The document discusses the characteristics and applications of various forms of graphene used in composite materials, highlighting its extraordinary properties such as high tensile strength and thermal conductivity. It provides examples of graphene-enhanced products across different industries, including automotive and sports equipment, demonstrating how graphene can improve performance and reduce weight. Additionally, the document emphasizes the confusion around the definition of 'quality graphene' and the importance of selecting credible suppliers for specific applications.

1. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene and Composite Materials - Stronger Together
This presentation will;
Describe the type and characteristics of the most common
forms of graphene used in composite materials.
Provide examples of how graphene is being used in
composite materials and actual products.
Graphene Enhanced Composites And Plastics

2. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene and Composite Materials
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3. Graphene and Composite Materials
Types of Graphene Materials
Used in Composites
Forms of Graphene

4. Graphene and Composite Materials
Forms of Graphene
Graphene is a two dimensional (i.e. one atom thick) planar sheet of
sp²-bonded carbon atoms in a dense honeycomb shaped crystal
lattice.
Graphene has extraordinary material properties including ultimate
tensile strength of 130 gigapascals, electron mobility of 15,000
cm2·V−1·s−1, thermal conductivity between 2000–4000 W m−1K−1
and optical transparency of 97.7%. (Eric Pop, 2012) (Sheehy DE, 2009)
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(en) Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part
13: Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials.
Recognizes material up to and including 10 carbon layers as
“graphene”.
Definitions

5. Graphene and Composite Materials
Forms of Graphene
Graphene production methods can be classified broadly as “Top Down”
and “Bottom Up”.
“Top Down” methods start with a feedstock material such as graphite and
through various methods (physical, electrical, chemical, etc.) exfoliate
individual layers of carbon.
“Bottom Up” methods start with a carbon feedstock such as methane gas
that under controlled conditions (such as Chemical Vapor Deposition-
CVD) is deposited on a substrate material (such as copper) in single or
multiple layers.
Production

6. Graphene and Composite Materials
Forms of Graphene
A wide range of materials in the commercial market are currently referred to as “graphene”.
Graphene Materials
Number of
Carbon Layers
Description
1 CVD, Mono-layer or “Pristine” Graphene
1 - 3 Very Few Layer Graphene (vFLG)
2 - 5 Few Layer Graphene (FLG)
2 - 10 Multi-Layer Graphene (MLG)
> 10 Exfoliated graphite or “Graphene nanoplatelets” (GNP)

7. Graphene and Composite Materials
Forms of Graphene
Type Carbon Layers Properties/Applications
Typical commercial
cost ($/KG)
Commercially available
Epitaxial
CVD
1-2
Conductive/almost Transparent/ITO?
High end electronics
Up to $500,000/m²
CVD systems-
Scale up?
Cost! ITO?
FLG 3-10
Conductor/flexible/very high surface area/
Sensors
$100-2,000
Yes- consistency?
Processibility?
MLG 11-20
Composites/Inks and coatings/Lubricants/
Printing
$50-1,500
Yes- variable product
today!
GO various
Insulator? Amorphous
Hydrophillic-dispersions
Defects and voids. Cement
$50-2,000
In Part- still evolving but
growing
Graphite used in
GNP production
50+
Lubricants/Refactories/brakes/
Engineering materials
$1-20
Established for 150 years
Approx. 1m tonnes pa

8. Graphene and Composite Materials
Forms of Graphene
In addition to the number of carbon layers, additional characteristics define the material.
Graphene Oxide (GO) - a compound of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen (typically approx. 65% carbon / 35%
oxygen by weight).
Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) - Graphene Oxide in which removes much of the oxygen content resulting in
approximately 95% carbon by weight.
Graphene Powder, Solution or Paste - Graphene material can be prepared in various physical forms including
as a dry (usually black) powder, in solution (e.g. water or alcohol) or in a paste form (often as a dull reddish
brown color).
Graphene Nano Platelets (GNPs) - GNPs typically have thickness of between 1 nm to 3 nm and lateral
dimensions ranging from approximately 100 nm to 100 µm.
Functionalized Graphene - Chemical functionalization (adding specific elements to the surface of the
graphene) is important in many applications where untreated graphene would be difficult to work with.
Graphene Materials

9. Graphene and Composite Materials
Sample Graphene Dispersion Routes
Graphene
Functionalization
Functionalized
Graphene
Solvent mixing
with Plasticizer
Mechanical mixing with Plasticizer
Graphene /
Plasticizer
Solution
Graphene /
Plasticizer
Masterbatch
Solvent Removal
Compounding with
Rubber
Graphene / Rubber
Nano-composite
Dispersion with
Surfactants
Graphene
Liquid Premix
Compounding into Polymer
Graphene
Composite
Graphene /
Plasticizer
Masterbatch
Compounding with
Rubber
Graphene / Rubber
Nano-composite
Sources: Fullerex Ltd. and Cealtech Inc.
Dispersion into
Monomer
Dispersion into Resin
Functionalized
Graphene Resin
Masterbatch
Functionalized
Graphene
Monomer
Polymerization
Compounding
Graphene
Composite
Graphene
Composite

10. Graphene and Composite Materials
Forms of Graphene and “Quality”
There is widespread confusion about the definition of “Quality Graphene”.
Material that is not suitable for one application may be ideal for another.
Graphene “defects” may actually enhance the efficacy of the material for a particular application.
There is no such thing as a reference material for graphene at this time.
Because load factors can be quite low, the price of the material is not the most significant factor
when selecting source material.
The primary factor is in selecting a trusted and competent supplier of the material that
understands your application areas.

