Berseem, known as king of fodder crops, is popular among livestock farmers of the world. It belongs to the clover group and internationally famous as Egyptian Clover. Botanically it is known as
Trifolium alexandrinum L. Berseem is one of the oldest cultivated clovers, domesticated in Egypt and later introduced into many other parts of the world. It is now widespread in the irrigated regions
of west and south Asia. Among the berseem growing countries, India is having highest area under berseem with around 2 million ha followed by Egypt (1.1 million ha) and Pakistan (0.71 million ha)
Introduction
Forage Quality
Global and Indian Scenario
Taxonomy
Types of Berseem
Habit
Floral Biology
Origin
Distribution
Soil and Climate
Breeding Objectives
Limitations
Future Prospects
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Snap bean breeding in eastern africa ppt. presented by Oduor Kenneth Tembe. U...Kenneth Tembe
In the recent past, Snap bean has been an important crop in ensuring food security and economic stability.Research towards improving the crop is therefore timely.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
Berseem, known as king of fodder crops, is popular among livestock farmers of the world. It belongs to the clover group and internationally famous as Egyptian Clover. Botanically it is known as
Trifolium alexandrinum L. Berseem is one of the oldest cultivated clovers, domesticated in Egypt and later introduced into many other parts of the world. It is now widespread in the irrigated regions
of west and south Asia. Among the berseem growing countries, India is having highest area under berseem with around 2 million ha followed by Egypt (1.1 million ha) and Pakistan (0.71 million ha)
Introduction
Forage Quality
Global and Indian Scenario
Taxonomy
Types of Berseem
Habit
Floral Biology
Origin
Distribution
Soil and Climate
Breeding Objectives
Limitations
Future Prospects
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Snap bean breeding in eastern africa ppt. presented by Oduor Kenneth Tembe. U...Kenneth Tembe
In the recent past, Snap bean has been an important crop in ensuring food security and economic stability.Research towards improving the crop is therefore timely.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Scope for production of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.)BHU
Millets are one of the oldest foods known to humans but they were discarded in approbation of wheat and rice with urbanization and industrialization. Millets are low water consuming crops. The rainfall requirement for sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet is less than 25% of sugarcane and banana and 30% that of rice. Finger millet is called as the powerhouse of health benefiting nutrients as it has highest amount of calcium (344 mg/100 g of finger millet), iron (3.9 g/100 g of finger millet) and minerals (2.7 g/100 g of finger millet).
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
It is detail information regarding Caster seed as a commodity. it gives overall as well as country overview and price profile and % change on YOY on same date in one year difference of arrival in Mandis.
This presentation is a basic level presentation which will help you to go through quick revisions for production technology of guava. This will help you to study about Tropical and subtropical climate fruits.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Scope for production of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.)BHU
Millets are one of the oldest foods known to humans but they were discarded in approbation of wheat and rice with urbanization and industrialization. Millets are low water consuming crops. The rainfall requirement for sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet is less than 25% of sugarcane and banana and 30% that of rice. Finger millet is called as the powerhouse of health benefiting nutrients as it has highest amount of calcium (344 mg/100 g of finger millet), iron (3.9 g/100 g of finger millet) and minerals (2.7 g/100 g of finger millet).
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Pointed gourd. 2.Glycemic Properties of Trichosanthes dioica Leaves.pptx
3.STUIDES ON h2, GENETIC ADVANCE.pptx
4.Characterization and evaluation of hybrid pointed gourd genotypes.pptx
5.GENETIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND GENETIC ADVANCE IN.pptx
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
It is detail information regarding Caster seed as a commodity. it gives overall as well as country overview and price profile and % change on YOY on same date in one year difference of arrival in Mandis.
This presentation is a basic level presentation which will help you to go through quick revisions for production technology of guava. This will help you to study about Tropical and subtropical climate fruits.
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptxjana861314
Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.
