This document discusses mass spectrometry and provides details about its key components and working principles. It defines mass spectrometry as an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify molecules based on their mass. The four main parts of a mass spectrometer are described as the sample inlet, ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. Various types of mass spectrometers are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, and applications of both techniques. For GC-MS, it describes how the carrier gas transports compounds through the column where they are separated and then ionized before being detected by the mass spectrometer. For LC-MS, it explains how compounds are separated by the liquid mobile phase and HPLC column before being ionized, typically by electrospray ionization, and detected based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Common applications of these techniques include analysis of metabolites, toxins, pesticides, and other compounds.
This document discusses the coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It describes how LC and FTIR can be combined to detect and identify separated compounds. Various interfaces for coupling LC to FTIR are presented, including flow cell interfaces, solvent elimination interfaces, and different types of each. Application areas like trace analysis and analysis of pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants are also mentioned.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
This document discusses various techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes different ionization sources used in mass spectrometry like electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). It also discusses mass analyzers including quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance. The document outlines how these techniques are used for applications like molecular weight determination, structural determination and detection of various compounds.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that can be used for chemical analysis such as measuring elemental composition, analyzing molecular structures, and determining isotopic ratios. It works by ionizing chemical compounds and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Key components include an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Common ionization sources are electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption ionization techniques like MALDI. Common mass analyzers include quadrupole, time-of-flight, and magnetic sector instruments. Chromatography techniques like gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography are often used with mass spectrometry to separate mixtures prior to analysis.
The document provides an overview of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, and applications of both techniques. For GC-MS, it describes how the carrier gas transports compounds through the column where they are separated and then ionized before being detected by the mass spectrometer. For LC-MS, it explains how compounds are separated by the liquid mobile phase and HPLC column before being ionized, typically by electrospray ionization, and detected based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Common applications of these techniques include analysis of metabolites, toxins, pesticides, and other compounds.
This document discusses the coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It describes how LC and FTIR can be combined to detect and identify separated compounds. Various interfaces for coupling LC to FTIR are presented, including flow cell interfaces, solvent elimination interfaces, and different types of each. Application areas like trace analysis and analysis of pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants are also mentioned.
Quadrupole and Time of Flight Mass analysers.Gagangowda58
Description about important mass analysers Quadrupole and TOF: Principle, Construction and Working, Advantages and Disadvantages and their Applications.
This document discusses various techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes different ionization sources used in mass spectrometry like electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). It also discusses mass analyzers including quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance. The document outlines how these techniques are used for applications like molecular weight determination, structural determination and detection of various compounds.
Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that can be used for chemical analysis such as measuring elemental composition, analyzing molecular structures, and determining isotopic ratios. It works by ionizing chemical compounds and separating the resulting ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Key components include an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector. Common ionization sources are electron ionization, chemical ionization, and desorption ionization techniques like MALDI. Common mass analyzers include quadrupole, time-of-flight, and magnetic sector instruments. Chromatography techniques like gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography are often used with mass spectrometry to separate mixtures prior to analysis.
Mass analyzers separate ionized molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The main types are quadrupole, time-of-flight, magnetic sector, quadrupole ion trap, and ion cyclotron resonance. A quadrupole uses oscillating electric fields to selectively transmit ions through four rods. Time-of-flight separates ions by their time of flight through a field-free region, with lighter ions arriving first. Magnetic sector analyzers use magnetic and electric fields to curve ion trajectories based on m/z.
The document discusses the implementation of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TMS) system at BHH including its components and operating principles. It then provides details on the optimization and use of the system to develop LC-MS/MS methods for screening urine samples for drugs of abuse and developing steroid analysis services. The methods allow for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes with high sensitivity and specificity.
This document provides an overview of LC-NMR spectroscopy and its applications. It discusses the history, principles, instrumentation, and modes of LC-NMR. The key components of an LC-NMR system include the LC unit, interface, and NMR unit. Modes of analysis include continuous flow, stopped flow, time slicing, peak parking, and peak trapping. Technology such as online SPE, high field magnets, and solvent suppression methods can improve sensitivity. LC-NMR is useful for structural elucidation of organic compounds.
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify molecules. It involves ionizing samples, separating the ions by their mass-to-charge ratio using electric or magnetic fields, and detecting the ions. Common applications include clinical analysis of metabolites and proteins. Key components include the ion source, which ionizes samples using techniques like electrospray ionization; the mass analyzer, such as quadrupoles, that separate ions; and the detector. Mass spectrometry provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of a wide range of clinically relevant compounds.
The document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It discusses how LC-MS couples liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection. Key components discussed include the high performance liquid chromatography system, various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and mass analyzers like quadrupoles, time-of-flight, ion traps, and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance. Sample preparation methods and applications of LC-MS are also summarized.
LC/MS is a technique that combines liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection. It separates compounds in a complex mixture using HPLC and then uses an interface like electrospray ionization to introduce the separated compounds into the mass spectrometer for identification. Common components of an LC/MS system include the HPLC column, ionization source, mass analyzer and detector. It has various applications in areas like pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing and clinical research due to its high sensitivity and selectivity.
This document discusses the quadrupole mass analyzer, which is a component of mass spectrometers that separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It consists of four parallel metal rods that use both direct current and alternating current voltages to selectively transmit ions of a specific mass-to-charge ratio to the detector. Quadrupole mass analyzers can scan through a range of masses or sit at a single mass, and are commonly used in applications like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry due to their low cost and reproducibility. However, their resolution is not high enough for high resolution mass spectra.
HPLC is Analytical technique that is used for separating the mixture of substances,so there is a number of promising application of HPLC-UV here uv detector is used which record the absorbance
This document discusses HPLC detectors, focusing on diode array and fluorescence detectors. It provides details on how HPLC works to separate mixtures and describes common HPLC detectors. It explains that diode array detectors can detect absorption across a range of wavelengths to identify components, while fluorescence detectors use excitation and emission wavelengths to selectively detect some components. Both provide advantages like sensitivity and specificity over other detectors.
