Group tests are used widely in education, military, and industry for screening and placement purposes. They became popular during WWI with the development of tests like the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests. Group tests are administered to multiple individuals simultaneously and rely on simplified, written instructions and multiple choice or open-ended items. They provide standardized scores for comparison but provide less accurate information than individual tests. Adaptive and computer-based tests can provide more accurate scores in less time. Achievement and aptitude tests measure acquired skills and innate abilities, respectively, and are used at various educational levels for diagnostic, formative, summative, and prognostic purposes. Learning disabilities affect how information is processed and can impact areas like reading, writing, math

1. Application of PsychologicalAssessment
Topic:“GroupTesting”
Presentedby:RabiaJav
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2. ● Group test are used primarily in the educational system, government
system, industry, and the military services.
● World War 1- Mass testing began
● Development of the Army Alpha and Army Beta for use in the United States
Army.
● Verbal test designed for general screening and placement purposes.
● Non-Verbal test are for illiterates.
● Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT)
● Multiple-aptitude classification batteries for assignment to occupational
specialties.
● Provide single score based on an equal number of vocabulary, arithmetic,
spatial
● relations, and mechanical ability item.
Group Tests

3. Group V/S Individual Tests
IndividualTest
● Administered to only one person at a
time.
● Some scales can require oral
responses.
● Researcher takes test in face to face
interaction.
● Individual intelligence tests are
preferred by psychologist in clinics,
hospitals and other settings where
clinical diagnosis are made.
Group Test
• Administered to a group of persons at
a time.
• Must be written
• They use simplified written
instruction.
• Administrator explains instructions
to entire group.
• Open ended & Multiple Choice items.
• Items of similar content are arranged
in increasing order of difficulty.
• Used in classrooms mostly

4. Advantages & Disadvantages of Individual Tests:
Advantages
Examiner can pay more attention to
the examinee.
Examiner can easily encourage the
examinee and observe his behavior
during the test more closely.
Scores on individual tests are not as
dependent on reading ability as scores
in group test.
Disadvantages
1.It is very time consuming
2.This type of tests requires a highly
trained examiner.
3. It costs more than the group test.

5. Advantages & Disadvantages of Group Tests:
Advantages
1.Examiner can be administered
to very large numbers
simultaneously
2.Simplified examiner role.
3. Scoring typically more objective.
4.Large, representative samples often
used leading to better established
norms
5. Can have a higher validity
co-efficient than an individual test.
Disadvantages
1.Scores on the group test are generally
dependent on the reading ability.
2.Examiner has less opportunity to
obtain cooperation and maintain
interest.
3.Couldn’t detected if examinee tired,
anxious, unwell.
4.Emotionally disturbed children do
better on individual than group tests.
5.Information obtained is less accurate
than the individual tests

6. Adaptive Testing & Computer Based Administration
Adaptive Testing:
● Atesting technique designed to adjust to the response characteristics of
individual examinees by presenting items of varying difficulty based on the
examinee’s responses to previous items.
● The process continues until a stable estimate of the ability level of the
examinee can be determined.
● CAT(Tailored Test)
● Scores are computed through IRT
● For example; GRE & GMAT
●

7. Advantages/ Disadvantages of Adaptive Testing
Advantages
● Shorter
● Accurate
● Time Saving & Inexpensive
Disadvantages
● Difficult in pilot testing
● Repitition of Content
● Can be tricky

8. Multilevel Batteries
A group, series, or set of several tests designed to be administered as a unit in order to
obtain a comprehensive assessment of a particular factor or p h en o men o n is a Battery.
• A series of overlapping tests where each group test is designed for a specific age or
grade level, but adjacent test possess so me c o m m o n content is Multilevel Battery.
•
• Multilevel batteries are especially suitable for used in the school, where
comparability of score several years is desirable.
• Most Batteries yield separate verbal an d quantitative, or linguistic an d n o n
linguistic, scores.

9. Cont…
• Multilevel Batteries Measures;
•
• Intelligence
• General Ability
• Mental Ability
• Mental Maturity
• Academic potentials
• School Ability
Are used to designate essentially the same type of test.

10. Conti…
Nine subtests grouped into3batteries:
1.Verbal Battery
Evaluate verbal skills & reasoning strategies needed for effective writing and reading
● Verbal Classification
● Sentence Completion
● Verbal Analogies
2.Quantitative Battery
Appraise quantitative skills important for ma t h & other disciplines
● Qualitative Relations
● Number Series
● Equation Building
3.Nonverbal Battery
Used to estimate cognitive level of students with limited reading skills. poor English
proficiency, or Inadequate educational exposure.
● Figure Classification
● Figure Analogies
● Figure Analysis

11. Educational Testing
Educational testing is conducted to test how much an individual has progressed in
learning a specific subject.
It is used to evaluate student learning, skill level growth and academic achievements at
the end of an instructional period, such as the end of a project, unit, course, semester,
program or school year.
1. Diagnostic Testing (start or new phase)
2. Formative Testing (during lesson)
3. Benchmark Testing (focuses on section of material)
4. Summative Testing (at end & covers all units)
➔ PARCC (Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers)
➔ LTBS(Lowa Test of Basic Skills)
➔ PSAT/SAT
➔ Exams

12. Achievement Testing
● Achievement tests are designed to measure accomplishment.
● Measures (formal)Learning experience
● Sometimes used to screen difficulties
● When they measure more than one academic area, it is, achievement
battery and contains different sub tests.
● They can be administered individually or on groups.

13. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Second Edition, WIAT-II
(Age 4-16)
Develop hypotheses about achievement versus ability.
Contains 9 subsets;
oral expression, listening comprehension, written expression, basic reading skill, reading
comprehension, mathematics calculation, a nd mathematics reasoning.
Wide Range Achievement Test
Reading,Spelling, Arithmetic & Reading Comprehension
STEP series (Comprehensive)
Reading, vocabulary, mathematics, writing skills, study skills, science, and social studies; a
behavior inventory; a n educational environment questionnaire; and a n activities inventory.
SRA California Achievement Test (KG-Grade 12)
Measures achievement a n d national comparison in reading, language, spelling, a n d
mathematics.
CBM Curriculum Based Measurement

14. Aptitude Testing
● An Aptitude Test is used to determine an individual's skill or propensity to
succeed in a given activity.
● Focuses on informal learning
● Two tests containing the same or similar items can be labeled as an aptitude
test or achievement test in two different situations.
● They also give predictions thus referred as prognostic tests.
● They are readiness tests when they assesses the child’s readiness for learning.
● Implied at different levels;
I. Elementary School Level
II. Secondary School Level
III. College Level and Beyond

15. 1. Elementary School Level
Metropolitan Tests(MRTs)
Group-administered battery Level I(beginning to middle KG)
● Auditory Memory
● Rhyming
● Letter Recognition
● Visual Matching
● School Language and Listening
● Quantitative Language.
Level II(middle KG to 1)
● Beginning Consonants
● Sound-Letter Correspondence
● Visual Matching
● Finding Patterns
● School Language
● Listening

16. 2. Secondary School Level
 1.Scholastic Aptitude Test ( SAT)
 It is collection of;
(1) SAT Reasoning Test
● critical reading
● mathematics
● writing
(2) SAT Subject Test
● Specific Subjects
2.ACT Assessment
● American College Testing
Program.
● Developed at the University of
Iowa.
● Curriculum based.
● Highly correlated with general
intelligence.
● Used for seating students

17. 3. College Level & Beyond
1. Graduate Record Examinations (GRE):
● Multiple-choice & Computer based test.
● Contains General test & Specific-subject test
● Predictor of graduate success
2. Miller Analogies Test(MAT):
● 100 items, multiple choice analogy test.
● Measure the examinee’s ability to perceive relationships, general intelligence,
vocabulary, and academic learning.
●
3. MCAT

18. Learning Disabilities
● Neurological condition that interferes with an individual’s ability to store,
process, or produce information.
● Specific learning disability is “ a disorder in one or more of the basic
psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken
or written, which disorder may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen,
think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations.”
●
● Does not include learning problems resulted from visual, hearing or motor
disabilities; or intellectual disability, emotional disturbance, environmental
cultural, or economic disadvantage.
● Not a sign of poor intelligence or laziness. Neurological disorder that causes their
brains to process and interpret information differently.

19. Types of Learning Disabilities
1. Dyslexia: (reading based).
● Hinders reading, writing, spelling and sometimes even speaking; difficulty
reading letters or words, reversing letters or numbers, difficulty
understanding what was read.
2. Dysgraphia:(writing based)
● Lead to problems with spelling, poor handwriting and putting thoughts on
paper.
● Might have trouble organizing letters, numbers and words on a line or page.
Struggle with writing complete and grammatically correct sentences.
3. Dyscalculia: (math based)
● Trouble recognizing numbers, symbols and understanding basic math
concepts. It affects people differently at different stages of life.
● Difficulty handling money, cannot retain patterns when adding, subtracting,
multiplying or dividing.

20. 4. Expressive Language:(language-based))
● Hard time expressing thoughts verbally(finding the words wh e n trying to express
yourself)
● Poor reading comprehension
● Trouble labeling objects, talking a n d writing
5. ReceptiveLanguage:
● Knowing meanings of words or concepts, but difficult to follow
conversations.
6. Visual Processing Disorder(visual-based):
● Cannot receive, process, sequence, recall or express information in an
accurate a n d timely way.
● Misreads words, mistakes letters a n d n u mb e r s t h a t look similar in shape.
7. Audio Processing Difficulty: (auditorybased)
● Difficulty in Telling the difference between sounds of letters or words, being able to
r e me mb e r what was heard, a n d having inability to filter out background noises.
● Misspells or mispronounces similar sounding words

21. Behavioral Symptoms of LD
-Poor grades
-Physical complaints (headaches, back aches, hand cramps, etc)
-School absences
-Getting removed from class or sometimes suspended from school
-Complain about assignments or the school itself
-Easily frustrated with assignments
-Gets aggravated easily
-Gets depressed
- When someone calls them “ d u mb ”

22. Evaluation of LD
Common achievement tests used to diagnose a learning disability;
1. Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (WJ),
2. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT),
3. Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT)
4. Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (KTEA).

23. Career Guidance
● The process of helping individuals (school/college students
or professionals) in maki ng adequate educational a n d
occupational choices.
● Helping in taking career decisions based o n the d e m a n d a n d
requirements of the future of work.
● It helps individuals m a ke a shift from the general understanding
of life a n d work to a m o re specific understanding of the realistic
a n d practical career options t h a t are available to them.
 ➔Matriculation Students
 ➔Intermediate stud ents
 ➔Degree students
 ➔Working Professionals

24. Features of Career Guidance