This document provides a summary of lessons for 2nd year Baccalaureate students. It covers 7 units: Gifts of Youth, Humour, Education, Sustainable Development, Women and Power, Cultural Values, and Citizenship. Each unit covers grammar concepts, functions, and vocabulary related to the topic. For example, Unit 1 discusses expressions followed by infinitives, opinions, and modals. Unit 2 covers making and responding to requests and modals. This document serves as a comprehensive review of various English language concepts for BAC students.
The document defines and describes the four types of conditional sentences in English: zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, and third conditional. The zero conditional uses the present simple tense and describes real, factual situations. The first conditional uses the present simple in the if-clause and will in the result to talk about possible future events. The second conditional uses the past simple in the if-clause and would in the result to describe unlikely or imaginary present/future situations. The third conditional uses the past perfect in the if-clause and would have in the result to talk about unlikely past events.
The document discusses the use of the future continuous tense (will be + verb-ing) in English. It provides examples of how will be is used to denote actions that will be in progress at a stated future time, actions that will definitely occur as a result of a routine, and when asking about someone's plans. It also discusses time indicators that can be used with the future continuous and rules for adding -ing to verb stems.
This document discusses the use of verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives in English. It provides lists of verbs that can be followed by gerunds or infinitives, noting that some verbs can take either but the meaning changes depending on which is used. Examples are given to illustrate the different meanings that can result from using a gerund or infinitive after certain verbs like "stop", "remember", "try", "regret", and "like". The document also notes other uses of gerunds as subjects or objects in sentences or after prepositions.
The document contains a lesson on demonstrative pronouns. It begins with an introduction to demonstrative pronouns and their definitions. It then provides examples of using the demonstrative pronouns 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' to refer to singular and plural nouns that are near or far from the speaker. The document concludes with an activity asking students to complete sentences by choosing the correct demonstrative pronoun based on pictures.
The document discusses the differences between "could have" and "should have."
"Could have" expresses hypothetical past options or suggestions after an event, while "should have" expresses advice or the best option based on consideration of alternatives. The document uses the sinking of the Titanic as an example, listing things that passengers, owners, and crew "could have" done differently as well as what they "should have" done in hindsight.
It also discusses how the third conditional is used to talk about impossible past conditions and results, using the past perfect tense for the condition and "would have" for the impossible result.
The document discusses the past simple and past continuous tenses in English. It covers their forms, uses, differences, and comparisons to the past perfect tense. Key points include:
- The past simple is used for completed past actions and habitual past actions/situations.
- The past continuous emphasizes the ongoing nature of past activities. It is used for descriptions, interrupted actions, and incomplete activities.
- The past perfect refers to an action completed before another past action and is used to clarify the order of events.
This document provides information about using different verb tenses to describe events and situations in the past. It discusses using the past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and future in the past tenses. Specific examples are given to illustrate when to use each tense, such as using the past continuous to describe background situations and the past simple for main events. Time expressions that can be used with different tenses are also outlined.
The document explains the three main types of conditionals in English:
1) Zero conditional - for general truths using the simple present tense (e.g. "If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils")
2) First conditional - for possible present or future events using will + verb (e.g. "If it's sunny, we'll go to the park")
3) Second conditional - for unlikely or impossible present/future events using would + verb (e.g. "If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house")
It also covers the structure, tense use, and examples of when to use each conditional type.
The document defines and describes the four types of conditional sentences in English: zero conditional, first conditional, second conditional, and third conditional. The zero conditional uses the present simple tense and describes real, factual situations. The first conditional uses the present simple in the if-clause and will in the result to talk about possible future events. The second conditional uses the past simple in the if-clause and would in the result to describe unlikely or imaginary present/future situations. The third conditional uses the past perfect in the if-clause and would have in the result to talk about unlikely past events.
The document discusses the use of the future continuous tense (will be + verb-ing) in English. It provides examples of how will be is used to denote actions that will be in progress at a stated future time, actions that will definitely occur as a result of a routine, and when asking about someone's plans. It also discusses time indicators that can be used with the future continuous and rules for adding -ing to verb stems.
This document discusses the use of verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives in English. It provides lists of verbs that can be followed by gerunds or infinitives, noting that some verbs can take either but the meaning changes depending on which is used. Examples are given to illustrate the different meanings that can result from using a gerund or infinitive after certain verbs like "stop", "remember", "try", "regret", and "like". The document also notes other uses of gerunds as subjects or objects in sentences or after prepositions.
The document contains a lesson on demonstrative pronouns. It begins with an introduction to demonstrative pronouns and their definitions. It then provides examples of using the demonstrative pronouns 'this', 'that', 'these', and 'those' to refer to singular and plural nouns that are near or far from the speaker. The document concludes with an activity asking students to complete sentences by choosing the correct demonstrative pronoun based on pictures.
The document discusses the differences between "could have" and "should have."
"Could have" expresses hypothetical past options or suggestions after an event, while "should have" expresses advice or the best option based on consideration of alternatives. The document uses the sinking of the Titanic as an example, listing things that passengers, owners, and crew "could have" done differently as well as what they "should have" done in hindsight.
It also discusses how the third conditional is used to talk about impossible past conditions and results, using the past perfect tense for the condition and "would have" for the impossible result.
The document discusses the past simple and past continuous tenses in English. It covers their forms, uses, differences, and comparisons to the past perfect tense. Key points include:
- The past simple is used for completed past actions and habitual past actions/situations.
- The past continuous emphasizes the ongoing nature of past activities. It is used for descriptions, interrupted actions, and incomplete activities.
- The past perfect refers to an action completed before another past action and is used to clarify the order of events.
This document provides information about using different verb tenses to describe events and situations in the past. It discusses using the past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and future in the past tenses. Specific examples are given to illustrate when to use each tense, such as using the past continuous to describe background situations and the past simple for main events. Time expressions that can be used with different tenses are also outlined.
The document explains the three main types of conditionals in English:
1) Zero conditional - for general truths using the simple present tense (e.g. "If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils")
2) First conditional - for possible present or future events using will + verb (e.g. "If it's sunny, we'll go to the park")
3) Second conditional - for unlikely or impossible present/future events using would + verb (e.g. "If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house")
It also covers the structure, tense use, and examples of when to use each conditional type.