Localising Charged Particles by Electric and Magnetic Fields
the trapping of charged particles
Prepared By : Mohamed Fayed Mohamed Ali
Email : M10513fayed@gmail.com
mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis- L4sherif Taha
This is the fourth and the last lecture in series of lectures on mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis. this lecture present the commonly used mass to charge analyzer for pesticides residue analysis.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the synergistic combination of two analytical method to separate and identify different substances within a test sample.
Gas chromatography separates the components of a mixture in time.
Mass spectrometer provides information that aids in the identification and structural elucidation of each component.
This document discusses tandem mass spectrometry techniques. It describes two types of tandem MS: tandem-in-space, where separation elements are physically separated and tandem-in-time where separation is accomplished over time within a single instrument. It also outlines four main scan experiments - precursor ion scan, product ion scan, selected reaction monitoring, and neutral loss scan. Fragmentation techniques discussed include in-source fragmentation, post-source fragmentation using collision-induced dissociation, and notation for indicating peptide fragments.
Hyphenated technique is a combination or coupling of two analytical techniques with the help of proper interface.
In this presentation Hyphenated techniques-LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, HPTLC-MS has been discussed
- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.
- GC is used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition, while MS is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratios of ions to determine the molecular mass and structure of molecules eluting from the GC.
- The combination of GC and MS provides a powerful tool for analyzing complex mixtures by separating compounds and identifying their chemical structures.
The document provides information about mass spectrometry including:
- Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that uses instruments called mass spectrometers to identify molecules by breaking them into ionized fragments and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios.
- The basic components of a mass spectrometer are the sample inlet, ionization source, mass analyzer, and ion detector. Common ionization sources are electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and electron ionization. Common mass analyzers are quadrupoles, ion traps, and time-of-flight.
- Mass spectrometry has a variety of applications and has undergone significant technological developments since its invention in the early 20th
Microsoft Power Point Da3500 Sample Batchingwlipps
The document discusses batch analysis in environmental testing laboratories. It describes how the DA3500 analyzer allows laboratories to run multiple tests concurrently on the same sample in a single batch, improving efficiency over sequential analyzers. Key benefits include obtaining results for all requested tests within 48 hours of receipt instead of rushing only certain tests, and reducing costs by analyzing samples directly from shipping vials without intermediate storage.
Mass analyzers separate ionized molecules based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The main types are quadrupole, time-of-flight, magnetic sector, quadrupole ion trap, and ion cyclotron resonance. A quadrupole uses oscillating electric fields to selectively transmit ions through four rods. Time-of-flight separates ions by their time of flight through a field-free region, with lighter ions arriving first. Magnetic sector analyzers use magnetic and electric fields to curve ion trajectories based on m/z.
The document discusses the implementation of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (TMS) system at BHH including its components and operating principles. It then provides details on the optimization and use of the system to develop LC-MS/MS methods for screening urine samples for drugs of abuse and developing steroid analysis services. The methods allow for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes with high sensitivity and specificity.
This document provides an overview of LC-NMR spectroscopy and its applications. It discusses the history, principles, instrumentation, and modes of LC-NMR. The key components of an LC-NMR system include the LC unit, interface, and NMR unit. Modes of analysis include continuous flow, stopped flow, time slicing, peak parking, and peak trapping. Technology such as online SPE, high field magnets, and solvent suppression methods can improve sensitivity. LC-NMR is useful for structural elucidation of organic compounds.
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify molecules. It involves ionizing samples, separating the ions by their mass-to-charge ratio using electric or magnetic fields, and detecting the ions. Common applications include clinical analysis of metabolites and proteins. Key components include the ion source, which ionizes samples using techniques like electrospray ionization; the mass analyzer, such as quadrupoles, that separate ions; and the detector. Mass spectrometry provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of a wide range of clinically relevant compounds.
The document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It discusses how LC-MS couples liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection. Key components discussed include the high performance liquid chromatography system, various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and mass analyzers like quadrupoles, time-of-flight, ion traps, and Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance. Sample preparation methods and applications of LC-MS are also summarized.
LC/MS is a technique that combines liquid chromatography separation with mass spectrometry detection. It separates compounds in a complex mixture using HPLC and then uses an interface like electrospray ionization to introduce the separated compounds into the mass spectrometer for identification. Common components of an LC/MS system include the HPLC column, ionization source, mass analyzer and detector. It has various applications in areas like pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing and clinical research due to its high sensitivity and selectivity.
This document discusses the quadrupole mass analyzer, which is a component of mass spectrometers that separates ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It consists of four parallel metal rods that use both direct current and alternating current voltages to selectively transmit ions of a specific mass-to-charge ratio to the detector. Quadrupole mass analyzers can scan through a range of masses or sit at a single mass, and are commonly used in applications like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry due to their low cost and reproducibility. However, their resolution is not high enough for high resolution mass spectra.
HPLC is Analytical technique that is used for separating the mixture of substances,so there is a number of promising application of HPLC-UV here uv detector is used which record the absorbance
This document discusses HPLC detectors, focusing on diode array and fluorescence detectors. It provides details on how HPLC works to separate mixtures and describes common HPLC detectors. It explains that diode array detectors can detect absorption across a range of wavelengths to identify components, while fluorescence detectors use excitation and emission wavelengths to selectively detect some components. Both provide advantages like sensitivity and specificity over other detectors.
