The document provides information on three non-traditional crops: sunflower, safflower, and soybean. It discusses the history, description, cultivation practices, pests, and yields of each crop. For sunflower, it describes varieties commonly grown in Pakistan, optimal temperatures, soil types, planting times, irrigation needs, and average yields of 500-980 kg/ha. For safflower, it outlines origin in Pakistan-India, economic importance as an oilseed, recommended fertilizer doses, and pest issues like capsule fly. Details are also given on soybean's role as a major edible oil worldwide and cultivation in Pakistan.

1. Non-Traditional Crops
Submitted to
Dr. Muqarrab Ali
Submitted By
Ahmad Hassan Bilal Haider
Zaeem Uzair M. Shahzad
M. Ahsan M. Shakeel
Ammad ud Din M. Nadeem
M. Husnain

2. Non-Traditional Crops
•Sunflower
•Safflower
•Soybean

3. Sunflower
• Botanical Name
Helianthus annuus
• Family
Compositae
• Local Name
Surajmukhi

4. History and Importance
• Probably originated in the southern west US
• In Pakistan it is originated as an oil seed crop
in 1960’s
• It is used for extraction of oil
• Residue as source of fire wood

5. Description
• Plant height up to 1-3 m or 3.28-9.84 ft
• One thousand seed weight is 500-100 g
• Oil content varies from 25-48%
• It contain 20-40 leaves
• Head commonly varies from 10-30 cm

6. Locality
• Temperate zone crop
• It can be grown between 40o S and 55o N
• Day neutral, Insensitive plant, short days and
long days types are also identified
• Highest yield are up to 1500 m elevation

7. Temperature
• Sunflower require 120 frost free days
• It can also tolerate temperature from 8o-34o C
• the optimum temperature is considered to be
20o-25o C.

8. Areas of Sunflower Growth
• KPK: Peshawar, Mardan, Sawat and Haripur
• Punjab: Rawalpindi, Gujrat, Sialkot, Lahore,
Sheikhupura, Kasur, Sahiwal, Multan, Vehari,
Bahawalpur, Rahimyarkhan, Okara and
Sarghoda.

9. Areas of Sunflower Growth
• Sindh: Thatta, Badin, Hydrabad, Nawabshah,
Mirpurkhas and Shukkar
• Baluchistan: Lasbela, Qalat and Khuzdar

10. Soil
• Sunflower thrives nearly on all type of soils
• Clayey and Sandy are good for its growing
• Soil must be moist and well drained
• Acidic soil are not suitable

11. Soil
• It can tolerate a pH range 6.5-8.0
• Salinity affects germination, plant growth,
development and seed composition.

12. Cultural Practices
• Seedbed Preparation
Sunflower has a well developed root system
Deep ploughing with a mould bold plough or
sardheri plough is necessary
Secondary tillage implements such as disc
harrows or tines should be used to level the
field for plantation and for subsequent
irrigations.

13. Cultural Practices
Soil must be in moist condition during
germination
In light soils soil should be pressed to make
contact between seed and keep seed moist
This technique is especially important in dry
rainfed areas

14. Nutrients Requirement
100 kg of seed require 6, 2 and 18 kg of N,
P2O5 and K respectively
Balanced application of NPK is essential
N alone reduce yield and oil content of seed.
 Basic dose of 40-60 kg/ ha of P2O5 is also
essential

15. Nutrients Requirement
Recommended doses of fertilizers by PARC;
In Irrigated areas:
35-45 kg of N/ ha
30-35 kg of P2O5/ ha
15 kg of K2O/ha

16. Nutrients Requirement
In Rainfed areas:
30-40 kg of N/ ha
20-25 kg of P2O5/ ha
15 kg of K2O/ ha

17. Time of Planting
Irrigated areas
July 10 to Aug. 30 ( Summer)
Jan. 15 to Feb. 28 ( Spring)
Rainfed areas
July 1 to Aug. 10 ( Summer)
Feb. 10 to March 15 ( Spring)

18. Time of Planting
• KPK plains and Mountains tract
 March 1 to 30 (Spring)
July 1 to Aug. 15 (Summer)

19. Seed Rate
Seed rate varies from 3-8 kg / ha depending
upon the size of the seed and spacing
On light soils it is increased proportionally

20. Plant Population
The recommended population in irrigated
lands is 75,000 to 85,000 plants/ ha
On rainfed areas the plant population is
37,000 to 50,000 plants/ ha
Plant to Plant distance should be 25-30 cm
and Row to Row spacing is 70-75 cm

21. Method of Planting
Seed should be sown 3-8 cm deep using the
cotton drill
Sowing can also be done by using the kera
method by using desi plough.

