The document analyzes the growth and instability of foodgrain production in Odisha, India over a 20-year period from 1995-1996 to 2014-2015 at the state and district level. It finds that while total foodgrain production experienced no growth in the first decade, the second decade saw impressive growth for all crops, especially other cereals which grew at 7.7% annually. At the district level, most districts also saw higher growth rates for paddy, other cereals, pulses and total foodgrains in the second decade compared to the first. However, some districts still experienced negative or low growth for certain crops. The study also found that instability or risk in foodgrain production decreased at the state level in the second
Changing Patterns of General Crops in Nellore District, Andhra Pradeshijtsrd
Agricultural Geography is mainly concerned with the spatio temporal analysis of agricultural activities. The most striking characteristic feature of the present day agriculture is its great diversity of practice, products and organisation Grigg, D. 1969 . The bewildering diversity of agricultural practices and pattern of crop farming is due to diversity in topographical, agro climatic, cultural, socio economic and technological conditions Ramanaiah, Y.V., 1984 . A systematic study of crop land relationship not only helps agricultural regionalisation but also provides a scientific basis for land resource allocation to various agricultural crops and planning for maximum productivity Singh and Singh, 1970 . The spatial patterns and dynamics of cropland utilisation in agriculture have received due importance in the field of agricultural geography. The study of cropping pattern or crop land relationship helps to develop typology and taxonomy of agriculture. Hence in the present study an endeavour is made to study the changing spatial patterns of general crops in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh for two trienniums i.e., 1987 90 and 2012 15 taking Mandal as unit. N. Bala Ankanna | A. Krishna Kumari "Changing Patterns of General Crops in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28055.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/28055/changing-patterns-of-general-crops-in-nellore-district-andhra-pradesh/n-bala-ankanna
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
Input Structure Effect of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Animal HusbandryDr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper uses the input-output panel data of China's animal husbandry industry from 1997 to 2017, based on the total factor decomposition framework of total factor productivity (TFP), and uses the Hicks-Moorsteen index completely decompose the growth of animal husbandry TFP. By measuring the effect of mixed efficiency on the development of TFP in animal husbandry and then evaluating the input structure effect of TFP growth in animal husbandry. The results show that the impact of input structure on the TFP growth of animal husbandry has also changed from negative to positive. From 1997 to 2007, the input structure of the Huanghuaihai region alone contributed to the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, and the rest of the region was the opposite. From 2008 to 2017, the input structure of the Mengxin Plateau region hindered the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, while the rest of the region was the opposite.
Changing Patterns of General Crops in Nellore District, Andhra Pradeshijtsrd
Agricultural Geography is mainly concerned with the spatio temporal analysis of agricultural activities. The most striking characteristic feature of the present day agriculture is its great diversity of practice, products and organisation Grigg, D. 1969 . The bewildering diversity of agricultural practices and pattern of crop farming is due to diversity in topographical, agro climatic, cultural, socio economic and technological conditions Ramanaiah, Y.V., 1984 . A systematic study of crop land relationship not only helps agricultural regionalisation but also provides a scientific basis for land resource allocation to various agricultural crops and planning for maximum productivity Singh and Singh, 1970 . The spatial patterns and dynamics of cropland utilisation in agriculture have received due importance in the field of agricultural geography. The study of cropping pattern or crop land relationship helps to develop typology and taxonomy of agriculture. Hence in the present study an endeavour is made to study the changing spatial patterns of general crops in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh for two trienniums i.e., 1987 90 and 2012 15 taking Mandal as unit. N. Bala Ankanna | A. Krishna Kumari "Changing Patterns of General Crops in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28055.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/28055/changing-patterns-of-general-crops-in-nellore-district-andhra-pradesh/n-bala-ankanna
The law of demand expresses the functional relationship between price and quantity demanded.
Assumption of ‘ Ceteris Paribus’. A hypothetical assumption
If price of a commodity falls, the quantity demanded of it will rise and vice versa.
Inverse relationship between price and quantity
Other factors also play an important role.
Real world variables.
The indifference curve analysis has also been used to explain producer’s equilibrium, the problems of exchange, rationing, taxation, supply of labour, welfare economics and a host of other problems. Some of the important problems are explained below with the help of this technique.
(1) The Problem of Exchange:
With the help of indifference curve technique the problem of exchange between two individuals can be discussed. We take two consumers A and В who possess two goods X and Y in fixed quantities respectively. The problem is how can they exchange the goods possessed by each other. This can be solved by constructing an Edgeworth-Bowley box diagram on the basis of their preference maps and the given supplies of goods.
Input Structure Effect of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Animal HusbandryDr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper uses the input-output panel data of China's animal husbandry industry from 1997 to 2017, based on the total factor decomposition framework of total factor productivity (TFP), and uses the Hicks-Moorsteen index completely decompose the growth of animal husbandry TFP. By measuring the effect of mixed efficiency on the development of TFP in animal husbandry and then evaluating the input structure effect of TFP growth in animal husbandry. The results show that the impact of input structure on the TFP growth of animal husbandry has also changed from negative to positive. From 1997 to 2007, the input structure of the Huanghuaihai region alone contributed to the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, and the rest of the region was the opposite. From 2008 to 2017, the input structure of the Mengxin Plateau region hindered the growth of TFP in animal husbandry, while the rest of the region was the opposite.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
Md. Forhed Bin Khalique, Sarker Md Touhiduzzaman, Md Shahidul Islam. Hilarius Murmu and Md Rasel . “Economic Analysis of Rice Production in Bangladesh” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 08-17.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Energy consumption pattern in wheat production in sindhsanaullah noonari
Wheat (Triticum aestivium L.) is the main staple food for most of the population and largest grain source o the
country. It occupies the central position in formulating agricultural policies. It contributes 13.1 percent to the
value added in agriculture and 2.7 percent to GDP. Area and production target of wheat for the year 2012-13 had
been set at 9045 thousand hectares and 25 million tons, respectively. Wheat was cultivated on an area of 8805
thousands hectares, showing a decrease of 3.6 percent over last year’s area of 9132 thousand hectares. However,
a bumper wheat crop of 24.2 million tons has been estimated with 3.9 percent increase over the last year’s crop
of 23.3 million tons. The prospects for wheat harvest improved with healthy fertilizer off-take and reasonable
rainfall during pre-harvesting period. Energy is a necessary of life for human beings all over the world due to its
function in strengthening the security and contentment of the people. Energy demand is growing with the
passage of time due to infrastructural and industrial development. Energy is required to perform all the human
activities. It is need for food preparation, water heating and cooling, for lighting, for production of goods etc.