Localising Charged Particles by Electric and Magnetic Fields
the trapping of charged particles
Prepared By : Mohamed Fayed Mohamed Ali
Email : M10513fayed@gmail.com
mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis- L4sherif Taha
This is the fourth and the last lecture in series of lectures on mass spectrometry for pesticides residue analysis. this lecture present the commonly used mass to charge analyzer for pesticides residue analysis.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is the synergistic combination of two analytical method to separate and identify different substances within a test sample.
Gas chromatography separates the components of a mixture in time.
Mass spectrometer provides information that aids in the identification and structural elucidation of each component.
This document discusses tandem mass spectrometry techniques. It describes two types of tandem MS: tandem-in-space, where separation elements are physically separated and tandem-in-time where separation is accomplished over time within a single instrument. It also outlines four main scan experiments - precursor ion scan, product ion scan, selected reaction monitoring, and neutral loss scan. Fragmentation techniques discussed include in-source fragmentation, post-source fragmentation using collision-induced dissociation, and notation for indicating peptide fragments.
Hyphenated technique is a combination or coupling of two analytical techniques with the help of proper interface.
In this presentation Hyphenated techniques-LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, HPTLC-MS has been discussed
- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an analytical method that combines the features of gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample.
- GC is used to separate and analyze compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition, while MS is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratios of ions to determine the molecular mass and structure of molecules eluting from the GC.
- The combination of GC and MS provides a powerful tool for analyzing complex mixtures by separating compounds and identifying their chemical structures.
The document provides information about mass spectrometry including:
- Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that uses instruments called mass spectrometers to identify molecules by breaking them into ionized fragments and measuring their mass-to-charge ratios.
- The basic components of a mass spectrometer are the sample inlet, ionization source, mass analyzer, and ion detector. Common ionization sources are electrospray ionization, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, and electron ionization. Common mass analyzers are quadrupoles, ion traps, and time-of-flight.
- Mass spectrometry has a variety of applications and has undergone significant technological developments since its invention in the early 20th
Microsoft Power Point Da3500 Sample Batchingwlipps
The document discusses batch analysis in environmental testing laboratories. It describes how the DA3500 analyzer allows laboratories to run multiple tests concurrently on the same sample in a single batch, improving efficiency over sequential analyzers. Key benefits include obtaining results for all requested tests within 48 hours of receipt instead of rushing only certain tests, and reducing costs by analyzing samples directly from shipping vials without intermediate storage.
Microsoft Power Point Flow Analysis Webinar April 2009wlipps
This document compares segmented flow analysis (SFA) and flow injection analysis (FIA), two common methods for automating wet chemistry analysis. SFA was developed first and involves pumping samples into a segmented, continuous stream of reagents. FIA injects samples into a continuous reagent stream. Both have common components like pumps, cartridges, and detectors. SFA generally has lower detection limits for methods involving dialysis or distillation but lower throughput. FIA is simpler and has shorter reaction times under 2 minutes. The best method depends on the specific analytes and matrices being measured.
Bringing Flow injection Analysis to the Semantic WebStuart Chalk
As a mechanism to improve the sharing of data in Flow Injection Analysis, the Flow Analysis Database (http://www.fia.unf.edu) has been re-imagined to improve communication of the research on FIA, SIA, and related technologies across the vibrant communities in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.
This talk will present the new version of the Flow Analysis Database by highlighting
- The REST interface for each access to citation, analyte, matrix, technique, and keyword based resources
- Documented API for automated data integration
- Integration of the ChAMP specification
- Ontological support for FA concepts
- Individual user accounts with author bibliography
Future additions will include
- Language translation support using Google Translate
- ORCID integration
- Personal FIA library, and update notification
Ion mobility spectrometry - A strawberry case studyIS-X
Ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique used to separate ionized molecules in the gas phase based on their mobility in a carrier buffer gas. The technique is widely used as a sensor for fast screening purposes.
Although quite successful for straightforward applications, It suffers from lack of selectivity and specificity when more demanding challenges need to be addressed
Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) based Explosive DetectorAbhinav Biswas
An IMS based Explosive detector can analyze explosive ions by computing the drift time of the ions based on the peak value of the collected ADC sample data and comparing it with the available library data. The IMS application was developed using Qt 4.5 which was ported to the ARM board running embedded Linux.
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical technique used to detect explosives and other chemicals. It works by ionizing vapor samples, separating the ions based on their mobility in an electric field, and detecting the ions. IMS provides fast, sensitive detection and is used in security applications like airports and public events. The document discusses the principles and components of IMS, including ionization methods, ion separation techniques, and factors that determine the resolution, sensitivity and detection limits of IMS systems. Commercial applications of IMS are highlighted, such as explosive detectors, air quality monitors, and portals used to screen people for explosive residues.
Mass spectrometry has enabled the analysis of large biomolecules like proteins and nucleic acids. Techniques like MALDI and ESI allow intact biomolecules to be vaporized and ionized for analysis. A variety of mass analyzers are used to separate ions by mass-to-charge ratio to obtain detailed molecular mass data. Applications include protein identification, characterization of post-translational modifications, and quantitative analysis of protein expression levels between samples. Preparation of biomolecule samples for optimal ionization and ion transmission is crucial for successful mass spectrometry analysis.
Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique used to identify unknown compounds based on their mass. It works by converting analyte molecules to ions, separating the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio, and detecting the ions. Common applications include determining the structures of biomolecules like proteins, identifying drugs and metabolites in biological samples, and quantifying elemental compositions. The document provides details on the principles, instrumentation components like ion sources and mass analyzers, and various applications of mass spectrometry.
This document defines clinical automation as using automatic equipment to perform laboratory processes without human intervention. It discusses the key steps in automation including identifying and labeling samples, sample delivery and storage, sample preparation, sample loading, and analysis. The main types of automation described are continuous flow analyzers, flow injection analyzers, and dialyzer modules. Advantages include reduced errors, increased safety, lower costs, faster turnaround times, and higher productivity. Disadvantages include reagent waste, high costs of reagents and maintenance, and fewer jobs.
