Great Vowel Shift
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The document discusses two linguistic developments that occurred in the 1600s in English: 1) As syntax became more complex, the relative pronouns "that" and "which" began to be used interchangeably to connect clauses. 2) Progressive or continuous verb forms emerged in English using a form of "to be" plus the present participle/gerund ending in "-ing". This development also occurred in Spanish around the same time.
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Here are the sentences with vowels filled in:
1. The c_ttl_ w_r_ gr_z_ng _n th_ f__ld.
The cætlə wərə grɑɪzɪŋ ɪn ðə fi:ld.
2. H_ w_nt t_ b_y _ b_ttl_ _f m_lk.
Hə wənt tə baɪ ə bɒtl̥ əv mɪlk.
3. Sh_ w_s v_ry h_ppy _b_ut _t
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- The concept of "foot" as a unit of rhythm beginning with a stressed syllable.
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- Assimilation processes like regressive and progressive assimilation that cause sounds to change between words.
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Here are the sentences with vowels filled in:
1. The c_ttl_ w_r_ gr_z_ng _n th_ f__ld.
The cætlə wərə grɑɪzɪŋ ɪn ðə fi:ld.
2. H_ w_nt t_ b_y _ b_ttl_ _f m_lk.
Hə wənt tə baɪ ə bɒtl̥ əv mɪlk.
3. Sh_ w_s v_ry h_ppy _b_ut _t
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This document discusses several linguistic concepts relating to English phonetics and phonology, including:
- Stress-timed rhythm and syllable-timed rhythm in different languages.
- The concept of "foot" as a unit of rhythm beginning with a stressed syllable.
- Stress-shift and how stress levels are adjusted based on context.
- Assimilation processes like regressive and progressive assimilation that cause sounds to change between words.
- Elision or deletion of sounds in casual speech like weak vowels and consonant clusters.
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A comparison of narrow and broad transcription is summarized.
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This document discusses inflection in lexical morphology. It provides examples of frozen historical relics like ablaut and umlaut that indicate changes in grammatical function. Ablaut involves changes in root vowels between present and past tense forms like drive/drove. Umlaut involves fronting of vowels before front vowels, like foot/feet. There are also some irregular plural formations with Latin and Greek loanwords. Beyond these relics, the document outlines lexical rules for adding inflections through affixation at different strata or levels, providing examples of rules for adding suffixes to nouns to mark plural forms. It distinguishes lexical rules from post-lexical rules.
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Chapter 17 language history and change
The document discusses the history and evolution of languages over time. It describes how Proto-Indo-European was identified as the common ancestor of many European and Indian languages based on similarities between their vocabularies and grammars. It also discusses methods of reconstructing earlier forms of words by comparing cognates across related languages and identifying common sound changes. As an example, it summarizes the major periods in the history of English from Old English to Modern English and some of the phonetic changes that occurred between each period like the loss of the letters þ and ð.
Quilombos and phrasal verbs
This document provides an overview of the history and use of phrasal verbs in the English language. It discusses how phrasal verbs originated in Old English as inseparable prefix verbs and became separable post-verbal particles in Middle and Modern English due to syntactic and stress pattern changes. While phrasal verbs were initially used more informally, their use has proliferated. The document outlines challenges for English learners in memorizing the idiomatic meanings of thousands of phrasal verbs and provides tips on their use and splitting depending on whether the object is a pronoun.
Definition of english grammar
Grammar is the science that has as its object of study the components of a language and its combinations. The concept finds its origin in the Latin grammatical term and refers, on the other hand, to the art of mastering a language correctly, both from speech and with writing.
Becky's Powerpoint Slide Presentation
When teaching English to Spanish speakers, focused exercises are important to address common errors. These include using the present tense instead of past, omitting articles, improper subject-verb agreement, and omitting third-person subjects. Lessons should provide repetition through activities like worksheets addressing pronunciation of consonant clusters and contractions, filling in articles, circling subjects and verbs, and identifying prepositions in sentences. Consistent practice with exercises that highlight the grammatical differences between Spanish and English can help Spanish speakers overcome challenges in learning English.
English Grammar
This document discusses key differences between English and Spanish grammar. It explains that English has four main word classes - nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs - while noting some key properties of each. It also outlines differences in tense usage between American and British English. Additionally, the document outlines 10 differences between English and Spanish grammar, such as Spanish nouns being explicitly masculine or feminine and adjectives coming after nouns rather than before them.
Guo_Psych447_FinalProject
This study examines the acquisition of English morphemes by learners whose first language is either Punjabi or Italian. It analyzes transcripts from interviews to measure the frequency of five morphemes - regular past tense, irregular past tense, present progressive, third person singular, and plural - over four time periods. The study aims to determine if there is a common acquisition order among learners and whether first language influences acquisition patterns. It hypothesizes some morphemes will be more difficult for learners from one first language background versus the other based on differences in how the concepts are expressed in each first language.
