1. The document discusses the nature, scope, principles and types of guidance. It defines guidance as the process of helping individuals discover and develop their potential through advice and information from experienced persons. 2. The key types of guidance discussed are personal, educational, and vocational guidance. Educational guidance helps students with school-related issues, while vocational guidance assists with career planning. 3. Guidance services in schools include orientation, counseling, student assessment, occupational information, placement, and follow-up. Tests must be developed scientifically and used appropriately to respect student privacy and confidentiality. 4. Special guidance considerations are outlined for exceptional learners like slow learners, those with disabilities, and gifted students.

1. GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
UNIT-I
NATURE AND SCOPE OF GUIDANCE
Dr.N.SASIKUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Education
Alagappa University
Karaikudi-630003

2. CONCEPT AND AREAS IN GUIDANCE
DEFINITION OF GUIDANCE
4 Guidance is an assistance made available by a competent counselor to
an individual of any age to help him direct his own life, develop his
own point of view, make his own decision & carry his own burden. -
Hamrin & Erikson
4 Guidance is a process of helping every individual,through his own
effort to discover & develop his potentialities for his personal
happiness & social usefulness. - Ruth Strang
4 Guidance is a process of dynamic interpersonal relationships designed
to influence the attitudes and subsequent behavior of a person – Good
4 Guidance is assistance made available by personally qualified and
adequately trained personnel to an individual of any age to help him
manage his own life activities, to develop his own points of view,
make his own decisions and carry his own burdens – Crow and Crow

3. MEANING OF GUIDANCE
4 The guidance refers to advice or information
provided by a person of experience, to solve a
problem or improve something. The guidance
refers to the process of helping individuals to
discover and develop their potential.
4 Guidance would help an individual to achieve an
optimal level of happiness and peace in life.
Moreover, an individual who receives proper
guidance would surely contribute significantly to
society.

4. CONCEPT OF GUIDANCE
4 The concept of guidance is quite democratic
in nature. This is because; a properly guided
individual would be able to shape his
destiny.
4 Guidance ensures that each individual’s
choices must serve the interests of the
society as well as the interest of the
individual.

5. NATURE OF GUIDANCE
4 Guidance is by nature a self-oriented, problem solving and
multifaceted activity. It presupposes two-fold understanding.
A. The first is the understanding of one’s own abilities, aptitudes,
interests, motives, behaviour-patterns, skills and achievements up-to-
date and social, cultural economic background.
B. Secondly, it is the understanding of the real nature of one’s
environmentand of the educational and vocational opportunities
offered by that environment, along with their differential requirements
of abilities andattainments.
4 “Guidance seeks to create within the child the need and power to
explore and understand himself in order to prepare a balance-sheet of
his assets and liabilities so that is able to plan out his future growth and
activities in a manner that offers maximum likelihood of success and
satisfaction.

6. NATURE OF GUIDANCE
1. As a process
2. A continuous process
3. Related with life
4. Development of capacities
5. Individual assistance
6. Task of trained persons
7. Wide scope of guidance
8. Helpful in adjustment
9. Helpful in developing the ability of self
guidance
10. No imposition of ones’s view point

7. NEED OF GUIDANCE
4 Guidance certainly has an enormous need in every individual’s life. Below are
some factors which highlight the need for guidance:
4 Different stages of development- The division of an individual’s life can take
place into various stages. These stages are infant, childhood, pre-adolescent,
adolescence and manhood. So, an individual needs guidance in every stage of
life. Maximum guidance is required during the adolescence stage.
4 Differences among persons- Psychology inform us that no individuals are alike.
Furthermore, no two individuals get similar opportunities in life. Therefore,
every individual requires guidance, in order to find out the most suitable
profession for him.
4 Career Maturity- Guidance is certainly essential for the development of a
positive work attitude. Furthermore, guidance would help build suitable habits
and values towards one’s work or profession. This is because; guidance
increases the awareness of one’s world of work. Also, an individual is able to
plan and prepare for his work or profession efficiently due to guidance.
4 Educational growth- Guidance certainly helps in the development of educational
skills and abilities. Above all, these skills would facilitate learning and
achievement.

8. SCOPE OF GUIDANCE
4 The Scope of guidance is classified into
several areas where and individual needs
guidance. These areas can be classified into
educational guidance, vocational
guidance, personal guidance, social
guidance, vocational guidance and Health
guidance.

9. PRINCIPLES OF GUIDANCE
4 Principle of all-round development-
Guidance must take into account the all-
round development of the person.
Furthermore, guidance must ensure this
desirable adjustment in any specific area of
the individual' personality. Principle of
human uniqueness- Certainly no two
individuals are alike.

10. TYPES OF GUIDANCE
4 Personal Guidance: It refers to that type of guidance where a
person or individual overcome their problem on their own. Also,
it is the assistance that is provided to an individual to solve their
social, mental, morals, health, and ethical problems.
4 Educational Guidance: It refers to that guidance that a child or
students need during his school life. Also, it helps them to solve
the problem that they face in school. In addition, it gives all the
required details that children need related to the school they find
most suitable.
4 Vocational Guidance: means assistance given to an individual
in solving problems related to vocational planning and to
occupational choice and profess with due regard for the
individual's characteristics and their relation to occupational
opportunities.

11. ESSENTIAL GUIDANCE SERVICES
4 A guidance programme constitutes various
services. A school guidance programme
largely consists of six services.
4 They are orientation, counselling, pupil
inventory, occupational information,
placement and follow-up services.
4 Each of these services is distinct due to their
specific functions.

12. ETHICAL BASIS IN THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL
TESTS AND TECHNIQUES
4 Psychological procedures such as testing,
evaluation, diagnosis, etc., should occur only
within the context of a defined professional
relationship.
4 Psychologists only use tests in appropriate ways.
4 Tests are to be developed using acceptable scientific
procedures.
4 Three guidelines that related to using online testing
in practice would be: Resolving Ethical Issues.
Human relations. Privacy & Confidentiality.

13. Psychological Tests and Techniques
Guidance for Special Population
4 A Psychological test is a standardized measure of a
sample of a person's. behaviour that is used to measure
the individual differences that exist among people. A.
psychological test is an objective and standardized measure
of an individual's mental and/or. behavioural
characteristics.
4 Psychological Testing provides: Increased accuracy of
diagnoses. Rich information about current levels of
functioning. An understanding of the problematic
behaviors. Highlights areas in need of additional support.

14. Exceptional learners
4 An exceptional learner is an individual who,
because of uniqueness in sensory, physical,
neurological, temperamental, or intellectual
capacity and/or in the nature or range of
previous experience, requires an adaptation
of the regular school program in order to
maximize his or her functioning level.

15. Slow learners
4 A Slow Learner is a child of below
average intelligence whose thinking skills
and scholastic performance have
developed significantly more Slowly than
the pace of his or her age. "Slow Learners
are the Learners whose learning pace is
Slower than their peers". Slow Learners are
neither rare nor unique.

16. Children with Mental
Retardation and Gifted
4 These children typically have difficulties with social,
communication, and functional academic skills.
Children who have a neurological disorder or illness
such as encephalitis or meningitis may suddenly show
signs of cognitive impairment and adaptive
difficulties.
4 Gifted children are born with above-average natural
abilities. Talented children have developed their
natural abilities to a high level. Children can be gifted
and/or talented in many areas, including sport, art,
music, intellectual ability and more.