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
Automated analyzers have advanced diagnostic testing by increasing efficiency and accuracy while reducing human error. There are four basic approaches to automated analyzers: continuous flow analyzers, centrifugal analyzers, discrete auto analyzers, and dry chemical analyzers. Each type has its own principles and advantages such as processing multiple samples simultaneously, using small sample volumes, and eliminating manual steps. Automated analyzers have improved healthcare by providing faster, higher quality, and more standardized test results.
IMS is an architecture that enables operators to offer advanced multimedia services across circuit-switched and packet-switched networks using SIP for call signaling. It provides a layered approach separating the services, control, and transport planes. 3GPP has specified and enhanced IMS in successive releases to support additional networks and services. IMS allows for convergent applications across networks using common resources and control through SIP. This provides a consistent experience to subscribers regardless of access network.
This document discusses automated analysis and its advantages. It describes the need for automation to process large sample volumes efficiently and precisely. The objectives of automation are outlined as facilitating analysis, reducing human error, and lowering costs. Two main types of automated systems are described: discrete analyzers that keep samples separate, and continuous-flow analyzers like flow injection analysis where samples mix in a flowing stream. Key aspects of flow injection analysis include its instrumentation, sample transport and separation techniques. Other automation techniques discussed include discrete automatic systems, automatic sampling, and using robotics.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-an introductionRaj Kumar
This document provides information about gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It discusses that GC-MS combines gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to separate and identify organic compounds in a sample. The sample is vaporized and carried by a gas through a column where components are separated. The separated components enter the mass spectrometer where they are ionized and their mass detected to identify each compound. The document outlines the principle, instrumentation, sample requirements, and applications of GC-MS, such as environmental monitoring, forensics, and food and drug analysis.
Mass spectrometry(Ionization Techniques) by Ashutosh PankeAshutosh Panke
The document discusses various ionization techniques used in mass spectrometry. It describes several gas phase ionization methods including electron impact ionization, chemical ionization, and field ionization. It also discusses several desorption ionization techniques, notably fast atom bombardment, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, electrospray ionization, and surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization. The document provides details on the mechanisms and applications of these various ionization methods. It also categorizes mass analyzers and discusses time-of-flight mass analyzers.
MASS SPECTROMETRY(mass-spec) -2013 - P.ravisankar- WHAT ABOUT MASS SPECTROMET...Dr. Ravi Sankar
MASS SPECTROMETRY(mass-spec) -2013 - P.ravisankar-WHAT ABOUT MASS SPECTROMETRY,BASIC PRINCIPLE,INSTRUMENTATION, ION SOURCES, MASS ANALYZERS,APPLICATIONS.
P.RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI
Mass spectrometry involves ionizing chemical samples and sorting the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. It consists of an inlet system, ion source, mass analyzer, and detector. The ion source ionizes molecules which are then analyzed by the mass analyzer and detected. Mass spectrometry has applications in trace gas analysis, pharmacokinetics, protein characterization, glycan analysis, and space exploration due to its high sensitivity and ability to analyze complex samples.
Mass spectrometry is a technique that converts a sample to gas-phase ions which are then separated by mass and charge. It involves ionization of the sample using electron bombardment or other methods, mass analysis using magnetic or electric fields to separate ions, and detection of ion abundances. Mass spectrometry can be used to determine molecular masses and obtain structural information through fragmentation patterns.
liquid chromatography - mass spectroscopy (LC-MS)akbar siddiq
LC-MS combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. It involves removing the detector from the LC column and interfacing the column directly with the mass spectrometer. The two key components are the ion source, which generates ions, and the mass analyzer, which sorts the ions. Common ion sources used include electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and atmospheric pressure photoionization. Popular mass analyzers are quadrupole, time-of-flight, ion trap, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance. LC-MS has applications in fields like molecular weight determination, structural determination, pharmaceutical analysis, food safety testing, and environmental analysis.
This document provides an overview of flow cytometry, including its history, principles, components, applications, and quality control. Flow cytometry involves measuring physical and chemical properties of cells or particles as they pass through a fluid stream. Key developments included Moldavan's early work in 1934 and the coinage of the term "flow cytometry" in the mid-1970s. The three main systems of a flow cytometer are fluidics to transport particles, optics like lasers and detectors, and electronics to convert light signals to data. Applications include clinical uses like detection of bacteria and characterization of cells and particles across many fields.
Flow cytometry is a technique that uses laser light scattering and fluorescence to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a fluid mixture. A flow cytometer passes cells in a fluid stream through a laser beam, measuring light scattering and fluorescence to identify cell types and count cell populations. Measurements of forward-scattered light, side-scattered light, and fluorescence emissions are used to distinguish cell types and detect the expression of cellular molecules like proteins or nucleic acids.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a hyphenated technique that combines gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. GC is used to separate compounds in a mixture, while MS identifies the compounds based on their mass-to-charge ratios. The document discusses the basic principles, instrumentation, and applications of GC-MS. It explains how the gas chromatograph separates compounds and the mass spectrometer ionizes and detects them, providing both separation and identification capabilities in a single technique.
Flow cytometry is a technique that uses lasers to detect and measure physical characteristics of cells or particles in a fluid mixture. Cells passing through the laser beam scatter light and may fluoresce if stained with fluorescent antibodies. Forward scatter detects cell size while side scatter detects internal complexity. Fluorescence identifies protein or nucleic acid expression. Data is converted to electrical signals and analyzed by a computer. Flow cytometry is used in clinical applications like detecting malignancy and monitoring treatment response. It provides information about cell phenotypes that helps diagnose hematological conditions.
Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a technique that uses centrifugation and optical detection systems to study macromolecules in solution. It can determine properties like molecular mass, shape, interactions and conformational changes. AUC instruments spin samples at high speeds and use detectors like absorbance or fluorescence to monitor sedimentation and calculate properties. Common experiments are sedimentation velocity, which determines size and shape, and sedimentation equilibrium, which determines molecular mass and interactions. AUC has applications in characterizing proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and other biological complexes.
Flow cytometry is a technique used to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a fluid sample. A sample is injected into the flow cytometer where cells pass through a laser beam, scattering light in a characteristic way. Cells are often labeled with fluorescent markers that are detected. Data on multiple parameters can be collected simultaneously. The flow cytometer has fluidic, optic, and electronic systems. Applications include cell sorting, apoptosis detection, cell cycle analysis, and clinical uses like diagnosing hematologic malignancies.
The document summarizes liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), beginning with an introduction to why LC and mass spectrometry are used and how they are coupled. It then describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including sample preparation, interfaces that ionize samples for mass analysis, various mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight, and detectors. The document provides details on instrumentation, principles, applications and historical developments of LC-MS.
Flow cytometry definition, principle, parts, steps, types, usesGayathri Devi S
Flow cytometry is a technique that uses lasers to detect and measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in fluid suspension. Cells pass through a laser beam, which scatters light and causes fluorescence that is detected by sensors. Measurements of scattered and fluorescent light provide information about cell size, granularity, and expression of targeted proteins or nucleic acids. Flow cytometry allows rapid multi-parameter analysis of individual cells in heterogeneous populations and is widely used for clinical, research, and industrial applications.
Introduction
Definition
Basic mechanism
Prerequisite of flow cytometer
Components of flow cytometry
Flow system
Optics system
Concept of scattering
Advantage
Limitation
Application
Conclusion
References
Flow cytometry is a technique used in immunology that analyzes physical and chemical properties of cells flowing through a laser beam. Cells are hydrodynamically focused into a stream and passed through the laser one by one. Forward and side scattered light and fluorescence emissions are detected and analyzed by software. Flow cytometry uses monoclonal antibodies to identify and quantify immune cell subsets and expression levels. It has numerous applications in clinical and research immunology due to its ability to rapidly analyze multiple parameters on thousands of individual cells.
Analytical centrifugation is a technique used to characterize macromolecules based on how they sediment in a centrifugal field. The document discusses the instrumentation, working principle, and two main types of analysis - sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium. Sedimentation velocity provides information about shape, mass, and size by monitoring the boundary formed over time as particles sediment. Sedimentation equilibrium determines mass composition by analyzing the particle distribution once equilibrium between sedimentation and diffusion is reached. Analytical centrifugation is useful for determining properties like molecular weight, stoichiometry, assembly, and conformation.
HPLC is a technique used to separate, identify, purify, and quantify different compounds in a mixture. It works by pumping a mobile phase through a column containing a stationary phase. Compounds in the mixture are separated as they are transported through the column at different rates depending on their interaction with the stationary phase. HPLC instruments consist of a mobile phase reservoir, pump, injector port, separation column, and detector. Common detectors measure absorption of ultraviolet or visible light. HPLC has many applications in analytical chemistry and biochemistry.
Ultracentrifugation uses very high rotational speeds, up to 8000 rpm, to impose centrifugal forces over 600,000g and separate particles based on small differences in properties. There are two main types: analytical ultracentrifugation studies molecular interactions in real-time using optical detection systems, while preparative ultracentrifugation separates larger samples using density gradients to isolate components like organelles. Analytical uses small samples and optical analysis to determine sedimentation coefficients and molecular weights, while preparative separates whole components from mixtures. Both techniques exploit centrifugal force to differentiate particles based on size, shape, density and other factors.
Flow cytometry is an optical technique used to analyze physical and chemical characteristics of cells and other biological particles as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light. It allows for multiparameter analysis of cells based on light scattering, fluorescence, and other optical properties. Key components include a flow cell to hydrodynamically focus cells into a single file, lasers as light sources, optical collection systems, and detectors. Flow cytometry finds applications in research, clinical diagnostics, and agriculture.
The document discusses various analytical techniques used in clinical chemistry laboratories including spectrophotometry, fluorometry, luminometry, nephelometry/turbidimetry, electrochemistry/chemical sensors, chromatography, mass spectrometry, and electrophoresis. It provides details on the basic components, principles, and applications of each technique.
The document discusses liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), a hyphenated analytical technique that combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. LC-MS involves using liquid chromatography to separate sample components and introducing them to a mass spectrometer for detection and identification. Key components of LC-MS include the liquid chromatography system, an interface to volatize the liquid eluent and transfer ions into the mass analyzer, various ionization sources like electrospray ionization, and mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight that separate ions by mass-to-charge ratio for detection. LC-MS provides sensitive, specific analysis of molecules and is widely used in pharmaceutical, biomedical and environmental applications.
- GC-MS and LC-MS are hyphenated analytical techniques that combine gas or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to separate and identify compounds in mixtures. In GC-MS, compounds are vaporized and separated by a gas chromatograph before being ionized and detected by mass spectrometry. In LC-MS, compounds are separated by liquid chromatography and then ionized, fragmented, and detected by mass spectrometry to determine molecular structure. These techniques are used in applications like environmental analysis, forensics, metabolomics, and pharmaceutical analysis.
Similar to Group 8 mass spec automated analyser and poct the complete version (20)
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
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This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
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With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
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Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
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Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
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A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024
Group 8 mass spec automated analyser and poct the complete version
1. GROUP 8
By:
Delgado, Sharmaine Kay
Gloria, Sherina Ann
Lagos, Riza Jane
Pillora, Gin Anilou
Villaflor, Mary Queen
1
2.
3. • Mass Spectrometry
• Mass Spectrometer
• Principles
• Major Parts
• How it works
• Uses
• Types of Spectrometer
4. • An analytical technique that
measures the mass-to-charge
(m/z) ratio of charged particles.