This document discusses the differences between the future continuous and future perfect tenses in English grammar. It provides examples of each, noting that the future continuous (will be + verb-ing) is used to refer to actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future, while the future perfect (will have + past participle) refers to actions that will be completed by a certain time in the future. Time expressions that are typically used with each tense are outlined. Exercises are included for the reader to practice forming sentences using the future continuous and future perfect tenses.
This document provides instruction on using the present perfect progressive grammar tense. It gives examples of sentences using the present perfect progressive to describe an activity that began in the past and continues in the present, or an activity that began in the past and has recently finished with present results. The document also shows the form of the present perfect progressive and asks the reader to practice choosing the correct form in sentences.
This document provides examples of how to connect sentences using conjunctions and linking adverbs to express sequencing, adding information, proving a point, comparing and contrasting, expressing time, cause and effect, emphasis, offering examples, and summarizing. It shows how to combine multiple sentences into a single complex sentence for a variety of purposes using connectors like first, furthermore, consequently, however, and to conclude. It also includes a quiz to test understanding of different connectors.
Either/or and neither/nor are conjunctions used to connect two alternatives. Either is used with "or" to indicate one or the other possibility, while neither is used with "nor" to indicate that neither of the two possibilities are true. Some key rules for using these conjunctions include not using a double negative with neither/nor, and only using either with "or" and neither with "nor". Examples are provided to illustrate the proper usage.
Past perfect tense x past perfect continuousCida Oliveira
This document provides instruction on how to form and use the past perfect tense and past perfect continuous tense in English. It explains that the past perfect tense is formed using "had" plus the past participle of the main verb, and is used to refer to actions completed before something else in the past or to provide reasons for past actions. The past perfect continuous tense is formed using "had been" plus the present participle of the main verb, and is used to refer to actions that started in the past and continued up to another past event or the cause of something in the past. Examples are given for affirmative, negative, and question forms for both tenses.
This document discusses the use of different past tenses in narrative, including the past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous. The past simple is used for short completed actions and longer situations. The past continuous expresses ongoing actions in the past. The past perfect refers to events that occurred before another time in the past, and the past perfect continuous emphasizes ongoing actions up until a point in the past. Each tense is defined and examples are provided to illustrate their proper uses in narration.
The document discusses the usage of the words "yet", "already", and "just" to indicate timing and whether an action has been completed. Some examples provided include a girl who hasn't finished her homework yet, clothes that have already dried, and streets that have already been decorated for Christmas in October. The words are also used in sentences describing actions that have just occurred, such as a helicopter landing or a couple getting married.
This document discusses verb patterns in English, specifically gerunds and infinitives. It provides examples of verbs that take infinitives with "to" and without "to". Verbs that take the infinitive with "to" include want, help, refuse, and verbs of perception in their passive form. Verbs that take the bare infinitive include modal verbs like can, may, must. Certain verbs and expressions also take the bare infinitive, such as have to, rather, sooner, need hardly. The document outlines the different structures and provides numerous examples to illustrate proper usage of gerunds and infinitives.
This document discusses gerunds and infinitives in English grammar. It provides lists of verbs that are followed by gerunds or infinitives. Some key points:
- Gerunds can be used as subjects, objects of verbs, or complements. Infinitives can be subjects, objects, or complements as well, and also follow certain adjectives and nouns.
- Certain verbs like "mean" and "try" have different meanings depending on whether they are followed by a gerund or infinitive.
- Passive forms include gerunds and infinitives like "being played" and "to be played". Get can sometimes replace be in passive forms.
The document discusses the use of modal auxiliary verbs can, could, and be able to. It explains that can is used to talk about present ability or possibility, could is used to talk about past ability or possibility, and be able to is used to talk about ability. It provides examples of how each modal verb is used and exercises for the reader to practice using them correctly.
The document discusses the zero conditional, which refers to situations that are always true. It provides examples of zero conditional sentences using the structure of "if" clause followed by a main clause. Specifically, it states that if you heat water to 100 degrees it will boil, if water gets below freezing it will turn to ice, and if you add two and two the result will be four. It then provides exercises to match if clauses with main clauses to form additional zero conditional sentences.
This document reviews the basics of first and second conditionals in English. The first conditional is used to talk about possible future situations and their consequences, using "if + present, will/won't + infinitive". The second conditional is used to talk about hypothetical or imaginary future situations, using "if + past, would/wouldn't + infinitive". It also provides examples of variations on these structures, such as using modal verbs instead of will/won't, "unless" instead of "if...not", and different present and past verb tenses.
The document discusses the past simple tense in English. It explains that the past simple tense is used to talk about completed actions in the past. It provides examples of regular and irregular verbs in the past tense. It also describes the different types of sentences that can be formed in the past simple tense, including affirmative, negative, and question sentences. Time expressions that are commonly used with the past simple tense are also listed.
The document discusses various verb tenses in English including the present simple, present continuous, past simple, past continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, future simple, future continuous, and future perfect. It provides rules and examples for forming verbs in each tense and discusses the typical uses of each tense.
The document discusses the present continuous tense in English. It is used to describe actions that are happening now or ongoing at the present time. Specifically, the present continuous can express actions occurring right at this moment or actions that are in the process of happening but not necessarily at this exact second, such as longer term activities currently in progress. It provides examples of using the present continuous to talk about what someone is doing now with verbs like "eating", "skiing", or "not dancing", as well as longer term activities like "studying to become a doctor."
The document discusses question tags, which are short phrases added to the end of statements to confirm or find out if something is true. It explains that question tags are formed using an auxiliary or modal verb from the main clause and a subject pronoun. The document provides examples of positive and negative question tags and how they are used depending on whether the main clause is positive or negative. It also discusses irregular question tags for certain verbs and expressions.
The document discusses the present perfect continuous tense in English grammar. It provides the formula for forming sentences in the present perfect continuous, which uses the auxiliary verbs "have" or "has" plus "been" plus the present participle/verb+ing. Examples are given for positive, negative, and interrogative sentences. It then provides more examples to illustrate how the tense can be used to show an action that began in the past and continues in the present, or an action that was recently completed. The document concludes with a short practice test on the present perfect continuous tense.