11. Graphene and Composite Materials
Examples of Graphene
Enhanced Composites
and Applications
Graphene Enhanced Composites

12. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Enhanced Composites
Of the more than 40 major application
verticals for graphene, ‘Composites’
form the largest single application area.
Composites

13. Graphene and Composite Materials
Composite Application Areas
Graphene can be used to enhance performance in a wide range of applications;
Automotive
Rubber
Plastics
Aerospace
3D printing
Coatings and Barriers
Polymers and Epoxies
Carbon Fibre Reinforced
Polymer (CFRP)
Sports Equipment

14. Graphene and Composite Materials
Material Performance Characteristics
Graphene is used to provide enhanced performance;
Performance Improvement
Electrical Conductivity
Thermal Managment
UV Protection
Longer Wear
Anti-Static
Weight Reduction
Robustness
Mechanical Reinforcement
Flexibility
Barrier Properties
Sensors (Enabling self monitoring)

15. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Application Examples
Partnering with the Callaway golf company, XG Science’s GNP’s are used
in the development of a new golf ball designed to improve performance.
Sports
Graphene-infused Dual SoftFast Core maximizes
compression energy while minimizing driver-spin and
promoting high launch for long distance
Softer golf balls compress easier on off center hits for
distance all over the face
"We've innovated at every layer, starting with our groundbreaking new Graphene Dual SoftFast Core. The result is
an extremely fast and soft-feeling ball that promotes high-launch and low spin off the tee for long distance, and
incredible shot-stopping spin around the green.” – Dr. Alan Hocknell, SVP, R&D, Callaway Golf

16. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Application Examples
FORD MOTOR CO.
Graphene will be used under the hood in Ford vehicles,
a first in automotive.
Ford, Eagle Industries and XG Sciences have found a
way to use a very small amount of graphene while
achieving major property improvements – more
lightweight, better heat conductivity and noise
reduction.
In vehicles, graphene will act like a pair of super-
powered, noise cancelling headphones, reducing
sound inside the cabin and creating a quieter ride
Graphene-Enhanced Materials

17. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Application Examples
Automotive
Formulated to amplify the mechanical
performance of both rigid and flexible PU foams
Produces stronger foams and reduces heat
distortion
Can be used in a wider variety of applications
due to increased heat deflection temperature
Enables lightweighting
Improved compression strength by 20%
Improved NVH (noise & vibration) by 17%
Engin Covers
for thermal
management
Graphene-Enhanced Polyurethane Foam

18. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Application Examples
Versarien, an advanced materials engineering
group, based in Cheltenham, UK, partnered with
Bromley Technologies Ltd, from Rotherham, UK, to
create a bronze medal winning skeleton sled for
British Olympian Dominic Parsons. (FEB 2018)
Versarien and Composites used in the Olympics
Dr Kristan Bromley, CEO and innovation director of
Bromley Technologies Ltd, says:
“Graphene-enhanced composites enable the structural properties of sports products to be pushed to new levels.
In particular, they allow increased strength-to-weight ratio and tougher impact properties to be achieved over
conventional advanced composite materials. In elite sports where small margins often define winning
performances, these enhancements can make the difference between winning and losing.”

19. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Application Examples
Graphene enhanced resin automotive body panel developed in collaboration with the UK supercar
company, BAC, the team responsible for the award-winning BAC Mono single-seat car.
Haydale Composite Solutions (HCS)
The graphene-enhanced resin is stronger than
traditional materials, which has enabled the
reduction in the amount of fibers in the composite
material.
Approximately 20% reductions in mass can
improve performance and fuel economy in vehicles.

20. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Application Examples
Haydale Composite Solutions produced graphene-enhanced electrically-conductive carbon
fibre-reinforced composite materials (CFRP).
The objective was to provide improved resistance to damage from a severe lightning-strike
event on critical aircraft parts.
Carbon fibre-reinforced composite (CFRP)

21. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Application Examples
Test results, untreated versus graphene enhanced material.
Figure 1: Back face of unmodified panel aFer
lightning strike showing punch-through
Figure 2: Back face of Haydale-modified panels aFer
lightning strike showing no visible damage
Carbon fibre-reinforced composite (CFRP)

22. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Application Examples
Carbon fibre-reinforced composite (CFRP)
600% increase in through-thickness electrical conductivity of laminates with scope to increase by several orders
of magnitude.
Strength properties equivalent or better than control material.
Demonstrator produced proving manufacturing and demonstrating a typical Lightning strike zone 2/3 application.
Potential for the reduction/elimination of parasitic mass (copper mesh) leading to lower manufacturing costs and
mass saved.
Other areas of application:
EMC and RF Shielding application such as electronic enclosures
Anti-static, aircraft ducting and piping, interior
Most applications using CFRP/GRP that need metal coatings for reflectivity/conductivity

23. Graphene and Composite Materials
Graphene Application Examples
Potential Benefits (While maintaining same structural performance)
Reduced number of plies
Lighter weight
Lower material cost
Reduced process cost—less laminating time
Lower component cost
Results in overall lower cost composite materials for equivalent performance metrics.

24. Graphene and Composite Materials
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25. Graphene and Composite Materials
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