The study was focused on all types of energy (fossil fuels, chemicals, animals dung, animate etc). A sample of
60 farmers was selected from study area. A pre tested questioner was used to collect data from selected
respondents through personal interviews. Descriptive statistics and Cobb-Douglas production function was
applied to analyze the data. Result shows that wheat farmer achieved highest amount of net energy which was
calculated as small, medium and large farmers is 1368336.88, 1698003.79 and1702527.75 MJ/acre respectively.
In production of wheat large, medium and small farmers achieve amount of net energy which was calculated
41525.06, 38590.99, 39095.33 MJ/acre. The impact of various energy inputs on yield was studied. The share of
various energy types in total cost of production was estimated. Commercial energy (diesel and electricity)
consumed highest amount of energy in production of wheat.
Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjabijtsrd
The present paper spatially analysis the cropping pattern in Malwa region of the India Punjab by using secondary sources of data i.e. from 2000 2001 to 2010 2011. Districts has been selected as a spatial unit of the present study. The study yields some interesting findings is that the cropping pattern of the study area had drastically changed. It has been observed that the traditional crops of the region have shifted to modern paddy crops specially to rice and wheat during the one decade. Choropleth maps clearly depicting the shifting nature of these crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton and oil seeds in this paper. The spatial variability of these crops was affected by many local factors like climatic conditions, relatively high preference to particular crop, irrigation facilities, types of relief, etc. But the emergence of rice in Malwa region during this period was one of the key factors in this regard which will have several socio economic and environment consequences. Harpreet Singh | Simranjit Kaur "Spatial Analysis of Cropping Pattern in Malwa Region of the Indian Punjab" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46411.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46411/spatial-analysis-of-cropping-pattern-in-malwa-region-of-the-indian-punjab/harpreet-singh
Md. Forhed Bin Khalique, Sarker Md Touhiduzzaman, Md Shahidul Islam. Hilarius Murmu and Md Rasel . “Economic Analysis of Rice Production in Bangladesh” United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 08-17.
Analysis of agricultural subsectors contribution growth rate in the agricultu...inventionjournals
In the current study, we have analyzed the contribution of agricultural sub-sectors growth rate to
the agriculture GDP growth rate of Pakistan by using secondary data from 2001 to 2015. Ordinary Least
Square (OLS) method was applied to estimate the model parameter. For this purpose the study considered a
dependent variable of agriculture GDP growth rate and several independents variables include major, minor
crops, livestock, fishery and forestry. The regression analysis of the data showed a positive and significant
contribution in agriculture GDP growth rate. However, fishery and forestry sub-sectors contribute growth rates
were considered poor as compared with other sub-sectors could be due to less attention paid from the
government. Our study suggests that Government of Pakistan should consider the importance of both
agricultural sub-sectors to increase there’s contribution growth rate towards agriculture GDP growth rate in
Pakistan.
Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradeshijtsrd
Since the agricultural sector accounts for the lions share in the Net State Domestic Product and employs more than two third of the working population, its growth is vital for the growth of the State economy and consequently, the socio economic upliftment of the rural masses. From this perspective, it is interesting to make a critical appraisal of the changing profile of agriculture in Himachal Pradesh. The present section gives an account of the changes in agriculture sector of Himachal Pradesh. A change in cropping patterns has been taking place in the State as elsewhere in the country. The shift in cropping pattern is normally advantageous and indicates a dynamic economy. The change depends upon the crops involved and the multifarious stimuli such as the changing economic, technological, and institutional factors. Food crops include cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruit crops, and spices together accounted for 96.00 per cent of the total cropped area while non food crops shared the remaining. The area under fruit crops registered the highest increase i.e. 1.3 per cent in 1970 71 to 8.03 per cent in 2019 2020 followed by wheat, vegetables, maize, and spices. However, the area under two principal cereal crops i.e. paddy, barley, pulses and oilseeds are decreased. Pulses suffered a maximum decline, followed by barley, paddy, total non food crops and total oilseeds during the reference period. The decrease in area under pulses and oilseeds might not be immediately disadvantageous to the fanners because of the present low level output input ratio of these crops, but nevertheless, it has national repercussions. Dr. Sham Singh Bains | Mr. Devinder Kumar Atlas "Land Utilization and Cropping Pattern in Himachal Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49407.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/49407/land-utilization-and-cropping-pattern-in-himachal-pradesh/dr-sham-singh-bains
The long run impact of climate change on the productivity of major crops in the districts of Punjab is analyzed for the time period of 1970 to 2010. This study used deviations from average maximum annual temperature and deviations from average rainfall are used as indicators for climate change. While other variables include sale price, fertilizer use and number of tube wells. In order to incorporate long timer periods, this study used Panel ARDL model. The results show that cotton productivity is more positively sensitive to price changes; an increase in temperature, tube wells and fertilizers while wheat productivity is more positively sensitive to the rainfall in the long run. Consequently, in the short run, wheat productivity equilibrium is faster converging. Hence deviations from average rainfall are harmful to cotton crop in the long run and cotton & wheat in the short run, while deviations in maximum temperature is only harmful for cotton crop in the short run.
