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The document discusses the lower respiratory tract and diseases that affect it such as COPD and restrictive pulmonary diseases. COPD includes chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema, and asthma and results in irreversible lung damage. Restrictive pulmonary diseases decrease total lung capacity through fluid, fibrosis, or tumors. The document also examines the symptoms, causes, and treatments of various lower respiratory diseases including bronchiectasis, emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia. It provides details on drugs used to treat COPD such as sympathomimetics, leukotriene antagonists, cromolyn, and glucocorticoids.
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Emphysema
Emphysema is damage and abnormal distention of airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles caused by cigarette smoking or air pollution. There are four main types: centrilobular affects central acini, panlobular affects all acini uniformly, distal acinar involves distal parts of acini, and irregular is mixed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, difficulty breathing with exertion, and barrel chest. Complications can include respiratory failure, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and possibly surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering medications and oxygen, and maintaining proper positioning.
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a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
Pneumosclerosis
Pneumosclerosis is the excessive growth of connective tissue in the lungs resulting from diseases like tuberculosis or syphilis. It leads to three stages - an initial offset stage with good remission, a subcompensated stage with chronic intoxication symptoms, and a decompensated stage with severe intoxication signs. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, cyanosis, and later respiratory and heart failure signs. Diagnosis involves sputum analysis, x-ray examination to check for bronchiolectasis. Treatment consists of bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids, therapeutic exercises, and cardiac/pulmonary medications. Complications can include lung abscesses, pleurisy, toxic shock, and more.
Bronchitis
1. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes mucus buildup and difficulty breathing. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months.
2. Smoking is a major cause of both acute and chronic bronchitis. Other causes include viral infections, air pollution, and repeated lung irritation.
3. Treatment for bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, antibiotics if bacterial infection is present, and removing irritants like smoking. Managing symptoms can help prevent complications like pneumonia.
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This document provides information on a 70-year-old male patient admitted with chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD). It outlines the patient's history, examination findings, treatment and nursing care plan. The nursing diagnoses identified include ineffective breathing, impaired gas exchange, alteration in bowel habit, alteration in activities of daily living, risk for infection, risk for nutritional deficiencies, and knowledge deficit.
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Emphysema
Emphysema is damage and abnormal distention of airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles caused by cigarette smoking or air pollution. There are four main types: centrilobular affects central acini, panlobular affects all acini uniformly, distal acinar involves distal parts of acini, and irregular is mixed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, difficulty breathing with exertion, and barrel chest. Complications can include respiratory failure, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and possibly surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering medications and oxygen, and maintaining proper positioning.
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This document provides an overview of pulmonary aspergillosis, caused by inhalation of the fungus Aspergillus. It discusses the main types including aspergilloma (fungal ball in a pre-existing lung cavity), allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA, an immune response in people with asthma or cystic fibrosis), and invasive aspergillosis which occurs in immunocompromised people. The pathology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment are described for each type. ABPA is characterized by severe asthma attacks, mucus plugs and bronchial obstruction visible on chest imaging.
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c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
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indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
Pneumosclerosis
Pneumosclerosis is the excessive growth of connective tissue in the lungs resulting from diseases like tuberculosis or syphilis. It leads to three stages - an initial offset stage with good remission, a subcompensated stage with chronic intoxication symptoms, and a decompensated stage with severe intoxication signs. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, cyanosis, and later respiratory and heart failure signs. Diagnosis involves sputum analysis, x-ray examination to check for bronchiolectasis. Treatment consists of bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids, therapeutic exercises, and cardiac/pulmonary medications. Complications can include lung abscesses, pleurisy, toxic shock, and more.
Bronchitis
1. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes mucus buildup and difficulty breathing. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks, or chronic, lasting over 3 months.
2. Smoking is a major cause of both acute and chronic bronchitis. Other causes include viral infections, air pollution, and repeated lung irritation.
