting where people are.9
8. The importance of these models of community-based
interventions is that they reflect different conceptions of the
nature of community, the role of public health in addressing
community problems, and the relevance of different outcomes.
When they are presented as pure types, it is understood that no
one model is used exclusively with the practice of community-
based health promotion. Although community as setting is
obviously limited in its vision, community as agent can be
regarded as romanticized, especially in light of the severe
structural economic, social, and political deficits plaguing some
communities. Moreover, Merzel and D'Afflitti illustrate the
difficulties in summarizing across program models with
different strategies and expected outcomes. Although many of
the earlier projects reviewed by Merzel and D'Afflitti were
based on the idea of community as setting, many of the later
projects are based on one of the other 3 models. The latter 3
models-community as target, community as resource, and
community as agent-suggest that appropriate outcomes may not
just be changes in individual behaviors but may also include
changes in community capacity.10,11 In fact, it may be argued
that contemporary public health has 2 broad goals:
strengthening the health of our communities and building
community capacity to address health-related issues.
CIVIL SOCIETY, COMMUNITY CAPACITY, AND
COMMUNITY-BASED HEALTH PROMOTION
Recent years have seen an explosion in the literature on civic
renewal, mediating structures (professional organizations,
churches, block watch organizations), and social capital starting
in the political science field but spilling over into other
disciplines and into the popular literature as well. This suggests
a broader context within which community programs take place.
Civil society can be regarded, for community-based health
promotion, as the "setting of settings."12 Civil society
9. represents the self-organizing activities of people within
associations, unions, churches, and communities. It is neither
the state nor the market. It is not a collection of individuals
pursuing their own interests, but rather collectivities pursuing
common interests. It encompasses both community service,
formal and informal, and advocacy, not the least of which
includes voting. The morality of a civil society mandates the
broadest possible inclusion in the participation and institutions
that constitute it. Thus in calling forth the voices of even the
weakest among a people, civil society goals are fully
compatible with contemporary public health goals of reducing
health disparities.
The vitality of civil society provides an essential context for
successful community-based health promotion, especially as we
come to recognize and increasingly utilize the capacity of
communities to mobilize to address community issues.
Community capacity may be regarded as a crucial variable
mediating between the activities of health promotion
interventions and population-level outcomes. A number of
dimensions of community capacity have been identified, among
them skills and knowledge, leadership, a sense of efficacy,
trusting relationships, and a culture of openness and learning.13
An understanding of the community's ecology can lead to a
better match with community-based health promotion
interventions and can provide tools and resources unavailable
from outside agents for making gains against complex public
health problems like infant mortality, violence, substance abuse,
and many others. More profoundly, an appreciation for
community capacity shifts the paradigm underlying common
intervention strategies to a focus on community building as a
pathway to health. This may include conscious efforts to
develop new and existing leadership, strengthen community
organizations, and further community development and
interorganizational collaboration.14 These efforts may require
ensuring opportunities for community participation,
10. strengthening relationships of trust and reciprocity among
community groups and organizations, and facilitating forums for
community dialogue. Community capacity represents both a
necessary condition, an indispensable resource, and a desired
outcome for community interventions.
ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
As indicated in the Merzel and D'Afflitti article, increasing
attention is being paid to ecological perspectives in community-
based interventions. Based on the work of Urie
Bronfenbrenner15 and other systems models, social ecology16-
18 places the behavior of individuals within a broad social
context, including the developmental history of the individual,
psychological characteristics (norms, values, attitudes),
interpersonal relationships (family, social networks),
neighborhood, organizations, community, public policy, the
physical environment, and culture. Behavior is viewed not just
as the result of knowledge, values, and attitudes of individuals
but as the result of a host of social influences, including the
people with whom we associate, the organizations to which we
belong, and the communities in which we live.
If individuals' behaviors are the result of social influences at
different levels of analysis, then changing behavior may require
using social influences-family, social networks, organizations,
public policy-as strategies for change. Our interventions may
include family support (as in diet and physical-activity
interventions), social network influences (used in tobacco,
physical-activity, access-to-health-care, and sexual-activity
interventions), neighborhood characteristics (as in HIV and
violence-prevention programs), organizational policies and
practices (used in tobacco, physical-activity, and screening
programs), community factors (observed in physical-activity,
diet, access-to-health-services, and violence programs), public
policy (as in tobacco, alcohol, and access-to-health-care
11. programs), the physical environment (used in the prevention-of-
unintentional-injuries and environmental-safety programs), and
culture (observed in some counteradvertising interventions).
Thus we can intervene at multiple levels within the social
ecology as a way of addressing behavioral risks.
However, social ecology is more than the idea that we can use
interventions at multiple levels of the social system. It is also
the idea that each level of analysis is part of an embedded
system characterized by reciprocal causality. For example,
individuals are affected by the families and informal networks
of which they are members, and individual characteristics affect
the social networks to which we have access. Moreover, our
social net-works are largely developed within the context of
organizations and environments that bring us into contact with
others. This suggests that ecological interventions may occur at
one level and produce change or changes at others. We need to
distinguish clearly between levels of intervention and targets of
interventions,19 whether our focus is on behavioral change,
strengthening units of solution, or building the civil society.
