The document discusses wind turbine generator classes according to IEC 61400-1 standards. It explains that turbines are designed for specific wind conditions defined by average wind speed, extreme gusts, and turbulence intensity. Higher classes indicate more turbulent wind regimes that turbines must be built to withstand. Turbine classes help determine which turbines are suitable for a given site's normal wind conditions. The standards help ensure engineering integrity and safety of wind turbines during their planned lifetimes under the wind loads they may experience.

1. 11
‫بك‬ ‫أهال‬
‫الخير‬ ‫صباح‬ Kalimera
kalosorisate

2. 22
White : peace and prosperity,
Red: recalls battles against foreign invaders
Green: symbolizes the Jebel Akhdar, and fertility

3. 3
• Wind turbine(wind generator, wind energy converter) technology today and
future trends onshore & offshore, turbine certification,
• Wind resource evaluation (instruments-measurements-modeling),
meteorological parameters,
•Atmospheric boundary layer, wind speed profiles, analysis of
measurements, wind atlases onshore & offshore,
• Selection methodology of most suitable locations, site surveys,
• Environmental constrains of wind farms (wind parks or wind clusters),
• Energy yield (measurements-modeling-state of the art tools). Wake losses,
CFD codes,
•Social acceptability, aesthetics, noise calculations, good examples from
large wind farms in the world,
CASE STUDY
•A full example of technical and economic evaluation of a big wind
farm.
Hands on Exercises
•Design wind farms in areas of complex terrain
Wind Energy curriculum

4. 44
Welcome to the world of
wind energy
The Technology
Dr. D. V. Kanellopoulos
OPWP Renewable Energy
Training Program
11-14 December 2016
Muscat, Oman

5. 55
Wind Systems- a short history
Wt development from the 1st century till today
1 AD
9 AD
12 AD
13 AD
19 AD
1922
1927
1931
1941

6. 66
Persian vertical axis
wind mill

7. 77
Wind Systems- Vertical axis wts
Rotor
height,
100m
base
height,
10 m
Rotor diameter,
64m
Cap-Chat, Quebec, 4 MW
Skyros Greece, 140 kW

8. Wind Systems- Vertical axis wts
Rotor
height

10. Ancient horizontal axis wind mills

11. 1111
Wind Systems- Dimensions

15. 1515
Pitch control and stall control wts

16. 1616
Wind Systems- getting taller!
2014

17. 1717
Wind Systems- Today’s giants
Vestas V164, 8 MW Enercon E126, 7.5 MW
Repower 6M, 126m, 6.2MW Areva M5000, 113m, 5 MW

18. 1818
Wind Systems- power curve
Variable pitch wt
Normally give for air density, ρ=1.23 kg/m3

19. 1919
Wind Systems- power curve
Variable pitch machines

20. 2020
Wind Systems- power curve
Stall controlled
Rated output
speed
Cut out speed
Cut in speed
Rated
output
power

21. 2121
DTU Wind Energy test station for large wind turbines at Høvsøre,
situated on the West coast of Jutland, Denmark
Company Wt MW D(m) Hub
(m)
Tip
Height
(m)
Vestas V90-
2,0MW
2,0 90 84 129
Siemens SWT
4,0/130
4,0 130 95 160
Nordex N100-3,3 3,3 100 75 125
Siemens SWT 3,0-
113
3,0 113 99,5 156

22. 2222
Blade testing

23. 2323
Dynamometer at the 5-MW Dynamometer Test Facility
at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC).

24. 2424
Measured power curves
Average output

25. 2525
Measured power curves, atmospheric dependence
P/Pn

26. 2626
Measured power curves

27. 2727
Wind turbine certification
The International IEC 61400-22 Standard, (IEC WT01)
The IEC 61400 standard issued first in 2001 by the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) is a set of design requirements and considerations aiming to ensure the
engineering integrity of wind turbines. Its purpose is to provide an appropriate level of
protection against damage from all hazards during the planned lifetime.
The IEC 61400 series is concerned with all subsystems of wind turbines such as control
and protection mechanisms, internal electrical systems, mechanical systems and support
structures covering the following topics:
•Design requirements
•Design requirements for small wind turbines
•Acoustic noise measurement techniques
•Wind turbine power performance testing
•Measurement of mechanical loads
•Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values
•Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics of grid connected wind
turbines
•Full-scale structural testing of rotor blades
•Lightning protection
The IEC 61400 standard applies to wind turbines of all sizes. For small wind turbines IEC
61400-2 may be applied. The standard is used together with other appropriate IEC and
ISO standards.

28. 2828
Wind turbine certification
Wind Turbine Certification According to National Standards and Guidelines
In some countries, in addition to the international standard IEC 61400, special national
guidelines and standards need to be considered for wind turbine certification. Danish,
Dutch.
Type Certification According to DIBt
In Germany there is an official type certification of towers and foundations according to
the Center of Competence in Civil Engineering (Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, DIBt).
This certification is only to be carried out by a Notified Body, to ensure accordance with
national regulations.