3. Treatment for bronchitis focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, hydration, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, antibiotics if bacterial infection is present, and removing irritants like smoking. Managing symptoms can help prevent complications like pneumonia.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Care Conference
This document provides information on a 70-year-old male patient admitted with chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD). It outlines the patient's history, examination findings, treatment and nursing care plan. The nursing diagnoses identified include ineffective breathing, impaired gas exchange, alteration in bowel habit, alteration in activities of daily living, risk for infection, risk for nutritional deficiencies, and knowledge deficit.
pneumosclerosis
Pneumosclerosis is a pathology characterized by the replacement of lung tissue with connective tissue, resulting in the destruction of elasticity and gas transport in the lungs. It can occur due to various lung diseases like tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, or pneumonia. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and cyanosis. Diagnosis involves tests like spirometry, x-ray, and CT scan. Treatment focuses on fighting infection, improving lung function, and strengthening immunity. Prevention involves promptly treating respiratory illnesses and strengthening the immune system.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases & Nursing care.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation. Nursing management for COPD patients focuses on improving ventilation and gas exchange, managing activity intolerance and anxiety, and effectively clearing airways through techniques like chest physiotherapy.
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COPD is a group of pathological lung conditions characterized by chronic obstruction of airflow in the lungs. The main conditions included are chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and bronchiectasis. Chronic bronchitis involves persistent cough and mucus production. Emphysema results in the permanent enlargement of airspaces in the lungs. Cigarette smoking is the most common risk factor and causes damage through irritation, impaired clearance of mucus and toxins, and an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
Emphysema PPT
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a condition that forms part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The alveoli at the end of the bronchioles of the lung become enlarged because of the breakdown of their walls. The fewer and larger damaged sacs that result mean there is a reduced surface area for the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it.
Definition
Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli become stiff expands and continuously filled the air even after expiration. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease due to lack of elasticity in the lungs and alveoli surface area.
Classification
Panlobular (panacinar)
It is damage to the respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts and alveoli. All air space in the little lobes much enlarged, with little inflammatory disease. The characteristics that have chest hyperinflation, and is characterized by dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss.
CENTRILOBULAR (CENTROACINAR)
The pathological changes mainly occur in the centre of the secondary lobes, and peripheral of acini remain good. Often there is chaos-ventilation perfusion ratio, which lead to hypoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the arterial blood), polycythaemia and heart failure episodes right. The condition leads to cyanosis, peripheral oedema, and respiratory failure.
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
The biggest known cause or risk factor for emphysema - and for COPD - is smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for around 90% of cases of COPD. However, COPD will develop only in smokers who are genetically susceptible - smoking does not always lead to the disease.
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Bronchiectasis
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Copd 2010
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airway obstruction that is not fully reversible and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is a major cause of disease burden in New Zealand and is the third leading cause of death for males and fourth for females. Symptoms typically occur during middle adulthood and risk increases with age and exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational hazards. COPD results in inflammation, fibrosis, and destruction of lung tissue leading to reduced airflow and gas exchange.
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
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ARDS
Pneumothorax
Pleural Effusion
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Chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis, or chronic cough, is a condition characterized by chronic or recurrent cough associated with mucus secretion in the bronchi and bronchioles not caused by lung disease. It is commonly caused by chronic exposure to irritants like sulfur dioxide or passive cigarette smoking. Bacterial infections can exacerbate symptoms. Diagnosis is based on history, symptoms of persistent cough, and chest x-rays that may show thickened bronchial walls or signs of emphysema. Treatment focuses on minimizing irritant exposure, treating infections, liquefying mucus secretions, and using bronchodilators or cough suppressants to ease symptoms.
Atelectasis
This document discusses atelectasis, which is the collapse or closure of alveoli in the lungs. It defines atelectasis and reviews its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Atelectasis can be obstructive or non-obstructive, acute or chronic. Risk factors include smoking and general anesthesia. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and arterial blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, surgery if needed, and preventing complications like pneumonia. Nursing care involves airway clearance techniques and strategies to improve ventilation and gas exchange.
Empyema and nursing care
An empyema is a collection of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space, usually developing after pneumonia. It is caused by bacterial infections such as streptococcus pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus entering the pleural space through the lung or bloodstream. Risk factors include lung diseases and conditions weakening the immune system. Treatment involves needle aspiration, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to remove infected tissue and drainage tubes. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance, nutrition, vital sign monitoring, and chest tube management.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
THE CURRENT PRESENTATION IS A SUBJECT SEMINAR 0N COPD BY DR.DEEPIKA WHICH INCLUDES THE RECENT GOLD GUIDELINES IN MANAGEMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
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Bronchiolitis is an inflammation of the bronchioles most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It occurs most often during winter and spring in children under 3 months old. The infection spreads through infected droplets and causes mucus production, cell death and swelling in the bronchioles leading to obstructed airflow. Symptoms include fever, cough, wheezing and fast, shallow breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and testing nasal secretions for RSV. Treatment focuses on oxygen, bronchodilators, corticosteroids and chest physiotherapy.