The primary purpose of this paper is comparing six common models, which were linear, quadratic, Cobb-Douglas, translog, logarithmic, and transcendental, to estimate the supply and demand functions for Saudi Arabian wheat. In addition to estimating the market equilibrium for price and quantity, that led to identifying consumer and producer surplus. Data cover 1990-2014 for all the variables that used to show the effect supply and demand of Wheat. After testing the models using Stepwise and Box-Cox, we came up with the fact that the linear and Cobb-Douglas methods were the best models to show the relationship between variables. On the supply side, we found using the linear model, that wheat price had a negative sign, which represents the impact of government policy number 335. However, in the Cobb-Douglas model, the wheat price had a positive sign. The elasticity coefficient of supply for the wheat price was inelastic. Moreover, the result also showed that all the elasticity coefficients in the supply and demand models were inelastic. The low-income elasticity of demand led the consumption of wheat to increase.
India is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Agriculture is the mother of any economy, whether it is rich or poor. Much of its influence is on the other sectors of economy - industry and service. India is the second largest in farm output. Hence, India’s economic security continues to be predicated upon the agriculture sector, and the situation is not likely to change in the near future. Even today, the share of agriculture in employment is about 49% of the population, as against around 75% at the time of independence. In the same period, the contribution of agriculture and allied sector to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has fallen from 61% to 17% in 2015-16. Around 51% of India’s geographical area is already under cultivation as compared to 11% of the world average. China with lesser cultivable land produces double the food grains, i.e. 607 million tons in 2015 -16 as compared with India’s 252 million tons in 2015-16. The present cropping intensity of 136% has registered an increase of only 25% since independence. Further, rain fed dry lands constitute 65% of the total net sown area. There is also an unprecedented degradation of land (107 million ha) and groundwater resource, and also fall in the rate of growth of total factor productivity. This deceleration needs to be arrested and agricultural productivity has to be doubled to meet growing demands of the population by 2050. Natural resource base of agriculture, which provides for sustainable production, is shrinking and degrading, and is adversely affecting production capacity of the ecosystem. However, demand for agriculture is rising rapidly with increase in population and per capita income and growing demand from industry sector. There is, thus, an urgent need to identify severity of problem confronting agriculture sector to restore its vitality and put it back on higher growth trajectory. The problems, however, are surmountable, particularly when new tools of science and technology have started offering tremendous opportunities for application in agriculture. However, the country recorded impressive achievements in agriculture during three decades since the onset of green revolution in late sixties. This enabled the country to overcome widespread hunger and starvation; achieve self-sufficiency in food; reduce poverty and bring economic transformation in millions of rural families. The situation, however, started turning adverse for the sector around mid-nineties, with slowdown in growth rate of output, which then resulted in stagnation or even decline in farmers’ income leading to agrarian distress, which is spreading and turning more and more serious. This Paper attempts to focus attention on Issues, Challenges and Government policies of Indian Agriculture in the context of Globalization.
Cereals are synonyms of Indian food production, obviously due to its lion share (~ 90 %) in total
Indian food basket. Since time immemorial, fate of Indian agriculture heavily depends upon the
success of cereals production. Agriculture glory of India must be strengthened all the way through
achieving self sufficiency in food production first; secondly by improving our agriculture image at
global arena, by get redden off from net importer to net exporter, obviously through strong
presence in global agriculture market. We are marching in the right direction; cereals are the leaders
in the food commodity export especially rice “The Basmati Rice”. Since, as of now, Indian share in
the world trade is meagre (~1.0%), there are needs to scale up to the tune of 6% in very quick
succession. No doubt, Cereals and coarse cereals should be a front leader in this endeavourer. Since
a lot more has to be done; we have to have adhered on do more policy. This article discuss at length
on past glory, present status and future prospect of the great Indian food basket famously known as
“The Cereals”.
Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio Economic Conditions in...ijtsrd
Horticulture has emerged as an inseparable part of agriculture and it plays a pioneering role in the agricultural development of Jammu and Kashmir. Shopian District is having a tremendous scope of horticulture mainly equipped with best agro climatic conditions suitable for temperate horticulture. Shopian become viable for production of some famous dry and fresh fruits in India and abroad. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to assess the impact of horticulture development on the socio economic conditions of respondents. Present study is mostly based on primary sources of data collected through the intensive field work. Diversification of agriculture towards the high value cash crops is becoming evident in the form of horticultural growth. Study revealed that growth in horticulture has largely and positively impacted the socio economic standards of the local populace. It was found that households having more than half of their family members engaged with horticulture have positive but correlation at 1 per cent significance level at r = .966 with those who have above two lakh incomes from all the sources, in a similar way result also indicated that more the area under horticulture paves way for the positive change in the literacy levels and ownership of houses. So, keeping in view, the fruit industry has a vast potential and bears the potential to boost the socio economic conditions. Dr. Mohammad Taufique | Dr. Vajahat Khursheed "Impact Assessment of Horticulture Development on Socio-Economic Conditions in Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46307.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/46307/impact-assessment-of-horticulture-development-on-socioeconomic-conditions-in-shopian-jammu-and-kashmir/dr-mohammad-taufique
Agricultural Activities in West Bengal - Concentrated or Dispersed: A Study i...Premier Publishers
The present study is an attempt to explain crop diversification and crop concentration in agriculture in different districts of West Bengal. The study is based on secondary data. The Simpson’s index has been used to estimate diversification. The results show that all the districts and the state of West Bengal have higher crop diversification magnitude in new millennium as compared to the nineties. The regional (district-wise) crop concentration co-efficient indices have also been calculated. Rice is dominant crop for all the districts in West Bengal. In highly-diversified regions, the farmers concentrate on producing high value non-cereal crops rather than rice. However, in the region where diversification is comparatively low and moderate, concentration of rice has been found to be high. The findings indicate that the level of crop diversification and rice concentration move in opposite direction, whereas in the case of jute, vegetables, pulses and oilseeds, both crop diversification and crop concentration move in the same direction. There is no specific relationship between crop concentration and diversification in the case of potato.