Asparagus and dracaena - Species and varieties - Production technologyDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
FOLIAGE FILLERS - Asparagus and Dracaena - introduction and uses – varieties – propagation - planting systems and methods – nutrition and water management - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
HIS VIDEO IS MEANT FOR UPCOMING EXAM HORTICULTURE II ROSE VARIETY II CLIMATE II SOIL II PLANT PROTECTION II HARVESTING
Lily II LILIUM II AGRI SILVI GURU II DDA SO SPECIAL CLASS II STEPS TO SUCESS II HORTICULTURE
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
DESCRIBE ABOUT 12 SOIL ORDER
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
Lily II LILIUM II AGRI SILVI GURU II DDA SO SPECIAL CLASS II STEPS TO SUCESS ...AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
HIS VIDEO IS MEANT FOR UPCOMING DDA SO EXAM II ICAR JRF HORTICULTURE II LILY VARIETY II CLIMATE II SOIL II PLANT PROTECTION II HARVESTING
Lily II LILIUM II AGRI SILVI GURU II DDA SO SPECIAL CLASS II STEPS TO SUCESS II HORTICULTURE
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
Flower shows in india II AGRI SILVI GURU II ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE II AGRICU...AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
THIS VIDEO IS MEANT FOR UPCOMING DDA SO EXAM II ICAR JRF HORTICULTURE II FLOWER AND GARDEN SHOW IN INDIA
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
variety
climate
plant protection
harvesting
mcq question
THIS VIDEO IS MEANT FOR UPCOMING DDA SO EXAM II ICAR JRF HORTICULTURE II LILY VARIETY II CLIMATE II SOIL II PLANT PROTECTION II HARVESTING
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
chrysanthemum
COMMON NAME
SCIENTIFIC NAME
VARIETY
CLIMATE
SOIL
PROPAGATION
DORMANCY TREATMENT
PLANT PROTECTION
DISEASE
PEST
HARVESTING
FERTILIZER DOSE
MCQ QUESTION
ANSWER
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. • GRAPE
• Botanical Name: Vitis vinifera
• Family: Vitaceae
• In India, all most all our produce is consumed as table fruit, while in
European countries 99% of their produce is used for preparation of
wines.
• Grapes are also used for preparation of other products like raisins,
fresh juice and Jams etc.
• The grape fruits are rich in sugar and particularly in hexose and are
easily digestible.
• It is fairly a good source of minerals like Calcium, Phosphorous and Iron
and vitamins B1 and B2.
• The juice is mild laxative and acts as a stimulant to kidneys.
3. •In area and production Maharastra is in No 1 position
•50% world fruit production = grapes
•2n=38
•n = 19
•Non climatic , berry , cross pollinated fruit
•Panicle inflorescence
•Carbohydrate – 16%
•Moisture – 80%
•India export grapes to Netherland
4. Climate:
•Parts of India having more than 100cm of rainfall are not
suitable.
•A rain free period of 90 days from the time of pruning is
most desirable.
•Frost does great damage if it occurs during its growing
period.
•It thrives well in regions with a temperature range of
4.5OC and 45OC.
5. •Varieties: The commercial varieties of grapes grown
in India belong to vitis vinifera (European grapes)
• American grapes belong to vitis labrusca and vitis
rotundifolia, where the skin separates easily from
pulp when ripe.
•The important commercially grown varieties are-
Bangalore blue, Gulabi, Anab-e- Shahi, Dilkush,
Patcha Draksha, Puas seedless, Thompson seedless,
Beautty seedless and Perlette
6.
7.
8. •Table grapes: The grapes are used as fresh fruit.
•These grapes must be attractive inappearance and must have
pleasing eating quality and good keeping and shipping
qualities.
•Grapes with Muscat flavour, thin skin, firm flesh and without
seeds are preferred.
•The grapes should also possess the characteristic colour of the
variety.
•Important varieties are Thompson seedless, Pusa seedless,
Perlette, Beauty seedless, New perlette, Anab-e Shahi, Bhokri,
Cardinal, Black Muscat, Early Muscat, Fakhri, Kandhari, and
Kale-Sahebi etc.
9. •Raisin grapes: Seedless grapes posessing soft
texture, a marked and pleasing flavour, large or very
small size after drying and a little tendency to
become sticky during storage are classed as good
raisin grapes.
•For safekeeping, the raisins should not have more
than 17% moisture.
•Important varieties are Thompson seedless, Pusa
seedless, Kishmish, Black Corinth and Sultana,
Muscat, Alexandria etc.