The document discusses using the future perfect tense to talk about achievements that will have occurred by certain future times. It provides examples of sentences using phrases like "This time next month" and "This time next year" followed by actions that will have been completed by those times, such as "he will have bought a new car". Pictures are included and used to generate more example sentences of future achievements that will have happened. Readers are prompted to imagine and describe their own future achievements using the future perfect tense.
Here are plain language explanations of the financial metaphors involving liquid:
- Pool of resources - A collection or source of money/funds that is available.
- Flooding of capital - A large influx or supply of money/investment coming in.
- Funding dries up - The source of money/financing is disappearing or becoming unavailable.
- Trickle down wealth - The idea that wealth accumulates at the top but some of it will gradually filter down to others lower in the economic system.
- Awash with laundered money - There is a large amount of illegally obtained (laundered) money present.
- Ebb and flow of money - The rising and falling of money
This document provides an outline for an English grammar course, covering topics such as verbs, adjectives, adverbs, tenses, and exercises. The course consists of 16 sessions, beginning with greetings, verbs and tenses. Later sessions cover pronouns, passive voice, conjunctions, and comparative adjectives, culminating in a final exam. Interspersed are quizzes, a midterm, and reviews of previously taught material.
This document discusses the differences between the future continuous and future perfect tenses in English grammar. It provides examples of each, noting that the future continuous (will be + verb-ing) is used to refer to actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future, while the future perfect (will have + past participle) refers to actions that will be completed by a certain time in the future. Time expressions that are typically used with each tense are outlined. Exercises are included for the reader to practice forming sentences using the future continuous and future perfect tenses.
This document provides instruction on using the present perfect progressive grammar tense. It gives examples of sentences using the present perfect progressive to describe an activity that began in the past and continues in the present, or an activity that began in the past and has recently finished with present results. The document also shows the form of the present perfect progressive and asks the reader to practice choosing the correct form in sentences.
This document provides examples of how to connect sentences using conjunctions and linking adverbs to express sequencing, adding information, proving a point, comparing and contrasting, expressing time, cause and effect, emphasis, offering examples, and summarizing. It shows how to combine multiple sentences into a single complex sentence for a variety of purposes using connectors like first, furthermore, consequently, however, and to conclude. It also includes a quiz to test understanding of different connectors.
Either/or and neither/nor are conjunctions used to connect two alternatives. Either is used with "or" to indicate one or the other possibility, while neither is used with "nor" to indicate that neither of the two possibilities are true. Some key rules for using these conjunctions include not using a double negative with neither/nor, and only using either with "or" and neither with "nor". Examples are provided to illustrate the proper usage.
Past perfect tense x past perfect continuousCida Oliveira
This document provides instruction on how to form and use the past perfect tense and past perfect continuous tense in English. It explains that the past perfect tense is formed using "had" plus the past participle of the main verb, and is used to refer to actions completed before something else in the past or to provide reasons for past actions. The past perfect continuous tense is formed using "had been" plus the present participle of the main verb, and is used to refer to actions that started in the past and continued up to another past event or the cause of something in the past. Examples are given for affirmative, negative, and question forms for both tenses.
This document discusses the use of different past tenses in narrative, including the past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous. The past simple is used for short completed actions and longer situations. The past continuous expresses ongoing actions in the past. The past perfect refers to events that occurred before another time in the past, and the past perfect continuous emphasizes ongoing actions up until a point in the past. Each tense is defined and examples are provided to illustrate their proper uses in narration.
The document discusses the usage of the words "yet", "already", and "just" to indicate timing and whether an action has been completed. Some examples provided include a girl who hasn't finished her homework yet, clothes that have already dried, and streets that have already been decorated for Christmas in October. The words are also used in sentences describing actions that have just occurred, such as a helicopter landing or a couple getting married.
This document discusses verb patterns in English, specifically gerunds and infinitives. It provides examples of verbs that take infinitives with "to" and without "to". Verbs that take the infinitive with "to" include want, help, refuse, and verbs of perception in their passive form. Verbs that take the bare infinitive include modal verbs like can, may, must. Certain verbs and expressions also take the bare infinitive, such as have to, rather, sooner, need hardly. The document outlines the different structures and provides numerous examples to illustrate proper usage of gerunds and infinitives.
This document discusses gerunds and infinitives in English grammar. It provides lists of verbs that are followed by gerunds or infinitives. Some key points:
- Gerunds can be used as subjects, objects of verbs, or complements. Infinitives can be subjects, objects, or complements as well, and also follow certain adjectives and nouns.
- Certain verbs like "mean" and "try" have different meanings depending on whether they are followed by a gerund or infinitive.
- Passive forms include gerunds and infinitives like "being played" and "to be played". Get can sometimes replace be in passive forms.
The document discusses the use of modal auxiliary verbs can, could, and be able to. It explains that can is used to talk about present ability or possibility, could is used to talk about past ability or possibility, and be able to is used to talk about ability. It provides examples of how each modal verb is used and exercises for the reader to practice using them correctly.
The document discusses the zero conditional, which refers to situations that are always true. It provides examples of zero conditional sentences using the structure of "if" clause followed by a main clause. Specifically, it states that if you heat water to 100 degrees it will boil, if water gets below freezing it will turn to ice, and if you add two and two the result will be four. It then provides exercises to match if clauses with main clauses to form additional zero conditional sentences.
This document reviews the basics of first and second conditionals in English. The first conditional is used to talk about possible future situations and their consequences, using "if + present, will/won't + infinitive". The second conditional is used to talk about hypothetical or imaginary future situations, using "if + past, would/wouldn't + infinitive". It also provides examples of variations on these structures, such as using modal verbs instead of will/won't, "unless" instead of "if...not", and different present and past verb tenses.
The document discusses the past simple tense in English. It explains that the past simple tense is used to talk about completed actions in the past. It provides examples of regular and irregular verbs in the past tense. It also describes the different types of sentences that can be formed in the past simple tense, including affirmative, negative, and question sentences. Time expressions that are commonly used with the past simple tense are also listed.
The document discusses various verb tenses in English including the present simple, present continuous, past simple, past continuous, present perfect, present perfect continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous, future simple, future continuous, and future perfect. It provides rules and examples for forming verbs in each tense and discusses the typical uses of each tense.