• A technique of separating and
identifying molecules based on
its mass.
5. • A mass spectrometer is an
analytical tool used to determine
the elemental composition of an
unknown substance. It utilizes
the charged particles of
molecules to separate them.
6.
7. • A Mass Spectrometer
produces ions from the
substance under
investigation, separates them
according to their mass-to-
charged ratio (m/z) and
records the relative
abundance of each present.
9. • Different compounds can also be uniquely
identified by their mass.
Butorphanol L-dopa Ethanol
N -CH2- COOH
OH
HO -CH2CH-NH2 CH3CH2OH
HO
HO
MW = 327.1 MW = 197.2 MW = 46.1
10. • The heavier the ion, the lesser
the deflection.
• The lighter the ion, the greater
the deflection.
11.
12. • Mass spectrometers consist of four basic
parts;
• a handling system to introduce the unknown
sample into the equipment;
• an ion source, in which a beam of particles
characteristic of the sample is produced;
• an analyzer that separates the particles
according to mass; and
• a detector, in which the separated ion
components are collected and characterized.
13.
14. The sample to be analyzed enters
the instrument through the
inlet, usually as a gas, although a
solid can be analyzed if it is
sufficiently volatile to give off at
least some gaseous molecules.
15. In the ionization chamber, the sample is
ionized and fragmented. This can be
accomplished in many ways—electron
bombardment, chemical
ionization, laser ionization, electric field
ionization—and the choice is usually based on
how much the analyst wants the molecule to
fragment.
16. 3. The Mass Analyser
Here, the particles are separated into
groups by mass, and then the detector
measures the mass-to-charge ratio for each
group of fragments by electromagnetic fields.
17. 4. The Detector
Finally, a readout device—usually a
computer—records the data.
18.
19.
20.
21. • The Sample is vaporized into gas for
ionization,
• The atom is ionised by knocking one or more
electrons off to give a positive ion.
• The Ion source is maintained in a high vacuum
environment to enhance collision efficiency
and ion formation.
22.
23. The ions are accelerated so
that they all have the same
kinetic energy.
24.
25. • The ions are then deflected by a magnetic
field according to their masses. The lighter
they are, the more they are deflected.
• The amount of deflection also depends on
the number of positive charges on the ion - in
other words, on how many electrons were
knocked off in the first stage. The more the
ion is charged, the more it gets deflected.
26.
27. The beam of ions passing
through the machine is
detected electrically.
28.
29. 1. GC/MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry)
• Is a method that combines
the features of Gas-Liquid
Chromatography and Mass
Spectrometry to identify the
different substances within
a sample.
30. 2. AMS (Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry)
• a ‘’tandem accelerator’’
is used to accelerate the
ions at several million
volts.
31. 3. ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled
Plasma-Mass Spectrometry)
• involves the formation of gas
containing electrons, ions and
neutral particles from Argon gas.
The sample is atomized and
ionized by this gas. In a high
vacuum mass analyzer, these
ionized atoms from gas are
passed through cones
(apertures).
32. 4. IRMS (Isotope Ratio Mass
Spectrometry)
• It is used to measure
mixture of stable isotopes. It
has two inlets that help in
repetitive measurements
with continuous supply of
sample gas.
33. 5. Tandem MS (Tandem Mass
Spectrometer)
• is a spectrometer used to
separate ions based on a
sample’s ‘’electronic’’ mass
using two or more
quadruple’s
34. 6. TIMS (Thermal Ionization-
Mass Spectrometry)
• is a mass spectrometer that
can make exact
measurements isotope ratios
of thermally ionisable
elements. This ionization can
be done by passing them
through metal ribbons under
vacuum.
35. 7. SSMS (Spark Source Mass
Spectrometry)
• can ionize the analytes in solid
samples using electric current
with two electrodes. It works
as one electrode if the sample
is metal or can be placed in a
cup-shaped electrode by
mixing with graph detected
isotopes from the sample.
36. 8. (LC/MS or LC-MS) Liquid
chromatography –mass
spectrometry
• It is used to separate
compounds chromatographically
before they are introduced to the
ion source and mass
spectrometer. LC-MS is a powerful
technique used for many
applications which has a very high
sensitivity and selectivity.
37. 9. IMS/MS or IMMS (Ion
mobility Spectrometry)
• Is a technique where ions are
first separated by drift time
through some neutral gas
under an applied electrical
potential gradient being
introduced into mass
spectrometer.
46. Automated analyzers process large volume
of tests with great precision and speed.
It permits the operator to focus on tasks that
cannot be readily automated and increased
both efficiency and capacity.
46
49. Pumped through a system of continuous
tubing. Samples are introduced in a
sequential manner, following each other
through the same network.
This analyzer is capable of analyzing
one analyte at a time.
49
50. An essential principle of the system is the
introduction of air bubbles.
Function of Air Bubbles:
The air bubbles segment each sample into
discrete packets and act as a barrier between
packets to prevent cross contamination as they
travel down the length of the tubing.
50
51. Function of Air Bubbles:
The air bubbles also assist mixing by
creating turbulent flow and provide
operators with a quick and easy check of
the flow characteristics of the liquid.
51
52. In Continuous Flow Analysis a
continuous stream of material is divided
by air bubbles into discrete segments in
which chemical reactions occur.
The continuous stream of liquid samples
and reagents are combined and
transported in tubing and mixing coils.
52
53. The tubing passes the samples from one
apparatus to the other with each apparatus
performing different functions, such as
distillation, dialysis, extraction, ion
exchange, heating, incubation, and subsequent
recording of a signal.
53
54. Continuous flow is used in some
spectrophotometric instruments in which
the chemical reaction occurs in one reaction
channel and then is rinsed out and reused
for the next sample, which may be an
entirely different chemical reaction.