Models such as social ecology provide us with not only a
systems framework for thinking about behavioral change as an
outcome of community-based interventions but also a
framework for thinking about healthy communities. What would
it be like if we were to have the public's health as one of our
core values? Perhaps tobacco use can serve as an example.
Since the 1950s, when almost one half of the US adult
population smoked, we have cut smoking rates in half. We have
seen widespread shifts in perceptions of smokers as masculine
(Marlboro), sophisticated (Winston), and sexy (Virginia Slims)
adults to widespread views of smokers as weak willed and
addicted. These changes have occurred despite the deliberate
shaping of public opinion by tobacco producers and the
marketing of tobacco to vulnerable populations.20 These
cultural changes in perceptions of smoking have not occurred as
12. the result of any single community-based intervention but are
the result of increasing evidence of the harmful effects of
tobacco use and the cumulative impact of multiple systemic
interventions, including bans on smoking in airplanes and
public buildings, rises in the cigarette taxes, antitobacco
advertising, and lawsuits against tobacco companies.
The tobacco example suggests that the goal of community-based
interventions is not only to change individual perceptions and
behaviors but also to embed public health values in our social
ecology, including families, social networks, organizations,
public policy, and ultimately our culture-how we think about
things. Although we lack an effective method for estimating
effects, perhaps we should think in terms of community-based
interventions as part of the social ecology and in terms of the
cumulative effects of multiple community trials rather than the
effects of a single project.
THEORIES OF CHANGE
Too rarely do community-based interventions actually target
organizational, community, environmental, or policy-level
changes. One compelling reason is the complexity of fostering
such changes and the field's lack of knowledge about the
conditions under which social change occurs. (Even for those
most interested in individual behavioral change, the targeting of
higher ecological levels is essential to create the social context
supporting healthy behavior. The ways that behavior is
institutionalized (organizational-level change), normalized
(community-level change), and legally bounded (policy-level
change) are essential "social facts," without which individual
behavioral change is not easily sustained.)
In recent decades, considerable progress has been made in
articulating program or implementation theories,21,22 yet there
are relatively few advances in developing a theory of
13. community change. This inadequacy of theory seriously
hampers the evaluation of community-based programs,
including estimation of the magnitude and timing of outcomes.
Several types of theories are important for thinking about
community change. Implementation theory, for example,
identifies the activities-the what and the when-to be undertaken
in any change process and their links to expected intermediate-
and longer-term outcomes, most often codified in a program's
logic model. Typical implementation theories for community-
based programs include a sequenced set of major steps,
commonly community diagnosis/assessment, planning,
intervention, and evaluation. Such theory is invaluable for
spelling out the mechanics and activities but provides little
understanding of the how and why-the underlying process,
dynamics and conditions under which community change takes
place. Moreover, many implementation theories are relatively
generic and may not be linked to community dynamics, and
although they may use information on context, it is frequently
not clear how community context should affect the
implementation process.
Explaining the how and why of community change is the
express purpose of an underlying theory of change.23 Theories
of community change are the least explored and offer the
greatest promise for documenting the effectiveness of and
improvements in community-based health promotion. To
achieve this, we need to make explicit our program assumptions
about the causal relationships among an intervention's activities
and the mediating factors that lead to desired outcomes, as well
as the effect of potential confounding factors. Logic models are
frequently used for this purpose.
In addition to more rigorous designs for outcome studies,
community change theory would benefit from qualitative
research that explores the various factors affecting community
14. change, linkages among the factors, and the conditions under
which those linkages occur. Program assumptions must be made
explicit so that data collection and analysis can be undertaken
to track performance. In fact, building on the excellent review
of Merzel and D'Afflitti, one could fruitfully conduct a cross-
case analysis of theories of change with a similar inventory of
community-based health promotion. We suspect that one would
find a limited number of variables being selected for
manipulation-most commonly, information-and a general lack of
awareness or strategic use of community factors as levers of
change.
It would be tempting to conclude from our brief discussion of
community change and intervention theories that the problem of
strengthening community-based interventions is largely a
technical or theoretical one.24 However, many of the problems
around which community-based interventions have been
developed-HIV, adolescent pregnancy, diet, tobacco use, other
drug use, alcohol consumption, physical activity, access to
health services, firearms-have profound personal and cultural
meaning. These problems do not just result from personal
choices; rather, they say something about social structure and
who we are as individuals and as a society, and about our place
in society. Whether we talk about social class differentials in
heart disease morbidity and mortality or access to care, public
health is inherently linked to ideas about how the burden of ill
health is-and should be-distributed in society.
Public health is more than a body of theory and intervention
methods. We cannot separate how we do public health from why
we do public health. Whether we talk about changing behavior,
changing community structures, or building community
capacity, these changes cannot be separated from our ideals
about what constitutes a good community or a good society.25
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