Trends In Area Production And Productivity of Groundnut In India: Issues & Ch...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamilnadu being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the states. The paper aims to examine the trends in area under cultivation, production and productivity of Groundnut in India by deploying orthogonal polynomial technique on the time series data of fifty years. It also analyses the area and productivity effect as preliminary determinants of production. The major issues and challenges relating to production and productivity of Groundnut have also been dealt with. Concluding remarks suggest some recommendations for augmenting the overall production and its consistency.
‘Indian Agriculture: A Fresh Approach Towards Green Revolution 2.0’IOSR Journals
The agriculture sector which employs more than 55% of the country workforce whereas share of agriculture and allied sector to total GDP is 14.1% (2011-12). The farm sector achieved 3.6% growth during the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12), falling short of the 4% growth target, although it was much higher than growth of 2.5 and 2.4% during 9th and 10th plan respectively. Thus, the sector needs urgent reforms to boost crop yields and private investment in infrastructure so as to motivate farmers and feed the growing population. At the latest Economic Survey (2012-13) points out that “India is at a juncture where further reforms are urgently required to achieve greater efficiency and productivity in agriculture for sustaining growth. There is a need to have stable and consistent policies where markets play a deserving role and private investment in infrastructure is stepped up. An efficient supply chaim that firmly establishes the linkage between retail demand and the farmer will be important”
Trends in Area Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh: Fut...inventionjournals
India has been ranking among top three producers of Groundnut in the world, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh being the major producing states in the country. However, there has been a consistent fluctuation in the area and production over the years and across the State. Uttar Pradesh being one of the most populous state in the country has been ranking amongst the top two states as far as mustard production is concerned. However it ranks 8 as far as the production and productivity groundnut is concerned. Groundnut oil being a major cooking medium and groundnut seeds an important ingradient in the processing sector, the paper aims to analyse trends in area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Uttar Pradesh with future business implications. Orthogonal polynomial technique has been deployed to examine the trends.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
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Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
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Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
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Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
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Growth and Instability in Food Grain production in Oisha
1. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) – volume 4 Issue 11 – November 2017
ISSN: 2393 - 9125 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 1
Growth and Instability in Foodgrains
Production in Odisha: A district level analysis
*Siba Prasad Samal1
, Dr. Rabi N Patra2
, Dr. Bijaya Bhusan Nanda3
and Manoj Kumar Das4
1
PhD Scholar, Dept. of Economics, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack
2
Visiting Professor, Council of Analytical Tribal Studies, Koraput
3
Dy Director, Regional Institute of Planning, Applied Economics & Statistic, Odisha, Bhubaneswar
4
Asst. Professor, Dept. of Economics, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack
Abstract
The present study aims at analyzing the growth and
instability of foodgrain production over a 20 years
time period from 1995-96 to 2014-15 across the
districts. The study compared the growth and
instability into two decadal time period i.e. from 1995-
96 to 2004-05 and 2005-06 to 2014-15 at the state and
district level.
The 1st decadal period 1995-96 to 2004-05 was a
gloomy period with total food grains experiencing nil
growth. Paddy had only 0.5% growth while other
cereals and pulses experienced negative growth. The
2nd decadal period witnessed impressive growth for
all the crops and especially for other cereals the
growth was phenomenal (7.7%) at the state level.
Similarly across the districts production of paddy,
other cereals, pulses and total food grains had
spectacular improvement in ACGR in the 2nd decadal
period. However, some districts have experienced
negative growth rates in respect of production of
different crops. Instability in the production of total
food grain, paddy, other cereals, pulses have reduced
in the 2nd decadal period there by implying reduction
in the risk of production of foodgrains. However some
of the districts still have high to moderate levels of
instability.
Keywords: Agriculture, Growth, Instability,
Economic Reform, Production, Productivity.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Odisha’s economy was predominantly agrarian
in nature with agriculture contributing a little higher
than 50% share to the total economy of the state in the
beginning of the 1st five year plan which gradually
reduced to 12.3% in the year 2014-15 as a result of
industrialization and growth of service sector. This
structural shift in the economy has not been
accompanied by commensurate shift in the proportion
of agricultural workforce i.e. cultivators and
agricultural labourer as percentage of total workers
which stood at 50% as per census 2011.Therefore the
role of agriculture in Odisha’s economy assumes
significant importance. The foodgrains production
which comprise of Paddy, Other cereals and pulses
assumes significant importance for food and
nutritional security. Therefore the growth of food
grains production and the instability there in is of
paramount importance for the state.
In order to meet the growing demand of agricultural
production the farmers have adopted technology
intensive practices, use of HYV seeds for achieving
higher level of production (Wein Berger and Lumpkin,
2007). However the state of Odisha being vulnerable
to the vagaries of weather and climatic conditions the
growth in production of crop is liable to substantial
variation across time and space. In the early 1990s, the
sector was liberalized hoping that confiscating the
restriction of export and import of agricultural
commodities, imports of agricultural inputs could
boost the sector. However, with the advent of modern
technology and liberalization, there have been
fluctuations in agricultural production rendering an
intense debate on agricultural growth and instability in
India since it has direct implication for food supply
management and macroeconomic stability (Chand and
Raju, 2009). There is an obvious need for agricultural
growth in India while the increased instability in
production instills more uncertainty about
sustainability of agricultural growth in India.