10. •Wine grapes: Two types of wines can be prepared
from grapes i.e. table wines and desert wines.
•Table wines are produced from grapes of
moderately high sugar content and of moderate or
high acidity.
•The desert wines are produced from grapes having
high sugar content and low acid content.
•Important varieties are Gross Column, Red Prince,
Black Champa, Beauty seedless, Cheema Sahebi
etc.
11. •Sweet - juice grapes: These grapes produce
acceptable beverage when it is preserved by
pasteurization, germ proof filtration or other
means.
•The juice must be able to retain fresh grape-
flavour.
•Important varieties are Bangalore Purple,
Bangalore Blue, Gulabi, Concord, and Pearl of
Csaba.
12. •Canning grapes: Seedless grapes are used in
canning with other fruits, in fruit salad and fruit
cocktail.
•Important varieties are Thompson seedless, Pusa
seedless, Perlette, Canner etc.
13. •Propagation: Grape can be propagated both by sexual and
asexual methods
•Asexual or vegetative propagation has high percentage of
success and it ensures genetical purity
•Vegetative propagation in grape is practiced through cuttings,
grafting, layering and budding
•Propagation through hardwood cuttings is the most popular
method of propagation in grape
•Phylloxera (Aphid) resistant root stocks—St.George and
Riparia.
•Nematode and soil salinity-- Salt creek
•Resistant to nematode-- Harmony and Dog ridge
14. •Spacing: The spacing that is given between the
vines will depend on soil, climate, and vigour of the
variety, method of training, pruning and cultivation
practices.
15. •Planting:
•Pits of 1m3 are dug at required spacing.
October is the ideal time for planting unrooted
cuttings directly in the filed.
•Rooted cuttings are planted in January or
February.
•When rootstocks are planted, budding or
grafting is done in July-August.
•Either chip or wedge grafting is followed.
16. Training and Pruning Before actually discussing the subject of training
and pruning it is necessary to understand the various terms
17. •Training:
•bower, kniffin, telephone trellis, and head
system are followed in India.
•Head System: This is the cheapest and easiest
system of training grape vines. In this system
the vines are trained like dwarf bush.
•Less vigorous varieties and varieties producing
fruitful shoots are suitable for this system. Ex.
Beauty seedless, Perlette, Delight and Gold.
18. •In this system the plants are spread very closely to
accomodate2000-2500 plants per acre.
•The vine is allowed to grow to a single stem with
the help of stakes. After attaining a height of 3‘ the
plant is topped and two lateral branches are
encouraged.
•The plant is again topped at 4‘ height by which two
or more laterals are developed.
•After keeping 4 laterals, 4‘ above the ground in all
directions, the rest of the shoots are thinned out.
20. •Dis-advantages:
•The vines are slow to come to full production
•Increased possibility of bunch rot and poor
colour
•The bud and flower drop is maximum
compared to other systems.
21. •Pendal System: This system is also called as Arbour,
Pergola, Mandwa, Over head or Bower system
•Owing to the vigorous growth of the vine and
pronounced apical dominance in the tropics, this
system is most suitable for many of the commercial
grape cultivars
•Inspite of being the most expensive; this is being
adopted on a large scale almost in all the grape
growing regions of India.
22. •In this system the vines are spread over a criss cross net
work of wires usually 7‘ (2.1m) above the ground
supported by pillars(Concrete, stone or iron).
•Only the best growing shoot from the plant is allowed to
grow upright along the stake provided up to the bower
height.
•Two vigorous shoots in opposite direction are selected
and allowed to grow
•These two shoots develop into primary arms. On each
primary arm three laterals on either side
•Thus, there will be 12 secondary arms on each
23. •Advantages:
•Greater spread of the vines.
•Better exposure of the foliage to the sun, resulting in
better maturity of the canes.
•Higher production.
•More uniform bunch colour
•Superior quality of fruits, which are free from sunscald.
•The vines in general give uniform performance
•It gives good protection to the canes against hot
desiccating winds with ease in bird scaring
24. •Dis advantages:
•It is the most expensive than all other systems
•Pruning, training and spraying operations become
difficult
•The spraying material cannot reach effectively the
leaves and shoots.