J. Parker Emphysema Presentation Powerpoint
Emphysema affects around 1.8 million Americans and causes limitations in daily activities for many sufferers. It is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is primarily caused by cigarette smoking in around 82% of cases. The top symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic coughing and mucus production. Left untreated, emphysema can lead to serious health complications like infections, respiratory failure, and even death.
COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COPD is a preventable and treatable lung disease defined by airflow limitation that is usually progressive and not fully reversible. It has two main components: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is a leading cause of death worldwide, with over 3 million deaths annually. Risk factors include tobacco smoke, air pollution, and genetics. Clinically, it presents with dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. Diagnosis involves spirometry showing an FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 70%. Management focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, and treating exacerbations with antibiotics and steroids.
Respiration diseases/ dental implant courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dental consideration in respiratory disorders/ dental crown & bridge courses
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Smoking is the primary risk factor for COPD. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and smoking cessation. Nursing management for COPD patients focuses on improving ventilation and gas exchange, managing activity intolerance and anxiety, and effectively clearing airways through techniques like chest physiotherapy.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are typically caused by smoking and result in limited airflow. The document discusses the definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of COPD. It notes that COPD is the 4th leading cause of death and involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways leading to shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on improving ventilation, removing secretions, managing complications, and improving overall health.
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE PHARMACY PRESENTATION
The document provides information about interstitial lung disease (ILD), including:
- ILD affects the interstitium, a lace-like network of tissue in the lungs. Common symptoms include shortness of breath.
- There are many types of ILD, which can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, environmental exposures like asbestos, or idiopathic factors.
- Diagnosis involves imaging tests and may require a lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but can include antibiotics, corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, immunosuppressants, or lung transplant in severe cases. Managing risk factors and lifestyle changes can also help.
Respiratory system
COPD is a group of pathological lung conditions characterized by chronic obstruction of airflow in the lungs. The main conditions included are chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and bronchiectasis. Chronic bronchitis involves persistent cough and mucus production. Emphysema results in the permanent enlargement of airspaces in the lungs. Cigarette smoking is the most common risk factor and causes damage through irritation, impaired clearance of mucus and toxins, and an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
Emphysema PPT
What is emphysema?
Emphysema is a condition that forms part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and involves the enlargement of the air sacs in the lung.
The alveoli at the end of the bronchioles of the lung become enlarged because of the breakdown of their walls. The fewer and larger damaged sacs that result mean there is a reduced surface area for the exchange of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it.
Definition
Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli become stiff expands and continuously filled the air even after expiration. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease due to lack of elasticity in the lungs and alveoli surface area.
Classification
Panlobular (panacinar)
It is damage to the respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts and alveoli. All air space in the little lobes much enlarged, with little inflammatory disease. The characteristics that have chest hyperinflation, and is characterized by dyspnea on exertion, and weight loss.
CENTRILOBULAR (CENTROACINAR)
The pathological changes mainly occur in the centre of the secondary lobes, and peripheral of acini remain good. Often there is chaos-ventilation perfusion ratio, which lead to hypoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2 in the arterial blood), polycythaemia and heart failure episodes right. The condition leads to cyanosis, peripheral oedema, and respiratory failure.
CAUSES OF EMPHYSEMA
The biggest known cause or risk factor for emphysema - and for COPD - is smoking. Cigarette smoking is responsible for around 90% of cases of COPD. However, COPD will develop only in smokers who are genetically susceptible - smoking does not always lead to the disease.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome & nursing care
This document discusses acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a condition where fluid builds up in the small air sacs of the lungs causing breathing difficulties. It is characterized by hypoxemia, reduced lung compliance, and bilateral lung infiltrates. Causes include aspiration, trauma, sepsis, and pneumonia. Pathophysiology involves inflammation damaging the lungs. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and blood gas tests. Treatment focuses on supportive care like oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Nursing care includes monitoring, suctioning, positioning, and respiratory treatments.