54
56. Segmented Stream System
-The reaction stream is segmented with
bubbles of air or nitrogen to reduce inter-sample
dispersion.
Flow Injection Analysis
- It is low pressure and without separation.
The injected sample mixes and reacts with the
flowing stream.
56
57. It includes a peristaltic pump that continuously
aspirates sample and reagent, a variable number of
tubes constituting a manifold to circulate liquid
and a detector system.
Aspirated sample are segmented by injecting air
bubbles that should be remove before they can
reach to the detector.
57
58. At detector air bubbles are removed and each
sample is separated by washing solution, thus a
square shaped detector response is obtained, the
height of rectangle is directly proportional to
concentration of analyte.
58
60. FIA is based on the injection of a liquid
sample into a moving continuous non
segmented carrier stream of a suitable
liquid. The injected sample forms a zone
which is then transported towards a detector.
60
61. Mixing with reagent in the flowing stream
mainly occurs by diffusion-controlled process
and a chemical reaction occurs.
Detectors continuously record the physical
parameter as it changes as a result of passage of
sample material through flow cell.
61
63. Discrete analysis is the separation of each
sample and accompanying reagents in a separate
container.
Discrete analyzers have the capability of
running multiple tests on one sample at a time
or multiple samples one test at a time.
63
64. They are the most popular and
versatile analyzers and have almost
completely replaced continuous-flow
and centrifugal analyzers.
64
65. Sample reactions are kept discrete through the
use of separate reaction cuvettes, cells, slides, or
wells that are disposed of following chemical
analysis.
This keeps sample and reaction carryover to a
minimum but increases the cost per test due to
disposable products
65
66. Samples are applied to slides that are
automatically dispensed from test- specific
cartridges. Sample application is performed by
means of individual, disposable tips, thereby
eliminating the carryover problem. The sample
itself provides the liquid necessary to hydrate the
reagent layers of the slide.
66
67. The slides incubate in heated air chambers and
the color that develops is measured by
reflectance photometry from the bottom side of
the slide.
Results for each sample are collated and printed
in a report form that could be suitable for use as
the final chartable report.
67
69. Designs of Analyzer Pathway
Batch Testing- Samples are processed in concert
as a group or “batch” in the same analytical
analysis.
Sequential Testing – samples are processed
sequentially rather than in a batch.
69
70. Designs of Analyzer
Pathway
Parallel Testing- samples undergo a series of
analytical processes, usually for one analysis
at a time, often used with batch analysis.
Random access testing- a system where any
specimen can be analyze in any sequence
with regard to the initial order of the
specimens.
70
71. Patient Identification
Sampling
Sample and Specimen Transport
Dilution
Mixing
Incubation
Reaction Vessels
Analysis of Measurement
71
72. Patient identification was accomplished by
transcribing patient information onto sample
cups and print outs of test results.
With the arrival of computers, the operator could
input patient information to the laboratory
computer.
72
73. Bar code labeling systems are now
employed. The bar code was read and
would match patient data with test
results. The use of bar code labels has
served to reduce errors in matching
test results with the proper patient.
73
75. Accomplished by syringe pipette or aspirating
probe. The specimens are transferred to
sample cup, and the sample pickup device
aspirates the specimen.
In CFA, the aspirating probe is dipped into the
sample cup and the specimen is drawn up
using a peristaltic pump.
75
77. A peristaltic pump is a type of positive
displacement pump used for pumping a
variety of fluids.
77
78. Works by squeezing the tube with rollers/shoes. It
can run dry, self-prime and handle viscous or
abrasive liquids, plus, as the tube is one complete
unit, there are no seals thus making the pump leak
free and hygienic. Excellent for dosing applications.
Although this principle applies to all peristaltic
pumps the difference is in the head and the drives.
78
79. As the rollers and wiper move, a part of the
tube is pressed, causing the fluid to be pumped
onward. A restitution fluid can be sent into the
pump as the rotors and rollers moved back the
process is called 'Peristalsis„. It forms the basic
function within a Peristaltic Pump.
79
81. A piston pump (reciprocating pumps) is a
type of positive displacement pump where the
high-pressure seal reciprocates with the piston.
Piston pumps can be used to move liquids or
compress gases. Powered by an electric
motor, steam or a turbine, hydraulic drive
mechanism.
81
82. A piston pump uses the reciprocating motion of
a piston rod to move fluid along an axis through a
cylinder-shaped chamber. As the piston moves
through the cylinder, pressure builds up and forces
the fluid through the pump. The fluid flowing
through the pump pulsates due to the movement of
the piston through the cylinder.
82
84. • Reciprocating pumps will deliver fluid at
high pressure (High Delivery Head).
• They are 'Self-priming' - No need to fill
the cylinders before starting.
84
85. Discrete analyzers employ a variety of
syringe pipettes to aspirate and dispense
sample and reagents. An important
consideration for any sampling device is
specimen carry-over and therefore it should
be designed to reduce this problem.
85
86. In continuous flow analyzers, specimen
transport is accomplished using the peristaltic
pump. Air bubbles separate aliquots of the same
sample and isolate one specimen from another.
86
87. In the Dupont aca, the sample reagent pack is
transported throughout the analyzer with a chain-
driven pulley system.
Some analyzers used a motorized carousel, for
example, the Olympus Demand, to move the
reaction vessel in a circular path within the
instrument.
87
88. The Kodak Ektachem analyzers
meters the sample aliquot, by use
of a disposable sample tip
secured by an apparatus called
proboscis, onto a slide for
transport to incubation chambers
and detectors.
88
89. Sample and reagent dilutions are usually
accomplished with the syringe pipettes and
pumps. The pumps must be designed to aspirate
and deliver precise volumes of fluid.
The dilution volumes maybe adjusted by use of a
cam or programmed via a microprocessor as seen
in many discrete analyzers.