The document discusses the present continuous tense in English. It is used to describe actions that are happening now or ongoing at the present time. Specifically, the present continuous can express actions occurring right at this moment or actions that are in the process of happening but not necessarily at this exact second, such as longer term activities currently in progress. It provides examples of using the present continuous to talk about what someone is doing now with verbs like "eating", "skiing", or "not dancing", as well as longer term activities like "studying to become a doctor."
The document discusses question tags, which are short phrases added to the end of statements to confirm or find out if something is true. It explains that question tags are formed using an auxiliary or modal verb from the main clause and a subject pronoun. The document provides examples of positive and negative question tags and how they are used depending on whether the main clause is positive or negative. It also discusses irregular question tags for certain verbs and expressions.
The document discusses the present perfect continuous tense in English grammar. It provides the formula for forming sentences in the present perfect continuous, which uses the auxiliary verbs "have" or "has" plus "been" plus the present participle/verb+ing. Examples are given for positive, negative, and interrogative sentences. It then provides more examples to illustrate how the tense can be used to show an action that began in the past and continues in the present, or an action that was recently completed. The document concludes with a short practice test on the present perfect continuous tense.
The document discusses using the future perfect tense to talk about achievements that will have occurred by certain future times. It provides examples of sentences using phrases like "This time next month" and "This time next year" followed by actions that will have been completed by those times, such as "he will have bought a new car". Pictures are included and used to generate more example sentences of future achievements that will have happened. Readers are prompted to imagine and describe their own future achievements using the future perfect tense.
Here are plain language explanations of the financial metaphors involving liquid:
- Pool of resources - A collection or source of money/funds that is available.
- Flooding of capital - A large influx or supply of money/investment coming in.
- Funding dries up - The source of money/financing is disappearing or becoming unavailable.
- Trickle down wealth - The idea that wealth accumulates at the top but some of it will gradually filter down to others lower in the economic system.
- Awash with laundered money - There is a large amount of illegally obtained (laundered) money present.
- Ebb and flow of money - The rising and falling of money
This document provides an outline for an English grammar course, covering topics such as verbs, adjectives, adverbs, tenses, and exercises. The course consists of 16 sessions, beginning with greetings, verbs and tenses. Later sessions cover pronouns, passive voice, conjunctions, and comparative adjectives, culminating in a final exam. Interspersed are quizzes, a midterm, and reviews of previously taught material.
The document discusses different types of multi-word verbs in English - prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs, and phrasal-prepositional verbs. Prepositional verbs consist of a main verb and a preposition, like "look at". Phrasal verbs consist of a main verb and a particle, like "break down". Phrasal-prepositional verbs consist of a main verb, a particle, and a preposition, like "run out of". Many multi-word verbs are idiomatic and should not be taken literally. Examples of different types of multi-word verbs are provided.
This document discusses modal verbs and their grammatical properties. It covers major syntactic properties of modal verbs like inversion with the subject and negative formation. It then discusses specific modal verbs like can, may, must, need, shall, should, will and would. For each modal verb, it outlines their meanings in terms of ability, permission, obligation, necessity, possibility and willingness. It provides examples to illustrate appropriate usage of each modal verb in various contexts.
This document provides expressions for:
1. Making offers and responding to offers in 3 sentences with examples.
2. Expressing regret in 2 sentences and examples of conversations expressing regret.
3. Summarizing the sections on expressing possibility, indifference, shock, preferences, describing people/things, obligation, prohibition, and asking for/giving advice in 1 sentence each.
This document provides a summary of Units 4-6 from the Traveller Pre-intermediate English textbook. It outlines the key grammar points, functions, and vocabulary covered in each unit. Unit 4 focuses on communication, technology, and money. Unit 5 discusses health, medical problems, and advice. Unit 6 is about enjoying free time, sports, and conditional sentences. The document provides explanations and examples of the target grammar, functions, and vocabulary for each unit.
This document discusses affixes, which are letters or sounds added to words to change their meaning or use. It provides examples of prefixes, which are added to the beginning of words, and suffixes, which are added to the end. Some common prefixes are un-, mis-, ex-, and re-, and some common suffixes are -ness, -ly, -ment, and -ful. The document also provides rules for adding prefixes and suffixes, such as dropping final e's or doubling final consonants.
English grammar-for-beginners-130122001217-phpapp01Nita Adiyati
The document provides rules for spelling and verb conjugation in English grammar. It lists common English verbs and their forms in the simple present, past, and past participle tenses. Examples of verbs and their inflected forms are grouped according to spelling rules. The document also discusses the uses and formation of English verb tenses including the simple present, present continuous, present perfect, and others. Multiple choice questions related to verb usage in the simple present tense are provided at the end.
The document provides rules for spelling and verb conjugation in English grammar. It lists common English verbs and their forms in the simple present, past, and past participle tenses. Examples of verbs and their inflected forms are grouped according to spelling rules. The document also discusses the uses and formation of English verb tenses including the simple present, present continuous, present perfect, and others. Multiple choice questions related to verb usage in the simple present tense are provided at the end.
Power point RPP B.inggris kelas 8 semester 1Raima Amari
Here are some examples of noun phrases from the text:
- a pack of noodle
- something inside (seasoning, chili sauce, soya sauce, etc.)
- two glasses of water
- a pan
- the package of Indomie fried noodles
- the seasoning: chili sauce, soya sauce and oil
- the noodles
- the seasoning, sauce, and the other ingredients
So noun phrases can consist of a determiner (a, an, the) plus a noun (noodle, water, pan, package, seasoning, noodles, ingredients) or a noun plus other modifiers (something inside, chili sauce, soya sauce, etc.).
This document discusses the syntactic functions and positions of adjectives in English. It covers 4 main functions of adjectives: attributive, predicative, head of noun phrase, and verbless adjective clause. It also discusses 2 positions of adjectives: after link verbs, after objects, before nouns, and after nouns in certain cases. Finally, it classifies adjectives based on their functions into central adjectives that can be both attributive and predicative, attributive-only adjectives, and predicative-only adjectives referring to conditions. Examples are provided to illustrate each point.
Insights into English,Ticket 2 English Second year Bac Moroccoamineco
The document discusses cultural issues and values, expressions of definition, conditional sentences, asking for and giving advice, vocabulary related to personality traits, expressing lack of understanding and asking for clarification, the past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses, phrasal verbs, strengths of youth, scientific literacy, expressing purpose, and technological breakthroughs. It provides examples and definitions for these grammatical structures and topics.