Instability in production and productivity of Indian
agriculture in relation to green revolution has been
intensely studied at aggregate level and there are
contradictory views regarding the impact of green
revolution on instability. Some studies (Hazell, 1982;
Rao, et al, 1988; Larson et al, 2004) have concluded
that instability has increased in Indian agriculture
during post green revolution period due to adoption of
modern technology. The contradictory evidence has
been propounded by the studies like Mahendra Dev
(1987), and Chand and Raju (2009) who have
concluded that the instability has declined during the
post green revolution period. Paltasing, K. R. et al
(2013) studied growth and instability in subsistence
agriculture in Odisha. The study concluded that major
crops depicted a distressing picture in two ways. First,
incidence of green revolution and subsequently of
liberalization have not provided and improvement in
agricultural sector. Second, the irrigation development
has been very slow and consequently much of the
cultivated land is still rainfed in Odisha. This hinders
the growth of agriculture on one hand and augment
risk on the other. Pattnaik F. et al (2016) studied the
growth performance of major crops in Odisha. The
study has concluded that although contribution of
2. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) – volume 4 Issue 11 – November 2017
ISSN: 2393 - 9125 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 2
technology inputs towards sustainable output growth
has been recognised, growth in the yield rate in
Odisha agriculture has been generally rather slow and
differs regionally due to the differences in
geographical area, climate and natural resources. The
former study was at the state level while the later is
across the physiographic zones. There is a necessity of
disaggregated study up to the district level which can
highlight deep insights for policy and strategy
formulation. The present study aims at analyzing the
growth and instability of foodgrains production over a
20 years time period from 1995-96 to 2014-15 across
the districts. The objective of the study is to find out
clusters of districts with low, moderate and high level
of growth and instability of production of foodgrains
over the time period. The study further aims to
compare the growth and instability into two decadal
time period i.e. from 1995-96 to 2004-05 and 2005-06
to 2014-15.
1.1 Database and Methodology
The study made use of secondary time series data
collected from various issues of Odisha Agriculture
Statistics, published by Directorate of Agriculture and
food production, Odisha. To examine growth and
instability of foodgrains across the districts of the state,
annual compound growth rates have been calculated
for two decadal periods, viz, period I (1995-96 to
2004-05) and period II (2005-06 to 2014-16). Analysis
has been made crop wise with respect to production.
ACGR for production was estimated as follows:
Where = Production in tth period.
B = 1+r and r = Compound growth rate of Y.
A = Initial year production and
t = Time in years
After log transformation and estimation of the
above function as
In = lnA + t.lnb,
Compound growth rate has been estimated as
r = {antilog (lnb) – 1} x100
Instability Index: Cuddy-Della Valle Index
The instability in production at foodgrains in
Odisha was examined by estimating Cuddy-Della
Valle Index for production. To measure the instability
of economic variables, Cuddy-Della Valle Index
(corrected coefficient of variation) is used which
considers the long term trend. Therefore, to examine
the extent of risk involved in foodgrains production
the instability in the foodgrains production in Odisha
was estimated by using Cuddy-Della Valle Index as :
Where I = Instability index (percent);
CV = Coefficient of variation (percent); from a time
trend regression adjusted by the number of degrees of
freedom and R = Coefficient of determination.
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.1 Growth of foodgrains production
Out of the total foodgrains production in Odisha,
paddy accounts for 83.3%, other cereals 7.8% and
pulses 8.9%. The production of paddy which was
6226.2 thousand MT in the year 1995-96 has
increased to 9844.7 thousand MT in the year 2014-15.
Production of other cereals increased from 502.9
thousand MT to 922.4 thousand MT. Both these crops
have witnessed erratic fluctuations in production
during the period. However, the production of pulses
which was at a very high level of 1194 thousand MT
in 1995-96 suddenly dropped down to 568.7 thousand
MT in 1996-97 and became 1056.8 thousand MT in
2014-15. This has also witnessed fluctuations over the
period. Total foodgrains’ production increased from
7923.2 thousand MT to 11823.9 thousand MT during
the same period of course marred by fluctuation
(Table 1).
Table 1 : Trend of Production of foodgrains in
Odisha (In 000’ MT)
Year Paddy
Other
Cereals
Pulses
Total
Foodgrains
1995-96 6226.2 502.9 1194.0 7923.2
1996-97 4437.6 340.4 568.7 5346.7
1997-98 6204.6 396.7 710.0 7311.3
1998-99 5390.5 377.1 610.7 6378.3
1999-00 5187.0 424.6 654.1 6265.7
2000-01 4613.4 414.6 506.9 5534.8
2001-02 7149.0 386.8 696.8 8232.6
2002-03 3243.6 342.8 458.5 4044.9
2003-04 6733.7 380.1 622.8 7736.7
2004-05 6537.5 426.2 624.6 7588.2
2005-06 6963.0 463.5 794.2 8220.6
2006-07 6928.1 504.0 865.9 8298.0
2007-08 7655.0 691.1 908.3 9254.4
2008-09 6916.4 723.9 994.0 8634.3
2009-10 7022.3 722.6 962.5 8707.3
2010-11 6931.2 839.3 999.4 8769.9
2011-12 5895.0 800.2 920.9 7616.1
2012-13 9496.8 865.2 1036.8 11398.8
2013-14 7613.4 960.9 1058.2 9632.5
2014-15 9844.7 922.4 1056.8 11823.9
Source : Various issues of Odisha Agriculture Statistics,
Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Odisha,
Bhubaneswar
MT : Metric Ton
3. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) – volume 4 Issue 11 – November 2017
ISSN: 2393 - 9125 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 3
The annual compound growth rate of paddy, other
cereals, pulses were 2.8%, 5.5% and 2.8%
respectively. The total foodgrains production as a
whole had an ACGR of 2.9%. The insight was the
other cereals which were wheat, maize, jawar and
bajra etc had experienced double the growth than
paddy and pulses. The other important revelation was
that the 1st decadal period 1995-96 to 2004-05 was a
gloomy period with total foodgrains experiencing nil
growth. Paddy had only 0.5% growth while other
cereals and pulses experienced negative growth of -
0.8% and -4.3% respectively. However in the 2nd
decadal period the growth was very impressive for all
the crops and especially for other cereals the growth
was phenomenal. The paddy and pulses had 2.6% and
2.7% growth respectively while the other cereals had
7.7% growth (Table 2).