Lanugage Project
Sara\'s language project for a h.s. course she\'s taking.. they were asked to invent a language, and the teaching objective seemed to be to cause the student to discover the complexities & complications of language itself. One thing I loved about the outcome of her project was how it proposes the notion that body movements could one day evolve into a readable, multi-layered text. An interesting concept/proposition.
Cases
Cases express the grammatical function of nouns and pronouns in languages like Latin, German, and Finnish through inflectional endings. While modern English has lost most cases except in pronouns like "who" and "whom", other languages use cases like nominative, accusative, dative, and others to distinguish subjects, objects, and possessors based on their role in a clause. Cases help identify grammatical relations when word order is flexible, as in German sentences where subjects can precede or follow verbs.
English Grammar
This document provides information about English grammar. It defines English grammar as the science that studies the components of the English language and their combinations. It notes that grammar originates from the Latin term "Grammatica" and refers to correctly using a language in both speech and writing. It also outlines the eight main categories of words in English - nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Finally, it compares English and Spanish grammar, noting differences in noun gender, verb conjugation, and use of capitalization and punctuation.
#Grammar# in Linguistics
This document discusses different approaches to grammar and analyzing sentence structure. It describes traditional prescriptive grammar that aimed to set rules based on Latin. It also describes descriptive grammar that aims to objectively describe how languages are used. The document also discusses analyzing immediate constituents, or how words group together into phrases. Labeling constituents with parts of speech allows sentence structure to be represented diagrammatically.
Syntax assignment
The document compares parts of speech between English and French, including adverbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, conjunctions, prepositions, determiners. It notes that French grammar requires elements like adjectives and verbs to agree with the gender of nouns, whereas English does not have grammatical gender. Overall, the structures of the two languages are similar, but French has stricter rules around gender agreement.
Language History
The document discusses the history and evolution of the English language from Old English to Modern English. It describes how Old English was influenced by Latin, Greek and other languages. Several phonetic and syntactic changes occurred between Old and Modern English, including the loss of case inflections and changes in word order. Vowel sounds changed and some consonant sounds disappeared or were replaced. The document also examines how English borrowed words from other languages and how the meanings of some words broadened over time.
Why languages have__dialects
This document discusses the sociohistorical and linguistic factors that lead to the development of dialects in American English. It explains that dialects formed based on the original sites of European settlement in the 17th-18th centuries and were influenced by language contact with indigenous languages and later immigrant languages. Dialect divergence occurred when geographic isolation prevented interaction between speaker groups, and social factors like class and age also contributed to dialect variation.
Unit 2_Phonology.pptx
This document discusses various linguistic concepts related to phonology and language structure. It begins by providing examples of words to pronounce. It then defines four main components of language: phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. For each component, it provides details on the scope of study and key aspects. The document also discusses related concepts like pragmatics, spoken vs written language differences, and English spelling. It concludes by examining speech sound production mechanisms and classification of consonants according to place and manner of articulation.
Chapter 5.1.pptx
This document provides an introduction to morphology, the study of word structure. It discusses the basic units of meaning in words called morphemes, including roots, stems, prefixes, suffixes, and other affixes. It explains the difference between inflectional and derivational morphology. Inflectional morphology involves changes that indicate grammatical information like number, tense, or case, while derivational morphology derives new words and can change a word's class. The document also covers topics like allomorphy, where a single morpheme can have variable phonetic forms depending on context.
Cognates
Cognates are words that are spelled similarly or identically in two languages and have the same or similar meanings. There are many cognates between English and Spanish due to their shared Latin and Greek roots. Cognates can help Spanish learners recognize vocabulary more easily. However, some cognate word pairs have different meanings, so learners should be aware of "false cognates." Cognates provide a shortcut for learning Spanish vocabulary but do not cover all bases on their own.
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颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
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The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
Bats, the mysterious creatures of the night, have long been a source of fascination and fear for humans. With their eerie squeaks and fluttering wings, they have captured our imagination and sparked our curiosity. Yet, beyond the myths and legends, bats are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in our ecosystem.
There are over 1,300 species of bats, ranging from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat to the majestic flying foxes. These winged mammals are found in almost every corner of the globe, from the scorching deserts to the lush rainforests. Their diversity is a testament to their adaptability and resilience.
Bats are insectivores, feeding on a vast array of insects, from mosquitoes to beetles. A single bat can consume up to 1,200 insects in an hour, making them a crucial part of our pest control system. By preying on insects that damage crops, bats save the agricultural industry billions of dollars each year.
But bats are not just useful; they are also fascinating creatures. Their ability to fly in complete darkness, using echolocation to navigate and hunt, is a remarkable feat of evolution. They are also social animals, living in colonies and communicating with each other through a complex system of calls and body language.
Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats, from habitat destruction to climate change. Many species are endangered, and conservation efforts are necessary to protect these magnificent creatures.
In conclusion, bats are more than just creatures of the night; they are a vital part of our ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. By learning more about these fascinating animals, we can appreciate their importance and work to protect them for generations to come. So, let us embrace the beauty and mystery of bats, and celebrate their unique place in our world.
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Great Vowel Shift
- 1. Great Vowel Shift English 4613 Fall 2008