This document discusses the use of adverbs and verbs, specifically adverbs expressing certainty and frequency used with verbs. It provides examples of commonly used adverbs of certainty like definitely, certainly, and probably and how they are placed with verbs like "be", auxiliary verbs, and in negation clauses. Examples are given for exercises placing adverbs in the correct position. The document also discusses using adverbs of frequency, modal auxiliary verbs like should and could, the future tense with "going to", the past perfect tense, and special uses of verbs followed by a gerund and the preposition "to".
Infinitives can function as nouns and be used as subjects, objects, or subject complements of a sentence. Unlike gerunds, infinitives cannot be used as objects of prepositions. Common verbs that are followed by infinitives include mental verbs like hope, plan, intend. Infinitives can also follow adjectives and nouns. The document provides examples and explanations of different types of infinitives.
This document discusses infinitives and how they function in sentences. It explains that infinitives can be used as subjects, objects, and subject complements, similar to gerunds. However, unlike gerunds, infinitives cannot be used as objects of prepositions. It provides examples of infinitives functioning in different roles in sentences and lists common verbs that are followed by infinitives. The document also discusses the different types of infinitives and how their meaning can change based on tense or voice.
The document discusses verb phrases and how their meaning can change based on the addition of particles or prepositions. It provides examples of how common verbs like "give", "look", and "take" can take on new meanings when combined with particles like "up", "after", and "out". The key point is that verb phrases are simply verbs combined with particles or prepositions, and this small change can significantly alter the meaning conveyed.
Modals are a type of verb that express modality such as ability, permission, obligation, or possibility. The modal verbs in English include can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, had better, and have to. Modals give additional meaning to the main verb and have grammatical properties that distinguish them, such as not having different tenses. They express different types of modality including epistemic (likelihood), deontic (permission/duty), and dynamic (ability/willingness). Each modal has specific meanings and uses depending on whether it expresses possibility, necessity, permission, advice, or other functions.
This document provides guidelines for writing different types of letters and reports. It includes sections on informal letters, formal letters, letters of application, reports, articles, stories, and discursive essays. For each format, it lists common elements and structures to include as well as useful phrases, vocabulary, and punctuation conventions.
This document provides guidelines for writing different types of letters and reports. It includes sections on informal letters, formal letters, letters of application, reports, articles, stories, and discursive essays. For each format, it lists common elements and structures to include as well as useful phrases, vocabulary, and punctuation conventions.
The document summarizes the main auxiliary and modal verbs in English:
Auxiliary verbs like be, have, and do are used to form tenses, voices, questions, and negatives of other verbs. Modal verbs like can, may, will express meanings like permission, possibility, certainty, and necessity. Modals are often included in the group of auxiliaries. [END SUMMARY]
Similar to Grammar function -for - 2nd- back students-06-06-2014 (20)
The document provides guidelines for the English subject exam for the Moroccan Baccalaureate. It outlines the syllabus coverage, exam structure, sections and weighting for different academic streams. The exam consists of three sections - comprehension, language and writing. The comprehension section tests reading skills through various question techniques and covers different text types. The language section tests vocabulary, grammar and language functions. The guidelines provide details on the implementation of the exam to ensure it effectively evaluates students' language abilities.
This document provides guidance on the writing process. It recommends beginning with key ideas, determining the purpose and audience, and researching the topic. The research phase involves developing search strategies, narrowing the topic, and properly citing sources. It also recommends developing an outline before writing a rough draft. The editing process involves revising with a focus on content and flow, and then proofreading for mechanics. Taking breaks between drafting and revising can provide a fresh perspective. Receiving feedback from others can also help improve the writing.
Towards a global ethic parliament of world religionsMohamed Akklouch
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9
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Grammar function -for - 2nd- back students-06-06-2014
1. 1
In the name of God. A summary of lessons for 2 Bac students. BQS2014.
Unit one: Gifts of Youth.
Grammar
1. I will swim. 2. I want to swim. 3. I enjoy swimming.
Some expressions are followed by bare infinitive ( without “to”), full infinitives ( to+inf) or gerunds ( V+ing)
Expressions followed by infinitive
without to.
Expressions followed by infinitive
with to.
Expressions followed by gerund
Will-would-can-could-may-might-
let-would rather – had better- help
– make – shall – should -
Afford-agree-appear-choose-dare-
decide-demand-deserve-
encourage-expect-fail-happen-
hesitate-hope-intend-learn-
manage-need-offer-plan-promise-
refuse-seem-urge-want.
admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t
help, carry on, consider, delay,
deny, detest, dislike, endure,
enjoy, excuse, feel like, finish,
forgive, give up, hate, imagine,
involve, love, mind, miss,
postpone, practise, recommend,
report, risk, can’t stand, suggest,
understand,
Function: Opinion, agreeing and disagreeing.
Asking for opinion Giving opinion Agreeing Disagreeing
What do you think of ...?
How do you feel about..?
What’s your opinion ?
How do you see ..?
I think/ guess / believe
To my mind
For me
As far as I’m concerned
From my point of view
As I see it
In my opinion
I agree with you
You are right
I think so
Definitely/ Absolutely
I share your idea/view
I can’t agree more
I don’t agree
I disagree
I don’t share your view
I don’t have the same
opinion/idea
You’re wrong
You’re not right.
Unit two. Humour.
Function: making and responding to requests.
Making a request Accepting Declining/refusing
Can you ............................. ?
Could you ............................. ?
Will you ............................. .?
Would you .............................?
Imperative
Sure/ Of course
Definitely/ Absolutely
With pleasure
I’d be pleased to.
I’d be happy to .
+ action
Of course not.
I’m sorry. I can’t.
I’d like to but ......
I’d be pleased to, but
I’d be happy to, but
+ reason
Grammar modals:
Function Modals Example
Request Can / could / will / would Will open the door, please ?
Permission Can/could/may/might May I open the door ?
Prohibition Mustn’t/cannot/may not You mustn’t cheat in exams.
Obligation Must/ have to / had to I must respect my parents.
No obligation Needn’t/don’t have to/ doesn’t
have to
Aicha doesn’t have to take her umbrella. It is not
raining.
Advice Should/had better / ought to You should see a doctor.
Certainty Positive certainty: must
Negative certainty: needn’t
Ahmed must be tired.