Table 2 : Annual compound growth rate of
Production in Odisha (In Percentage)
Crops
Time Period
1995-96 to 2014-
15
1995-96 to 2004-
05
2005-06 to 2014-
15
Paddy 2.8 0.5 2.6
Other
Cereals
5.5
-
0.8
7.7
Pulses 2.8
-
4.3
2.7
Total
Foodgrains
2.9 0.0 3.0
Source : Author’s calculation from Odisha Agriculture Statistics
(various issues)
2.2 Growth of foodgrains production at district
level
Annexure – I provides district wise ACGR of
production of paddy, other cereals, pulses and total
foodgrains. The growth rates have been analysed for
two decadal periods 1995-96 to 2004-05 and 2005-06
to 2014-15. During the 1st decade the minimum
ACGR was -2.9% in Deogarh district and maximum
ACGR was 3.1% in Boudh district for paddy. The
median growth rate was 0.3% with inter-quartile range
(IQR) -0.68% to 1.18%. In the 2nd decadal period the
minimum growth rate of 6.7% in Ganjam district and
maximum growth rate was 9.1% in Deogarh district
with a median of 1.9% and IQR -0.68% to 4.95%.
This indicated overall improvement in the district
level growth of production of paddy in the 2nd
decadal period. As many as 17 districts have observed
increase in ACGR in the 2nd decadal period. 13
districts namely Balasore, Bhadrak, Boudh, Gajapati,
Ganjam, Jajpur, Jharsuguda, Kandhamal, Kendrapara,
Keonjhar, Khurda, Mayurbhanj and Nayagarh have
observed decline in growth rate during this period.
The growth rate of other cereals was minimum in
Puri (-14.8%) and maximum in Nawarangpur (11.9%)
during the 1st decade. The median was -3.85% with
IQR -5.65% to -0.05%. In the 2nd decadal period the
minimum growth was in Kendrapara (-14.4%) and the
maximum was in Sambalpur (25.4%). The median
was 7.4% with IQR 4.08% to 11.9%. This implied a
spectacular improvement in ACGR across the districts
in the 2nd decadal period in comparison to the 1st
decadal period. In the 1st decadal period 23 districts
had negative ACGR and two had zero ACGR while in
the 2nd decadal period 4 districts namely Bhadrak,
Boudh, Jagatsinghpur and Kendrapara observed
negative growth rate.
During the 1st decadal period production of pulses
registered a minimum ACGR of -12.5% in Khurda
and maximum of 6% in Gajapati district. The median
was -5.5% (IQR= -8.08% to -2.13%). In the 2nd
decadal period the minimum ACGR was -8.9% in
Malkangiri and maximum was 7.5% in Nuapara. The
median ACGR was 3% (IQR= 0.05% to 4.28%). This
implied spectacular improvement in growth across the
districts in the 2nd decadal period over the 1st one.
Total foodgrains production observed a minimum
ACGR of -3.5% in Deogarh district and maximum of
2.8% in Boudh district during the 1st decadal period.
The median ACGR was -0.4% (IQR= -1.7% to -
0.93%). As many as 17 districts were having negative
ACGR during this decade. In the 2nd decadal period
the minimum growth rate was -3.5% in Jharsuguda
and maximum of 8% in Deogarh. The median was
2.45% (IQR= 0.6% to 4.95%). This indicated
remarkable improvement in growth performance in
the total foodgrains production across the districts in
the 2nd decadal period. However 7 districts namely
Bhadrak, Ganjam, Jajpur, Jharsuguda, Kendrapara,
Khurda and Nayagarh observed negative growth
performance during the 2nd decade.
2.3 Instability of foodgrains production
The instability in the production has been measured
through Cuddy-Della Valle index. The instability is
classified as low for the index value 0-15, moderate
for (15-30) and high (>30). At the state level for the
entire 20 year period the instability was moderate for
total foodgrains, paddy, other cereals and pulses. In
the 1st decadal period the instability was higher than
the 2nd decadal period. In the 2nd decadal period
instability was low for paddy, other cereals, pulses and
total foodgrains (Table 3).
Table 3 : Instability of Production in Odisha (In
Percentage)
Crops
Time Period
1995-96 to
2014-15
1995-96 to
2004-05
2005-06 to
2014-15
Paddy 17.75 23.02 14.45
Other Cereals 17.7 12.09 7.33
Pulses 22.07 27.13 4.6
Total
Foodgrains
16.47 21.63 11.76
Source : Author’s calculation from Odisha Agriculture Statistics (various issues)
District wise instability production of foodgrains in
Odisha is presented in Annexure – II. In the 1st
4. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) – volume 4 Issue 11 – November 2017
ISSN: 2393 - 9125 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 4
decadal period instability in the production of paddy
was moderate in 16 districts and high in 14 districts.
However in the 2nd decadal period the instability was
low in 3 districts, moderate in 17 districts and high in
10 districts (Table 4).
