Neural tube defects are a group of disorders that arise early in fetal development from the neural tube failing to close properly. This can cause lifelong complications depending on the severity of the defect. The three main types are anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele. Precise causes are unknown but risk factors include folic acid deficiency, certain medications, and genetics. Prevention focuses on women getting adequate folic acid before and during early pregnancy. Treatment options depend on the type of defect but may include surgery before or after birth.