22. Intercultural and Weeding
• Thinning is the best operation to maintain the
plant population
• Weak and abnormal seedlings should be
uprooted before the first irrigation.
• By mechanical intercultural practices yield is
reduced 65-70%

23. Control of Weeds
• Hand tools such as kudal, bar harrow or tripali
should be used to eradicate the weeds
• A number of pre-sowing weedicides are used
some of these are brutalin, nitalin and
proflura

24. Intercropping
• Intercropping with the ground nut and the
mung bean increased the monetary value of
the crop by 20-30%

25. Crop Rotation
• Crop Rotation which is common is as;
• Cotton- Sunflower- Cotton
• Rice- Sunflower- Rice
• Sunflower- Wheat- Sunflower
• Sugarcane -Sunflower -Maize

26. Crop Rotation
In Rainfed areas rotations are as follows;
Sunflower- Wheat- Groundnut
Sunflower- Wheat- Soybean

27. Irrigation
At least 4 times for Spring planted crop
First at the 15 days after emergence
Second at the completion of vegetation stage
Third at the head formation
Fourth at the seed filling.

28. Irrigation
Summer planted crop require 3 irrigations
First at the 15 days after emergence
Second at the completion of vegetation stage
Fourth at the seed filling

29. Harvesting and Threshing
• Spring planted plants mature during May to
June
• Summer planted plants mature at end of
November
• It is usually harvested when the back of flower
turns yellow and leaves become grayish white

30. Harvesting and Threshing
• Moisture content is 30-35% at this stage
• The head are cut with the sickle from the
standing crop and are spread in the open area
to dry
• The seeds are also separated from the heads
by the use of threshers and the combine
harvesters.

31. Storage
• Storage of sunflower is requiring the special
care as it is the oil-containing seed
• After threshing the seed should be keep in the
dry place under the sun to keep the moisture
at 8-10%
• Storage bins should be cleaned and treated
with the insecticides in order to avoid the
insects attack

32. Cultivars
• The cultivars of sunflower are Noor, Shams,
HO-1
• The hybrids of sunflower are NK-212, NK-265,
Hysun-33
• The recommended hybrids of sunflower are
Sunross-24, Sun bred- 265 and Euroflor.

33. Yield
• Average yield of sunflower on all types of soil
is 500-980 kg/ha in irrigated areas
• Average yield of sunflower in rainfed areas
400-800 kg/ ha.

34. Diseases and Pests
• Sclerotinia wilt and rot
• Charcoal rot
• Vetricillium wilt
• Alternaria wilt

35. Insects
• Armyworms
• Cutworms
• Hairy caterpillars
• Bud worms

36. Birds
• Parrots
• Pigeons
• Sparrows
• Attack is severe at evening and in morning

37. Safflower
Introduction
• Scientific name : Carthamus tinctorius
• Family: Compositae
• Local Name: Kasumba

38. Description
• Annual day-neutral rabi crop.
• Found throughout the country.
• 15-150 flowers per plant.
• 20-100 florets per flower.
• Blooming period 10- 40 days.
• Plant height range 100 – 148 cm depends
upon variety.

39. Origin & History
• 7 centers of origin ( Pakistan-India
Subcontinent, Middle East, Egypt-Sudan,
Ethiopia, Europe).
• In Punjab it is cultivated in the area of Gujrat
District and Gilgit for fodder and medicinal
purpose.
• In Sindh as a popular drink.
• In some countries, safflower is used as a
commercial oil seed crop for a decade.

40. Economic Importance
• In last 15 years, safflower cultivation has 1.3-
1.5 million hectares worldwide.
• Its cultivation
• India 62%
• USA 16%
• Safflower are cultivated on 8093 hectares in
Punjab ,Sindh and KPK.
• Major contribution from Sindh that is 75%.