Ali cannot be at home.
Ability Can / could / be able to I can swim. I could ride a tricycle when I was a kid.
Inability Cannot/couldn’t/be unable to I cannot play the guitar. I couldn’t meet you.
2. 2
Probability May/might Amal might come. Noura may help you.
Suggestion Let/shall Let’s go to the beach. Shall we go to the beach?
Possibility Can/ could Ahmed could do the shopping.
Unit three : Education: formal, informal and non-formal.
Grammar: Past perfect: when two actions finished in the past and one finished before the other.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Had + past participle Had+ not+ past participle Had +S+ past participle
Ahmed had done the shopping before he went to play tennis.
Noura saw a film after she had washed the dishes.
Had you revised before you took the quiz?
Function: Purpose.
Expression + infinitive Expressions+ subject + modal Expressions + noun/ v+ing
So as (not) to
In order (not)
(not) to
So that + subject + modal For + noun / v +ing.
I took a taxi so as to / in order to / to arrive early.
I took a taxi so as not to / in order not to / not to arrive late.
I took a taxi so that I wouldn’t be late.
I took a taxi for not being late.
Unit four: Sustainable development:
Grammar: Future perfect:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Will+ have+ past participle Will+ not + have +past participle Will +S+ have + past participle
By the end of the month, I will have visited Ifrane. In two months’ time, we will have fasted Ramadan.
By 2020, they will have developed their country. Ali is 17. When he is 22, he will have got a job.
Time-expressions:
* By the end of .......... * At the age of ........ * In x’s time, ........ * By + a future date. * this time next ....
*In + a future date ......... + for + a period of tme.
Function: cause and effect:
Cause Effect
Because / since / as + Subject + verb
Because of / due to / thanks to + noun or V+ing
X is the cause of Y. Y is caused by X
So / as a result / thus / consequently / accordingly /
therefore / hence / that’s why / as a consequence.
X is the result of effect of ..................
Ali was absent because/ since / as he was ill. Ali was absent because of / due to being ill or his illness.
Al’s illness is the cause of his absence. Ali’s absence is caused by his illness.
Ali was ill, so he was absent. Ali was ill. Hence, / Thus, /Consequently ,/ Therefore, / As a consequence ,/
Accordingly, he was absent. Ali’s absence is the result of his illness.
Unit five: Women and power.
Grammar: Passive voice.
Passive voice transformation includes three main steps.
1.The active subject becomes the passive subject.
2. We introduce “to be” in the tense of the active verb + the past participle of the active verb.
3. The active subject is put at the end after “by”.
1. Present simple. Is/are + past participle.
Ali writes an email. An email is written by Ali.
2. Present continuous. Is/are +being+ past participle.
Ali is writing an email. An email is being written by Ali.
3. Past simple. was/were + past participle.
Ali wrote an email. Ali was written by Ali.
4. Past continuous. was/were + being +past participle.
3. 3
Ali was writing an email. An email was being written by Ali.
5. Present perfect. Has/have +been+ past participle.
Ali has written an email. An email has been written by Ali.
5. Past perfect. had +been+ past participle.
Ali had written an email. An email had been written by Ali.
Modals + infinitive Modals+ be + past participle
Ali will write an email. An email will be written by Ali.
Ali should write an email. An email should be written by Ali.
Modals + have + past participle Modals+ have +been + past participle
Ali will have written an email. An email will have been written by Ali.
Ali should have written an email. An email should have been written by Ali.
Function : Addition and concession.
Addition Concession
And; too; as well as ; moreover; furthermore; in
addition; besides ; not only ... but .... as well. also
But; however; nevertheless; although; in spite of;
despite
Ahmed is intelligent. Ahmed is hardworking. Ahmed is intelligent and hardworking.
Ahmed is intelligent as well as hardworking. Ahmed is intelligent. He is hardworking, as well/too.
Ahmed is intelligent. He is also hardworking.
Ahmed is intelligent. Moreover,/ Furthermore,/In addition,/ Besides,/What’s more,/ Also, he is hardworking.
Ahmed is not only intelligent, but he is also hardworking.
Unit six: Cultural values.
Function:
1. Defining:
*.X is / are ............................ *. X mean(s) .............................. *.X refer(s) to ............................
*. X designate(s) ................... *. X can be described as ........... * X can be defined as ........
* We can define X as ...........
2. complaining and apologizing
Complaining Apologising Accepting apology
I have been patient long enough , but .....
I want to complain about .........
I have a complaint about ..........
I am so sorry to say this, but ........
So sorry to bother you, but ......
Enough is enough.
Excuse me.
Forgive me.
It was my fault.
I’m so sorry.
I do apologise.
It was my mistake.
That’s Ok.
No problem.
Never mind.
Forget about it.
Don’t bother yourself.
It could happen to anyone.
Phrasal verbs:
Call off
Give off
Go off
Get off
Keep off
Put off
Take off
Tell off
Turn off
Set off
Show off
cancel
emit
explode
dismount
avoid/not touch
postpone
leave/remove
rebuke
switch off
begin
boast
Break down
Cut down(on)
Let down
Jot down
Pull down
Turn down
Settle down
Slow down
crash/collapse
reduce
disappoint
make a note of
demolish
refuse/lower
calm down
reduce speed
4. 4
Unit seven: Citizenship.
Advice:
Asking for advice Giving advice
What should I do ?
How can you advise me ?
What’s your advice?
Where should I go?
Who should I see or visit ?
If you were me, what would you do?
Can you advise me?
You should ……………
You ought to ……………
You had better ……………
I advise you to ……………
If I were you, I’d ……………
If you were in my shoes, I’d ……………
My advice to you is ……………
REPORTED SPEECH:
When we report somebody’s speech, we must pay attention to the introducing verb. If it is in the present
simple or continuous or present perfect or future, NO TENSE CHANGES ARE MADE. However, if the
introducing verb is in the past simple or continuous or past perfect, TENSE CHANGES ARE OBLIGATORY.
REPORTED STATEMENTS:
We use Reported speech when we report the meaning of what somebody said, but not the exact words. We
use a reporting verb ( usually say or tell ) and then “that” before the reported statement.
When we change a sentence from Direct Speech, pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the
meaning of the sentence.