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This document provides an overview of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). It discusses the protective mechanisms of the lung, pathogenesis of ILDs including different presentation patterns, classification of ILDs, diagnostic testing approaches, treatment options including drug therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation. Key points covered include common causes of different radiographic patterns seen on chest imaging for ILDs and rules for approaching a practical diagnosis of ILD based on clinical and imaging features.
Bronchiectasis
The document discusses bronchitis and related respiratory conditions. It defines acute bronchitis as a self-limiting inflammation of the bronchial passages typically caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include productive cough, dyspnea, and possible fever. Chronic bronchitis is defined as the presence of cough and sputum production for at least three months in two consecutive years, often caused by smoke or environmental pollutants. Bronchiectasis is characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi due to destruction of supporting structures, resulting in reduced mucus clearance and airway obstruction.
Copd 2010
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airway obstruction that is not fully reversible and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is a major cause of disease burden in New Zealand and is the third leading cause of death for males and fourth for females. Symptoms typically occur during middle adulthood and risk increases with age and exposure to cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational hazards. COPD results in inflammation, fibrosis, and destruction of lung tissue leading to reduced airflow and gas exchange.
Disorders of the Respiratory System
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Pulmonary Edema
ARDS
Pneumothorax
Pleural Effusion
Atelectasis
Pulmonary Embolism
Sleep Apnea
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic bronchitis, or chronic cough, is a condition characterized by chronic or recurrent cough associated with mucus secretion in the bronchi and bronchioles not caused by lung disease. It is commonly caused by chronic exposure to irritants like sulfur dioxide or passive cigarette smoking. Bacterial infections can exacerbate symptoms. Diagnosis is based on history, symptoms of persistent cough, and chest x-rays that may show thickened bronchial walls or signs of emphysema. Treatment focuses on minimizing irritant exposure, treating infections, liquefying mucus secretions, and using bronchodilators or cough suppressants to ease symptoms.
Atelectasis
This document discusses atelectasis, which is the collapse or closure of alveoli in the lungs. It defines atelectasis and reviews its causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Atelectasis can be obstructive or non-obstructive, acute or chronic. Risk factors include smoking and general anesthesia. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, pulse oximetry, and arterial blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, surgery if needed, and preventing complications like pneumonia. Nursing care involves airway clearance techniques and strategies to improve ventilation and gas exchange.
Empyema and nursing care
An empyema is a collection of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space, usually developing after pneumonia. It is caused by bacterial infections such as streptococcus pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus entering the pleural space through the lung or bloodstream. Risk factors include lung diseases and conditions weakening the immune system. Treatment involves needle aspiration, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to remove infected tissue and drainage tubes. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance, nutrition, vital sign monitoring, and chest tube management.
Chronic bronchitis & emphysema
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are both forms of COPD characterized by airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis involves long-term inflammation of the bronchial tubes causing excess mucus. Emphysema damages air sacs in the lungs reducing their elasticity. The main symptoms are shortness of breath and cough. Smoking is the primary cause and treatments include bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking and exercise.
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
THE CURRENT PRESENTATION IS A SUBJECT SEMINAR 0N COPD BY DR.DEEPIKA WHICH INCLUDES THE RECENT GOLD GUIDELINES IN MANAGEMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
Bronchiolitis & Nursing care
Bronchiolitis is an inflammation of the bronchioles most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It occurs most often during winter and spring in children under 3 months old. The infection spreads through infected droplets and causes mucus production, cell death and swelling in the bronchioles leading to obstructed airflow. Symptoms include fever, cough, wheezing and fast, shallow breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and testing nasal secretions for RSV. Treatment focuses on oxygen, bronchodilators, corticosteroids and chest physiotherapy.
J. Parker Emphysema Presentation Powerpoint
Emphysema affects around 1.8 million Americans and causes limitations in daily activities for many sufferers. It is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is primarily caused by cigarette smoking in around 82% of cases. The top symptoms are shortness of breath, wheezing, chronic coughing and mucus production. Left untreated, emphysema can lead to serious health complications like infections, respiratory failure, and even death.
COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
COPD is a preventable and treatable lung disease defined by airflow limitation that is usually progressive and not fully reversible. It has two main components: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is a leading cause of death worldwide, with over 3 million deaths annually. Risk factors include tobacco smoke, air pollution, and genetics. Clinically, it presents with dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. Diagnosis involves spirometry showing an FEV1/FVC ratio of less than 70%. Management focuses on smoking cessation, vaccinations, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, and treating exacerbations with antibiotics and steroids.
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online fixed orthodontics course
Dear Doctor,
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Respiratory Diseases
This document summarizes disorders of the respiratory system including respiratory infections, asthma, laryngitis, bronchitis, strep throat, pneumonia, emphysema, and tuberculosis. Respiratory infections can affect the upper or lower respiratory tract and are caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The respiratory tract is protected by defense mechanisms but smoking and viruses can weaken these defenses. Common respiratory infections include the common cold caused by rhinoviruses and influenza. Asthma involves reversible airway obstruction from inflammation. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be treated with antibiotics. Emphysema and tuberculosis are also chronic lung diseases discussed.
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CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES (COPD)
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Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction due to bronchospasms, increased mucus secretion, and mucosal edema. It is triggered by both extrinsic allergens like pollen, animal dander, and foods as well as intrinsic factors like respiratory infections, stress, and pollution. Symptoms range from mild wheezing to difficulty breathing and low oxygen levels. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, allergy testing, and monitoring lung function and oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using bronchodilators and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and open airways, and humidified oxygen for severe attacks to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
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This document summarizes several respiratory system diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic restrictive pulmonary disease. It describes the four entities that comprise COPD - bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis. For each condition, it outlines characteristics, pathologic findings, and types. It also discusses several occupational lung diseases that fall under chronic restrictive pulmonary disease, including coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflamed airways that constrict in response to triggers. It can be extrinsic, caused by allergies to things like pollen, or intrinsic, brought on by non-allergic factors like infections or stress. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using medications to open airways like bronchodilators and preventers like corticosteroids, and humidified oxygen during severe attacks to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by inflamed airways that constrict in response to triggers. It can be extrinsic, caused by allergies to things like pollen, or intrinsic, brought on by non-allergic factors like infections or stress. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using medications to open airways like bronchodilators and preventers like corticosteroids, and mechanical ventilation for severe cases. Complications can include prolonged attacks or respiratory failure.
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The document discusses several lung diseases including obstructive lung diseases, restrictive pulmonary diseases, pulmonary infections, lung tumors, and diseases of the pleura. It provides details on specific conditions such as atelectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis. For each condition, it describes the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, morphology, and clinical course. It also compares and contrasts emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
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This document discusses several respiratory diseases including pulmonary emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atelectasis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma, and respiratory failure. Pulmonary emphysema involves damage to the alveoli walls of the lungs due to smoking or air pollution, reducing lung function. Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. Asthma involves constriction of the bronchioles causing difficulty breathing. Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs can no longer effectively oxygenate the blood or remove carbon dioxide.
Obstructive Lung Diseases
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2. Emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls without significant fibrosis leading to enlarged air spaces. Chronic bronchitis involves thickening of bronchial walls and excess mucus production.
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COPD.pptx
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are commonly found together. In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways due to damage to the airways and air sacs. The main risk factor is tobacco smoking. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation and medications to improve breathing.
Respiratory lectures
Diffuse pulmonary diseases can be classified as either obstructive or restrictive. Obstructive diseases involve increased airflow resistance and include emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis. Restrictive diseases involve reduced lung expansion and decreased total lung capacity. Common restrictive diseases are interstitial lung diseases which involve fibrosis of the lung parenchyma, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and pneumoconiosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by a patchy interstitial fibrosis pattern known as usual interstitial pneumonia.
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The document summarizes key aspects of respiratory pathology. It discusses the anatomy and function of the lungs, as well as various lung diseases including congenital anomalies, atelectasis, pulmonary edema, acute lung injury, obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, infectious diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis, and cancers. Diseases are described in terms of their definition, causes, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, complications and morphological features.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease[ COPD].pptx
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Group number 5
- 2. THE PHARMACOLOGY OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT • The lower respiratory tract includes the following parts; Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar duct Alveolar sac alveoli
- 3. • The lower respiratory infection; these are diseases which infect the lower respiratory tract. The lower respiratory diseases are divided into 2 categories Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) Restrictive pulmonary disease
- 4. There are 4 major diseases caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are caused by airway obstruction with increased airway resistance of air flow to lung. Which are Chronic bronchitis Bronchiectasis Emphysema Asthma
- 5. • Chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and emphysema cause frequent result in irreversible lung tissue damage. • While in asthma the lung tissue change as a result from acute asthmatic are normally reversible.