41. Economic Importance
• Oil contents of safflower seed is 32-36%
• Safflower is used in the manufacture of soft
margarines as salad oil and for other edible
products.
• Industrial use include the manufacturing of
pharmaceuticals ,paints and varnishes.

42. Locality, Soil & Climate requirement
• Commercial production is concentrated in
semiarid areas below 1000m altitude.
• Safflower seedling can tolerate temperature
from -7 to -14.4 degree Celsius.
• The Crop are grown a variety of soils in the pH
range of 5-8.
• If rain occur after flowering seeds are
undersized and discolored.

43. Locality, Soil & Climate requirement
• Excessive rainfall or humidity may cause
fungus attack at all stages of growth.
• Pollination decrease if prolong rain occur at
flowering stage.
• Light, fairly deep, and well drained soils of pH
around 7 are the best for obtaining high
yields.

44. Cultural Practices
• Safflower required a clod-free seedbed with a
firm subsoil and adequate soil moisture for
good germination.
1) Manuring:
• In irrigated areas in Sindh the optimum dose
is134-67-0 kg/ha NPK.
• Under dobari conditions 56-56-0 kg/ha NPK is
recommended as the optimum dose.

45. Cultural Practices
• In Punjab recommended dose of fertilizer for
safflower is 30-35-0 kg/ha NPK.
2) Planting time:
• The best sowing time for safflower in Southern
Sindh is from 15 Oct to end of Nov.
• In Northern Sindh from the 2nd fortnight of Nov
to the end of Dec and even the 1st week of Jan.
• In Faisalabad, the winter crop should be planted
in Nov & the spring crop in Feb.

46. Cultural Practices
• if planted in Nov:
• In Southern Sindh, safflower requires 150
Days
• In Northern Sindh, 170 Days required.
• In Islamabad 200 Days required.
• In Quetta to Murree, 240 Days required.

47. Cultural Practices
• Generally broadcasting sowing method is
used.
• Line sowing method is considered to give high
yields.
• On heavy soils, sowing can be done by
broadcasting followed by ploughing &
planking at the depth of 3-5cm.
• In dry soil, seed depth may be upto 10-15cm.

48. Cultural Practices
3) Seed rate and method of sowing:
• For dry land 17-22kg/ha & 28-44kg/ha for
irrigated crops is recommended.
• For commercial stand, a seed rate of 30-
60kg/ha is recommended, depending upon
the variety and soil condition.
• In Pakistan, a seed rate if 5-12kg/ha is
common in dry land mixed cropping.

49. Cultural Practices
4) Interculturing & weeding:
• In early growth stages should be free from
weeds by interculturing.
• Safflower is very susceptible to weed
competition until the rosette stage, it is
important to make the land weed free.
• Proper tillage & one or two intercultivations
are best for the removal of weeds.

50. Cultural Practices
• Chemical weed control may be uneconomical
under dry land conditions.
5) Intercropping & rotation:
• Traditional intercrop in wheat in some parts of
Pakistan.
• In India, safflower is intercropped in chickpea.
• Recommended crop patterns are:
• Cotton – safflower – maize - wheat

51. Cultural Practices
• Safflower – groundnut
• Soyabean – safflower
• Bajra – jowar - safflower
6) Irrigation:
• 5-6 irrigation are sufficient for this crop.
• 1st irrigation is given 30-40 days after sowing.
• Subsequent irrigations at intervals of 20-25 days,
depending upon the temperature, soil type and
condition of the crop.
• Yield can be increased by 40-60% by giving life saving
irrigation at the elongation stage of flowering stage.

52. Cultural Practices
7) Harvesting and storage:
• Safflower takes 120-150 days to mature, and is
ready for harvest in about 30-40 days after
maximum flower.
• Harvesting is done in the morning to reduce
shattering.
• Seed with moisture content below 8% can
store at room temperature.

53. Varieties
‘Gila’ CV is grown in Punjab.
‘Thori-78-28’ and ‘Gila’ in Sindh.
‘Thori-78’ and ‘Gila’ in Balochistan.
• Spiny varieties give higher yields and
greater oil, farmer prefer the spineless
varieties for ease of harvesting.