Break up
Bring up
Check up
Catch up (with)
Give up
Hurry up
Look ST up
Make up
Pick up
Put up
Put SO up
Put up (with)
Speed up
Sum up
Show up
Take up
disintegrate
raise/educate
examine
get closer to
stop/surrender
quicken
search
invent
lift/learn/give a ride
erect / raise
give SO a bed
tolerate/bear
accelerate
summarize/recap
turn up/arrive/come
start a sport
Carry out
Check out
Break out
Find out
Eat out
Figure out
Hand out
Put out
Run out (of)
Pick out
Make out
Set out
Watch out
do/perform
inspect/examine
start suddenly
discover
eat in a restaurant
understand
distribute
extinguish
expire/finish
choose/select
distinguish
depart/embark
be careful
Bump into
Come into
Look into
Run into
meet by chance
inherit
investigate
collide with/meet
Apply for
Care for
Look for
Stand for
demand/request
take care of
search for
mean/represent
Check in
Fill in
Hand in
Give in
register
complete
submit
surrender/resign
Get on
Go on
Get on well(with)
Hang on
Put on
Rely on
Set on
Turn on
Try on
mount
continue
be well-suited
clutch/wait
dress in
depend on
attack/assault
start/activate
test
Look after
Take after
take care of
resemble
Get over
Take over
recover from
to get control of
5. 5
Examples:
Dorris says, “I want to fly.” Dorris says that he wants to fly. Dorris said, “I want to fly.” Dorris said that he
wanted to fly.
When the reporting verb ( say or tell ) is in the Past Tense, we usually make the following changes.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Past Perfect
Will Would
Can Could
May Might
must Had to.
Would/could/should/might Would/could/should/might
OTHER CHANGES.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Here There
Now Then
This/These That/Those
Today That day
Yesterday The previous day or the day
before.
Tomorrow The next/following/coming day
Last X The previous X
Next X The following X
X ago X before
REPORTED QUESTIONS:
@We usually introduce Reported Questions with the reporting verbs ask, wonder and want to know.
@Reported questions follow the word order of affirmative sentences.
“What’s your name?” she asked. She wanted to know what my name was.
@If a direct question begins with a question word, the reported question also starts with the same question
word.
He asked me , “Where do you live?” He asked me where I lived.
@If the direct question doesn’t begin with a question word, the reported question starts with “if” or
“whether”.
“Do you live far?” he asked me. He wanted to know if I lived far.
@When we change questions from Direct to Reported Speech, pronouns, tenses, adverbs etc change in the
same way as when we report statements.
REPORTED COMMANDS – REQUESTS.
@We usually use “tell” when we report commands and “ask” when we report requests.
@The Imperative changes to full infinitive ( with to ).
“Go out, “ said Joe. Joe told me to go out. “Don’t close the door, please,” he said.
He asked me not to close the door.
OTHER INTRODUCING VERBS.
Other introducing verb may be used to report statements and questions taking into account the relationship
between the speaker/hearer and what is said.
These introducing verbs include: /reminded /advised/
warned /offered/refused/begged/suggested/invited
1.”Don’t forget to do your homework,” Teacher/students. Teacher reminded his students to do their
homework.
6. 6
2.”You had better listen to some English songs,” Ali/Hind Ali advised Hind to listen to some English songs.
3.”Stop smoking or you’ll get lung cancer”, doctor/Simou Doctor warned Simo to stop smoking or he would
get lung cancer. 4.”I will make tea and Beghrir ,”Siham / Mum. Siham offered to make some tea and Beghrir to
her mum.
5.”I don’t want to wash my hands,” Brahim said. Brahim refused to wash his hands.
6.”Please, let me go to the zoo with my friends, pleaaase.” James begged his mum to let him go to the zoo
with his friends.
7.”Shall we play football next Saturday afternoon,” Paul. Paul suggested we play football the coming Saturday
afternoon.
8.”Would you like to have couscous with me?” Assia/Joe Assia invited Joe to have couscous with her.
Direct speech Reported Direct
speech
Reported speech Direct speech Reported speech
am, is
are
take(s)
took
have, has, had
was were
don’t, doesn’t
didn’t
will, shall, would
can, could
may
must, have to
was
were
took
had taken
had
had been
didn’t
hadn’t (3/ed)
would
could
might
had to
this, that
these, those
here, there
now, then
today
yesterday
ago
last
tomorrow
next
now that
that
those
there
then
that day, the same day
the day before
before
the .......... before
the following day
the following
since
Present Simple
Present Contnuous
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfrect Cont.
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Cont.
Future Simple
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continu
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continu
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuou
2nd conditional
Unit eight: International organizations:
Grammar: Linking words.
Function Linking words
Cause Because; since; as; because of; due to; thanks to
Effect So; as a result; thus; consequently; accordingly ; therefore ; hence; that’s why
Addition In addition ; too; also ; as well (as) ; besides ; moreover; furthermore; not only
.... but, as well.
Concession But; although ; however ; in spite of ; despite ; yet; nevertheless; though
Contrast By contrast; unlike; whereas;
Examples For example ; for instance; like; such as
Sequencing First; second ; third ; next ; next; later; afterwards; after; finally
Concluding In brief; in sum; in a nutshell; to sum up; to conclude ; all in all;
Function: Reacting to good and bad news.
Reacting to good news Reacting to bad news
Awesome!
Amazing!
How exciting!
Great news!
Good news!
Marvelous!
Congratulations!
So pleased and glad to hear that!
Bad news!
How sad!
So sad to hear that.
My heart is saddened.
My deepest sympathy.
I do sympathize with you.
Unit Nine: Science and Technology.
Definition:
"Science can be defined as a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the
organized body of knowledge gained through such research." "It's a way of solving problems and finding
answers through observation, study , and responsibility."
7. 7
"Technology is the relationship that society has with its tools and crafts, and to what extent society can
control its environment." It's the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area " a
capability given by the practical application of knowledge."
"Science focuses on general knowledge by investigating natural phenomenon."
"Technology focuses on designing tools and systems for practical purposes".
"Technology draws on science and contributes to its progress." "Technology is applied science."
Branches of science and technology:
Branches of science Branches of technology
Physics ---- chemistry ---- mathematics ---- biology -
---- astronomy.
Robotics ---- biotechnology ---- communication---
engineering.
Collocations:
Natural phenomena ---- producing knowledge ------ human means ---- natural laws ----- societal needs
Careful observation ----designing tools ----- building tools.