29. 2929
Wind turbine certification
1: Evaluation Report
2: Conformity or Compliance Statement
3: Type Certificate
1 32

30. 3030
Date
issued
Date
valid
Wind turbine certification list

31. 3131
Wind turbine certification , www.measnet.com
Measuring Network of Wind Energy
Institutes
The goal: To work out rules and requirements which will guarantee that high quality
measurements are carried out by them. The necessary creation of the network rules and the
establishment of commonly agreed measurement methods were subsidised by the European
Commission in two jointly performed projects. For the first time institutes being in commercial
competition agreed to work together for the benefit of their clients with the objective to
perform measurements of equal quality which are sufficient for the mutual comparison and
acceptance that is necessary for the industry in an open World wide market.
EN 45001, IEC, IEA

32. 3232
Wind turbine certification
DOCUMENTS
The following documents are available :
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES:
• Cup Anemometer Calibration Procedure – Version 2, October 2009 (PDF format 98 kbytes)
• Power Performance Measurement Procedure – Version 5 , December 2009 (PDF format 977
kbytes)
• Acoustic Noise Measurement Procedure (PDF format 29 kbytes)
• Power Quality Measurement Procedure (PDF format 1300 kbytes)
• Evaluation of Site specific Wind conditions (PDF format 440 kbytes)
BECOMING A MEMBER OF MEASNET :
• Applicant Assessment Procedure -version 2 / september 2008 (PDF format 90 kbytes)
MEASNET STATEMENTS:
• Calculation of specific site AEP september 2014 (PDF format 295 kbytes)
• Shortcoming of AEP calculation as defined in IEC 61400-12-1 september 2014 (PDF format
172 kbytes)
• New statement about anemometer calibration october 2012 (PDF format 100 kbytes)
• Statement about anemometer calibration September 2009 (PDF format 58 kbytes)

33. 3333
Wind turbine certification
Air
flow

34. 3434
Without proper certification
and testing disaster struck!

35. 3535
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=581Nw7-
FcoY&list=UUJHNBjI4tvfwYH2MTWJirlg&index=3&feature=plcp
Wind turbine certification

36. 3636
Wind turbine

37. 3737
A horizontal axis wind turbine

38. 3838
a HAWT with 2 shafts

39. 3939
WTS with an without a gear box

40. 4040
Direct Drive wt

41. 4141

42. 4242
Advantages
Increased efficiency: The power is not wasted in friction
Reduced noise: Being a simpler device, a direct-drive mechanism has fewer parts which could vibrate, and
the overall noise emission of the system is usually lower.
Longer lifetime: Having fewer moving parts also means having fewer parts prone to failure. Failures in
other systems are usually produced by aging of the component, or stress.
High torque at low rpm.
Faster and precise positioning. High torque and low inertia allows faster positioning times on permanent
magnet synchronous servo drives. Feedback sensor directly on rotary part allows precise angular position
sensing.
Drive stiffness. Mechanical backlash, hysteresis and elasticity is removed avoiding use of gearbox or ball
screw mechanisms.
Disadvantages
The main disadvantage of the system is that it needs a special motor. Usually motors are built to achieve
maximum torque at high rotational speeds, usually 1500 or 3000 rpm.
The slow motor also needs to be physically larger than its faster counterpart.
Also, direct-drive mechanisms need a more precise control mechanism. High speed motors with speed
reduction have relatively high inertia, which helps smooth the output motion. Most motors exhibit positional
torque ripple known as cogging torque.
In high speed motors, this effect is usually negligible, as the frequency at which it occurs is too high to
significantly affect system performance; direct drive units will suffer more from this phenomenon, unless
additional inertia is added or the system uses feedback to actively counter the effect.
Direct drive wt (NO gear box)

43. Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes (IEC 61400-1)
Wind turbines are designed for specific conditions.
During the construction and design phase assumptions are made about the wind climate
that the wind turbines will be exposed to.
Turbine wind class is just one of the factors needing consideration during the complex
process of planning a wind power plant.
Wind classes determine which turbine is suitable for the normal wind conditions of a
particular site.
Turbine classes are determined by three parameters:
• the average wind speed, Vave, or U(ave)
• extreme 50-year gust, Vg(50y)
• and turbulence, I or TI (Turbulence Intensity)
Turbulence intensity quantifies how much the wind varies typically within 10 minutes.
Because the fatigue loads of a number of major components in a wind turbine are mainly
caused by turbulence, the knowledge of how turbulent a site is of crucial importance.
Normally the wind speed increases with increasing height. In flat terrain the wind speed
increases logarithmically with height. In complex terrain the wind profile is not a simple
increase and additionally a separation of the flow might occur, leading to heavily increased
turbulence.

44. Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes (IEC 61400-1)
Iref is often given at U=15 m/s

45. Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Classes (IEC 61400-1)
H(hub)
Vmax( 10 min ave.)< or = to Vref
H(equator)