89
90. In an automated system such as
continuous analyzer mixing of a
sample and reagents is accomplished
using a glass coil inserted into the flow
path. As the sample mixture passes
through the coil, it is inverted and
mixed via gravity.
90
91. In the Beckam ASTRA systems, a
magnetically driven Teflon stirring bar
located in the bottom of the reaction
chamber is used.
The DuPont aca employs a breaker mixer
that mechanically vibrates and shakes the
pack.
91
92. Reaction mixtures that require incubation must
be conducted at constant temperatures without
significant fluctuations.
a.) heating the air around the cuvette
b.) heating metal blocks
c.) using water baths.
92
93. In CFA systems the tubing serves as reaction
vessel.
In DA, any of the following maybe used:
a.) The DuPont aca uses a sealed plastic bag that
also serves as the cuvette.
b.) The Teflon or plastic rotors in centrifugal
analyzers serves as the reaction vessels.
93
94. c.) Hitachi series and Baxters Paramax 720 ZX
use plastic cuvettes.
d.) Eastman Kodak Ektachem uses a multilayer
thin film slide. Each slide is impregnated with
reagents. Sample cup via a disposable pipette tip
onto the slide that also serves as the cuvette for
the reflectance or electrochemical measurement.
94
95. Light-emitting diodes offer direct readout of
absorbance and replace the earlier recorders with an
ink pen to trace the response of the phototube on
paper.
Computer in the laboratory instrumentation allowed
users to display results in a variety of formats and
printers provide a hard copy of patient‟s results.
95
96. Calculations, calibration curves, and
quality control are performed by the
computers, thus reducing errors and
providing more accurate results than a
non-computerized instrument.
96
97. Most automated chemistry analyzers use
photometric methods of analysis such as
spectrophotometry, fluorometry, nephelometry, an
d reflectometry.
Some analytes, for example sodium and
potassium, require the use of electrochemistry for
analysis.
Instrument manufacturer have designed
electrochemical devices based on
coulometry, amperometry, and potentiometry to
measure these and other analytes. 97
98. Automated systems based on colorimetry use
narrow-band interference filters for the isolation of
specific wavelengths. The filters are contained in a
circular disk, called a filter wheel, that rotates into
the light path. A computer controls the rotation of
the filter wheel and multiple wavelengths can be
use to analyze a specimen.
98
100. Increase the number tests performed by one
medical technologist in a given period.
Minimize the variation in results from one medical
technologist to another.
Automation eliminates the potential errors of
manual analyses as a volumetric pipetting
steps, calculation of results, and transcription of
results.
100
101. Instruments can use very small amounts of
samples and reagents.
Reduction in the variability of results and
errors of analysis through the elimination of
task that are repetitive and monotonous for
most individuals.
101
102. Faster analyses up to 120 samples per hour
Automatic data recording and preparation
Being a closed system, automation reduces
contamination
Greater accuracy and reproducibility of results as
all samples are subject to same processes
Smaller sample and reagent volumes, reduces cost
102
103. Time-consuming sample preparation steps such
as distillations, digestions, and matrix removal or
enhancement performed manually before testing
by a discrete analyzer.
Cannot perform complex chemistries such as on-
line gas
diffusion, dialysis, distillations, extractions, and
digestions
103
104.
105. • is defined as medical testing
at or near the site
of patient care outside of the
conventional laboratory. .
• brings the test conveniently
and immediately to the
patient and increases the
possibilities of the patient
receiving the test result in a
timely manner.
106. • point-of-care test systems are easy-to-use
membrane-based test strips, often enclosed by a
plastic test cassette.
• These tests require only a single drop of whole
blood, urine or saliva, and they can be performed
and interpreted by any general physician within
minutes.
•
• POCT are accomplished through the use of
transportable, portable, and handheld
instruments and test kits.
107. • Non-automated Methods- may be done by
manual rapid-testing methods using a Dipsticks
or Immunostrips.
• Instrument-Based and Automated Methods-
are automated and use a small amount of
specimen. This type of automation requires
minimal technical support and is easy to use. It
includes visual readings, display
screen, printer, infrared, wireless radio
signals, or modems.
108. • Most of the instruments utilized for POCT use
whole blood for analysis and disposable reagent
unit-dose devices.
• The most popular POCT instrument is the I-STAT
analyzer.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114. • used to measure blood
gas, pH, electrolytes, and some metabolites in
whole blood specimens.
• They are also used to determine abnormal
metabolite and/or electrolyte levels in blood
and the patient’s acid-base balance and
levels of oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange.
115. • It have extensive test menus and
provide a rapid laboratory results to
expedite a patient’s diagnosis and
treatment.
• There are many compact analyzers
available for bedside testing, screening
projects, wellness centres, operating
rooms and emergency rooms.
116. • BLOOD GLUCOSE TESTING
• Blood glucose levels are measured by a meter
and use a capillary blood directly from finger
sticks.
• The blood glucose test is ordered to measure
the amount of glucose in the blood right at the
time of sample collection. It is used to monitor
glucose levels in persons with diabetes.
117. Drugs of Abuse Testing
• Drug of abuse testing are frequently
ordered on patients who exhibit symptoms
of intoxication or offer a history of drug
ingestion.
• Rapid and accurate results are critical to
manage patients effectively.
118. • Taking the sample from the wrong patient
• Taking the wrong type of sample
• Failure to follow procedure
• Incorrect result interpretation
119. • Rapid test results essential for decision-making
• A system that generates a printout of the
results
• Requires small sample volume
• Allows testing in a variety of locations
• Potential to improve patient outcome or
workflow by having results immediately
available
• Less traumatic for the patients
• Portable devices are used
120. • Potentially different reference ranges
• Costly to operate
• Minimal training of personnel to
operate the instruments
• Management of POCT is challenging
• Not all methods are appropriate for
diagnosis or monitoring treatment