54. Yield
• Highest yield, about 1800 kg/ha is obtained in
Mexico.
• In India, yield increased from 381kg/ha in 1979-
81 to 549kg/ha in 1989.
• In Pakistan, seed yield increased from 553kg/ha
in 1982-83 to 678kg/ha in 1991-92.

55. Insects
• Capsule fly (Canthiophilus helianthi)
• Black aphid (Uroleucon compositae)

56. Control:
use of insecticide ‘pay off’ 100 EC at 500-600
ml/ha, or Methyl parathion 50 EC at 1250-
2500ml/ha for control of capsule fly.
Use of Metasystox 25 EC at 750-1200 ml/ha,
Dimecron 100 EC at 450-600 ml/ha, or
Tameran 100 EC at 750-875 ml/ha for the
control of black aphid.

57. Diseases & their control
Disease Control
• Leaf rust (Puccinia carthami) • Bayleton 90g or Seprol at 425ml in 250
L of water/ha 3 spray at 7 to 10 days
interval.
• Leaf spot (Ramularia carthame) • Seed treatment with Vitavex, Derasol,
or Sunlet at 2-5g/kg of seed.
• 3 sprays of Diathene M-45 at 3-
4kg/ha.
• Vitigram blue at 1250 g/ha in250 L of
water at intervals of 7-10 days.
• Root rot (Rhizoctonia spp.) • Disease can be prevented by leveling
the field well and removing the
stubble.
• Treating the seed with Sunlet or
Derasol at 2-5g/kg of seed.

58. Soyabean
Technical Name:
Glycine max

59. Introduction
Largest component of the world’s edible oil.
 30.3% of world edible oil .
 Grown in of Hazara& Swat in NWFP.

60. Introduction
As rice cotton based cropping
system in Pnujab and Sindh.
As an intercrop with sugarcane In
NWFP

61. Roots
 Tap root system.
 Up to 1.2 m in length.
 Stem with 8-24 nodes.
 Hairs of different colours.

62. Factors affect the branching habit.
day length
spacing
soil fertility.

63. Types
Determinate
 Produce Flowers at all nodes.
 Usually shorter and more branched
 Vegetative and reproductive stages
not continue simultaneously
Indeterminate
 Flowering begins at 4th or 5th
node from bottom
 Usually tall and less branched
 Vegetative and reproductive stages
continue simultaneously

64. Flowering
Flowering start in 20-50 days
Depending on
daylight
temperature
growth habit

65. • Indeterminate start earlier then that of
determinate.
• Flowers are purple or white
• Self-pollination is the rule but 0.5-1% out
crossing is estimated.

66. Pods
Number of pods per plant depend on
cultivar
environmental factors
 Each pod contain 2-3 seeds
5-10 mm in diameter

67. Soil and PH
Soybean require
well-drained
fertile loamy soil
 Desirable pH is 6-6.5
but 5.8-7 is also acceptable.
Soybean has low salinity tolerance.

68. Soil
Soil acidity reduce nodulation
Desirable characteristics are
Water holding capacity
high organic matter

69. Time of Planting
It is planted in two distinct seasons
(1) Springe
In Punjab & Sindh
3rd week Jan. to 15th of Feb.
In NWFP
15th of Feb. to 15thof March

70. Time of Planting
(2) Kharif
In Sindh
June to 15th of July
In Punjab
July to August
In NWFP
May to June

71. Seed Rate
 Viable for 1 year
75-825 kg/ha
 Planted in rows
R-R distance is 60 cm
P-P distance is 5 cm

72. Irrigation And Harvesting
Irrigation:
rainfall at least 600-1100 mm/yr
Harvesting:
Seed is physiologically mature when the
seed coat is completely yellow.

73. Yield
The reported national average grain yield
is 400-500 kg/ha.

74. Insect Pests
Thrips:
Yellow or black
1.5 mm long
They suck the sap
producing a white scar on leaf.

75. Insect Pests
Bean leaf beetle:
Adult is yellow & 6 mm in length.
They attack on roots, nodules, stem etc.
And many other insects like; Cabbage
lopper, stinkbug, white grub