Table 4 : Classification Districts according to
instability in the production of Paddy
1995-96 to 2004-05 2005-06 to 2014-15
Moderate High Low Moderate High
Balasore Angul Bargarh Balasore Angul
Bargarh Bolangir Bhadrak Boudh Bolangir
Bhadrak Boudh Jagatsinghpur Cuttack Deogarh
Cuttack Deogarh Dhenkanal Ganjam
Gajapati Dhenkanal Gajapati Jharsuguda
Jajpur Ganjam Jajpur Kalahandi
Kandhamal Jagatsinghpur Kandhamal Malkangiri
Kendrapara Jharsuguda Kendrapara Nayagarh
Koraput Kalahandi Keonjhar Nowrangpur
Malkangiri Keonjhar Khurda Sundargarh
Mayurbhanj Khurda Koraput
Nowrangpur Nayagarh Mayurbhanj
Puri Nuapada Nuapada
Raygada Sundargarh Puri
Sambalpur Raygada
Sonepur Sambalpur
Sonepur
Source : Author’s own calculation
Instability in production of other cereals was low in
7 districts moderate in 15 districts and high in 8
districts during the 1st decadal period. In the 2nd
decadal period instability was low in 18 districts,
moderate in eight districts and high in 4 districts. The
instability has reduced in the 2nd decadal period
(Table 5).
Table 5 : Classification Districts according to
instability
Other Cereals
1995-96 to 2004-05 2005-06 to 2014-15
Low Moderate High Low Moderate High
Bargarh Angul Bhadrak Bargarh Angul Balasore
Boudh Balasore Dhenkanal Bolangir Boudh Bhadrak
Cuttack Bolangir Jagatsinghpur Dhenkanal Cuttack Jagatsinghpur
Gajapati Deogarh Jharsuguda Gajapati Deogarh Nowrangpur
Mayurbhanj Ganjam Kendrapara Ganjam Jharsuguda
Puri Jajpur Keonjhar Jajpur Kendrapara
Sundargarh Kalahandi Nayagarh Kalahandi Khurda
Kandhamal Nuapada Kandhamal Sonepur
Khurda Keonjhar
Koraput Koraput
Malkangiri Malkangiri
Nowrangpur Mayurbhanj
Raygada Nayagarh
Sambalpur Nuapada
Sonepur Puri
Raygada
Sambalpur
Sundargarh
Source : Author’s own calculation
As regards the production of pulses in the 1st
decadal period in instability was low in one district,
moderate in nine, high in 10 districts. In the 2nd
decadal period instability was low in 4, moderate in 11
and high in 15 districts. Even though there was
improvement in instability during 2nd decadal period,
many districts are still having moderate to high
instability in the production of pulses (Table 6).
Table 6 : Classification Districts according to
instability
Pulses
1995-96 to 2004-05 2005-06 to 2014-15
Low Moderate High Low Moderate High
Jagatsinghpur Bargarh Angul Bargarh Bhadrak Angul
Bolangir Balasore Bolangir Boudh Balasore
Boudh Bhadrak Ganjam Gajapati Cuttack
Gajapati Cuttack Jagatsinghpur Kandhamal Deogarh
Ganjam Deogarh Keonjhar Dhenkanal
Kandhamal Dhenkanal Mayurbhanj Jajpur
Keonjhar Jajpur Nowrangpur Jharsuguda
Mayurbhanj Jharsuguda Puri Kalahandi
Sundargarh Kalahandi Sambalpur Kendrapara
Kendrapara Sonepur Khurda
Khurda Sundargarh Koraput
Koraput Malkangiri
Malkangiri Nayagarh
Nayagarh Nuapada
Nowrangpur Raygada
Nuapada
Puri
5. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) – volume 4 Issue 11 – November 2017
ISSN: 2393 - 9125 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 5
Raygada
Sambalpur
Sonepur
Source : Author’s own calculation
As regards total foodgrains production, 20 districts
were having moderate and 10 districts were having
high instability during 1st decadal period. In the 2nd
decadal period the instability was low in 4, moderate
in 19 and high in 7 districts.
The 2nd decadal period even though characterised
reduction in instability of foodgrains production a lot
of districts have moderate to high instability (Table 7).
Table 7 : Classification Districts according to
instability
Total Foodgrains
1995-96 to 2004-05 2005-06 to 2014-15
Moderate High Low Moderate High
Balasore Angul Bargarh Balasore Angul
Bargarh Bolangir Koraput Bhadrak Bolangir
Bhadrak Boudh Raygada Cuttack Boudh
Cuttack Deogarh Sonepur Deogarh Dhenkanal
Gajapati Dhenkanal Gajapati Ganjam
Jagatsinghpur Ganjam Jagatsinghpur Jharsuguda
Jajpur Jharsuguda Jajpur Nayagarh
Kandhamal Kalahandi Kalahandi
Kendrapara Nayagarh Kandhamal
Keonjhar Nuapada Kendrapara
Khurda Keonjhar
Koraput Khurda
Malkangiri Malkangiri
Mayurbhanj Mayurbhanj
Nowrangpur Nowrangpur
Puri Nuapada
Raygada Puri
Sambalpur Sambalpur
Sonepur Sundargarh
Sundargarh
Source : Author’s own calculation
III.MAJOR FINDINGS
Other cereals which comprised of wheat, maize,
jawar and bajra etc had experienced double the growth
than paddy and pulses. The other important revelation
was that the 1st decadal period 1995-96 to 2004-05
was a gloomy period with total food grains
experiencing nil growth. Paddy had only 0.5% growth
while other cereals and pulses experienced negative
growth. The 2nd decadal period witnessed impressive
growth for all the crops and especially for other
cereals the growth was phenomenal (7.7%).
Across the districts production of paddy, other
cereals, pulses and total food grains experienced
spectacular improvement in ACGR across the districts
in the 2nd decadal period. However, some districts
have experienced negative growth rates in respect of
production of different crops. These districts need
attention.
Instability in the production of total food grain,
paddy, other cereals, pulses have reduced in the 2nd
decadal period there by implying reduction in the risk
of food grain production. However some of the
districts still have high to moderate levels of
instability that requires attention.