- 6. Restrictive pulmonary disease This is a decrease in total lung capacity as a result of fluid accumulation or loss of elasticity of lung. The diseases involves; Pulmonary edema Pulmonary fibrosis Pneumonitis Lung tumors
- 7. • Thoracic deformities(scoliosis) • Myasthenia gravis (affect thoracic mascular wall) THE DRUGS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTION PULMONARY DISEASE sympathomimetics drugs Leukotrine antagonist
- 8. • Cromolyn • mucolytics • anticholinergic • Glucocoticoids • NB;Some of other drugs above can be used to treat the restrictive pulmonary disease
- 9. BRONCHIECTASIS Is abnormal dilation of bronchi and bronchioles secondary to frequent infection and inflammation. The bronchioles become obstructed by the break down of the epithelium of the bronchial mucosa ,tissue fibrosis may result.
- 10. Symptoms; chronic coughing ,coughing up blood ,shortness of breath ,chest pain, and wheezing, EMPHYSEMA Is progressive lungs disease causes by cigarette smoking atmospheric contaminants or lack of the alpha antitrytic enzymes that destroy alveoli.
- 11. • The proteolyic enzymes are released in the lung by bacteria.the terminal bronchioles becomes plugged with mucus causing a loss of the fiber and elastin network in the alveolar. • The alveoli enlarge as many of the alveolar walls are destroyed .air becomes trapped in the over expanded alveoli leading to in adequate gas {oxygen and carbondioxide}.
- 12. • Symptoms;shortness of breath • ASTHMA • Is a reversible obstructive airway disease of varying severity.the symptoms are caused by constriction of bronhiol mucous membrane and blockage of the small bronchi with plug of mucus .it can be triggered by factors like allergen,infection,exercice,drugs for examples aspirin,tobscco smoke,inhaled chemicals.
- 13. • Characterized by dyspnea,wheezing,tightness of chest and cough. • PNEUMONIA • Is the inflammation of the lungs tissue ,pneumonia can either be primary or secondary to pathological damage in the respiratory common causes organism are bacterial example staphylococcus
- 14. • Symptoms;high fever,dry cough,chest pain,tachypnea,and respiratory distress • DRUGS FOR CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE • Sympathomimetic(alpha and beta adrenergic agonist) • Albuterol,metaproterenol,isoproterenol.
- 15. • PHARMACOKINETIC • Metaproterenol is well absorbed from GIT.Is protein bind percentage and half life are unknown.it is metabolized by liver and excreted in the urine. • THERAPEUTIC EFFECT • To treat bronchospasm,asthma,
- 16. • MODE OF ACTION • Relaxation of smooth muscle of bronchi • SIDE EFFECT • Nervousness,tremor,restlessnes,insomnia,nau sea,muscle cramping
- 17. • ANTICHOLINERGICS • Help to treat asthmatic condition by dilating the bronchioles • Ipratropium bromide • Has few systematics effect unlike other anticolinergic • When using anticholigernic agent in the conjuction with an inhaled glucocorticor
- 18. • This caused bronchioles to dilate so the steroid or cromolyn can be deposite in the bronchioles. • The combination of ibratropium and buterol sulphate is used to treat chronic bronchitis
- 19. • MANAGEMENT OF LOWER RESPIRATORY INFECTION • Avoid smoking • Oxygen therapy • Supportive care ;lower the temperature if >38.5 degree give paracetamol if wheezing giving rapid acting bronchodilator (nebulized sulbutamol)
- 20. • Avoid heavy exercise in case of asthma • Treament of acute attacks • Antibiotics are used to treat an acute exacerbation and prevent reccurent infection by suppression or eradication of existing flora.
- 21. GROUP MEMBER • ALPHONSINA MGUMBA • NASRA LOLO • JENNIFER • NICKSON PANCRAS • MUSSAH RAMADHAN • EMMANUEL ANDREA • EMMANUEL NDILE