The poor performance of growth during the 1st
decadal period was attributed to manifestation of
vagaries of natural calamities like super cyclone in
1999-2000, severe drought in 2002-03 and low
investment on agriculture during this period. On the
other hand the better performance of growth in the 2nd
decadal period was achieved because greater focus by
Government both center and state by way of lunching
several schemes of the programs like NFM, RKVY etc.
Besides various state agricultural policies were also
implemented for the development of agriculture.
Focus was given on input management, agricultural
research and education, creation of irrigation potential
and promotion of agricultural entrepreneurship
agricultural marketing technology up gradation etc.
This has also resulted in the reduction of the instability
of food grain production in the State.
IV.CONCLUSION
Growth of foodgrains production is important
for sustainable food and nutrition security of the
growing population of Odisha. Besides instability of
moderate and high nature needs to be curtailed to
reduce uncertainty in the foodgrains production.
Therefore high growth rate coupled with low
instability is a pre requisite for the state for sustainable
development. The findings of the study is encouraging
in the sense that the paddy, other cereals, pulses and
total food grains have better compound growth rate
over the 2nd decadal period from 2005-06 to 2014-15
at the state level. This period has also experienced
reduced instability in the production of these
foodgrains crops. Many districts have experienced
improved growth rate and reduced instability in these
foodgrains production. Nevertheless the study has
identified many districts with negative growth rate,
reduced growth rate and moderate to high instability
in these foodgrains production. The paper has listed
out those districts crop wise. Strategic intervention of
the Government in those districts is required to first
track the pace of agricultural development.
6. SSRG International Journal of Economics and Management Studies (SSRG-IJEMS) – volume 4 Issue 11 – November 2017
ISSN: 2393 - 9125 www.internationaljournalssrg.org Page 6
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Annexure I : District wise Annual Compound Growth Rate of Production of Foodgrain
in Odisha
Districts
Paddy Other Cereals Pulses Total Foodgrain
1995-
96 to
2004-
05
2005-
06 to
2014-
15
1995-
96 to
2004-
05
2005-
06 to
2014-
15
1995-
96 to
2004-
05
2005-
06 to
2014-
15
1995-
96 to
2004-
05
2005-
06 to
2014-
15
Angul 1.1 1.8 -6 13.8 -4.8 3.8 -0.2 2.7
Balasore 3 0.9 -9.8 6.8 -3.3 -0.7 2.6 0.9
Bargarh 0.6 4.8 -2.1 3.7 -6.2 4.8 0.3 4.8
Bhadrak 2.3 -2.9 -12.9 -5.7 -7.5 -6.9 1.8 -3.1
Bolangir 1 6.2 1.2 7.1 -2.8 7.4 0.5 6.9
Boudh 3.1 2.6 1.8 -1.2 1.2 -0.2 2.8 2.2
Cuttack -0.5 1.1 -5.7 9 -0.9 -0.3 -0.7 1
Deogarh -2.9 9.1 -7 2.3 -7.3 0 -3.5 8
Dhenkanal -0.7 3.7 -3.1 6.7 -8 4.2 -1.9 3.8
Gajapati 0.8 -2.5 1.7 8.3 6 0.2 1.8 1.3
Ganjam 1.2 -6.7 0.7 4 -1.6 4.2 0.7 -2.2
Jagatsinghpur 1 2 -14.1 -4.3 -6.3 3 0 2.1
Jajpur -2.2 -2.3 -0.6 9.4 -9.4 2.8 -3.1 -1.4
Jharsuguda 0 -4.8 -4.9 11.9 -5.6 2.1 -0.7 -3.5
Kalahandi 1.7 7.7 0 22.9 0.3 -0.4 1.3 7.1
Kandhamal 0.7 -0.6 -5.3 5.2 -3.2 2.2 -1.2 1.2
Kendrapara -0.4 -0.7 -5.5 -14.4 5.2 0.5 0.2 -0.5
Keonjhar 2.6 1.4 -4.9 12.7 -5.4 4.9 1 2.8
Khurda -1.8 -3.3 -10 4.3 -12.5 0.5 -3 -2.6
Koraput 1.7 2.9 -3.8 7.7 -8.1 3 -0.6 4.3
Malkangiri 0.1 2.8 -0.2 11.9 -9.5 -8.9 -0.7 3.5
Mayurbhanj 2.6 0.6 0 3.1 -5.4 3.7 2.1 0.9
Nayagarh 0.5 -2.6 -1.1 11.9 -9.5 4.6 -1.8 -0.6
Nowrangpur -0.4 5.7 11.9 4.6 -3.8 -6.1 1.4 5
Nuapada -0.6 5 -5.2 13.2 -10.3 7.5 -2.3 6.1
Puri -1.9 0 -14.8 14.3 -5.6 6.9 -2.2 0.5
Raygada 0 6.2 0.5 7.1 -1.8 4.3 -0.2 6.3
Sambalpur -0.7 2.7 -4.7 25.4 -9.6 3.8 -1.4 3.1
Sonepur -1.3 7.6 -3.9 12.9 -1.9 4.4 -1.4 7.5
Sundargarh -1.6 7.4 -3.3 8.5 -10.1 4.1 -2.5 7.1
Min -2.9 -6.7 -14.8 -14.4 -12.5 -8.9 -3.5 -3.5
Max 3.1 9.1 11.9 25.4 6 7.5 2.8 8
Q1 -0.68 -0.68 -5.65 4.08 -8.08 0.05 -1.7 0.6
Q2 (Median) 0.3 1.9 -3.85 7.4 -5.5 3 -0.4 2.45
Q3 1.18 4.95 -0.05 11.9 -2.13 4.28 0.93 4.95
Source : Author’s calculation from Odisha Agriculture Statistics (various issues)