Function: Certainty/ Uncertainty.
Certainty Uncertainty
Undoubtedly ----- sure ---- certainly----- definitely
There is no doubt ----------- It's crystal clear
No one can deny ------ I am certain/ sure
I am deadly sure ---- It must be
I doubt ---- unlikely --- maybe ---- may --- can
Could ----- might-------- probably ------ likely
I think / I suppose. Perhaps ----- It's probable
EXAMPLES:
DVD companies will SURELY end DVD piracy. DVD piracy MAY reduce DVD sales.
DVD companies will CERTAINLY sue DVD companies. File-sharing piracy will likely die.
GRAMMAR: CONDITIONALS AND WISHES.
CONDITIONALS:
Did our grandparents use the mobile phone in the 1960s? SS: No. T: Why ? SS: They did not have it.
IF THEY HAD HAD MOBILE PHONES, THEY WOULD HAVE COMMUNICATED USING THEM.
LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, WELCOME TO CONDITIONALS.
When we talk about conditionals, we certainly talk about the situation. We know the situation by looking at
the tense of the sentence. Have a look at these three sentences.
1.I will be free tomorrow. I will visit you. The verbs here are in the future, so this is conditional type one.
IF I AM FREE TOMORROW, I WILL VISIT YOU.
2.I am very busy. I don't visit you. Here the verbs are in the present, so this is conditional type two.
IF I WERE NOT BUSY, I WOULD VISIT YOU.
3.I didn't visit you yesterday. I was busy. Here the verbs are in the past, so this is conditional type three.
IF I HAD NOT BEEN BUSY, I WOULD HAVE VISITED YOU.
HAVE A LOOK A THIS CHART.
Situation Type Function Form
Future Conditional I Probability If + simple present + simple future
Present Conditional II Impossibility
Contrary to known facts
If + simple past + would + infinitive
Past Conditional III Regret about the past If + past perfect + would +have + past
participle
Conditional: IF + CAUSE/ CONDITION + RESULT.
EXAMPLES:
1.I do not practice sports. I am fat. IF I PRACTISED SPORT, I WOULD NOT BE FAT.
2.I don't speak Italian. I don't understand RAI UNO.
If i spoke italian, i would understand rai uno.
3.You didn't invite Aicha. She didn't come.
If you had invited aicha, she would have come.
4.Aiz drove carelessly. He had a serious accident.
If aziz had not driven carelessly, he would not have had an accident.
5.I didn't wear a raincoat. I got wet.
I had worn a raincoat, i would not have got wet.
8. 8
6.Chad lost his wallet. He did not buy anything.
If chad had not lost his wallet, he would have bought something.
For both conditional two and three:
If the situation is affirmative, the conditional sentences are negative.
If the situation is negative, the conditional sentences are affirmative.
The English language has another way to express regret, it is called WISHES.
LIKE CONDITIONALS, WISHES DEPEND ON THE SITUATION.
DEFINITION:
" Wish is used when the speaker wants realty to be different, to be exactly the opposite."
1. PRESENT – TIME WISHES: The verb is in the present.
1.I can't meet because I am busy. The situation here is in the present, so we have PRESENT-TIME WISH.
I wish i were not busy. If only I were not busy.
2.I don't know how to dance. If only I knew how to dance.
3.I can't buy that book. It's so expensive. If only that book were not expensive.
4.I am hungry. I can't concentrate. If only i were not hungry.
5.It's hot. My students are sleepy. If only it were not hot.
6.I didn't come . I was busy.
HERE THE SITUATION IS DIFFERENT. IT'S IN THE PAST, so we have PAST-TIME WISH: I wish I had not been
busy. If only I had been free.
7.Samir wanted to type a letter, but his computer broke down.
If only his PC had not broken down. Samir wishes his PC had not broken down.
8.I was hungry. I didn't have dinner. If only I had had dinner.
9.The exam was so difficult. If only it had been so easy. I wish the exam had not been difficult.
10.Jamila did not come to the party. If only Jamila had come to the party.
Like conditionals, wishes also undergo these changes.
If the situation is affirmative, the wish sentence is negative.
If the situation is negative, the wish sentence is affirmative.
Situation Type Function Form
Present Present-time
wish
Regret about the present I wish + subject + the simple past of the
verb.
If only + subject + the simple past of the
verb.
Past Past-time wish Regret about the past I wish+ subject + the past perfect
of the verb.
If only+ subject + the past perfect
of the verb.
Unit ten: BRAIN DRAIN
Definition:
"A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals ("human capital") to
other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflicts, lack of opportunity, health hazards where they are living or
other reasons. It parallels the term "capital flight" which refers to financial capital that is no longer invested in
the country where its owner lived and earned it. Investment in higher education is lost when a trained
individual leaves and does not return. Also, whatever social capital the individual has been a part of is reduced
by his or her departure. Spokesmen for the Royal Society of London coined the expression “brain drain” to
describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to Canada and the United States in the early 1950s. Its
counterpart is brain gain in the areas to which talent migrates. Brain drain can occur either when individuals
who study abroad and complete their education do not return to their home country, or when individuals
educated in their home country emigrate for higher wages or better opportunities. The second form is
arguably worse, because it drains more resources from the home country."
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
REASONS OF THE BRAIN DRAIN:
Talented professionals leave their countries for these reasons:
9. 9
For further study --- for employment ---- for professional development --- for a better working environment ---
due to lack of research ---- low wages and salaries --- for financial reasons --- to improve their living or working
conditions --- due to lack of satisfactory working conditions ---- due to social unrest, political conflicts, wars ----
no substantial funds for research --- no advanced technology or modern facilities.
Tempting salaries, educational opportunities for children, the improvement of conditions of life and job
security.
SOLUTIONS TO BRAIN DRAIN:
1.Creating jobs. 2.Substantial funds for scientific research. 3.Better conditions of life.
4.Democracy. 5.Justice and equity. 6.Grants and scholarships for scientific research.
7.Too much investment in education: qualitative education.
8.Encouraging skilled people to stay at home by allowing them some privileges.
9.Low interest credits to start their projects.
PREFIXES:
Prefix Meaning Examples
Inter- Between -Among Interaction --- Inter-racial ---interdependent --interpersonal
Extra- Outside -beyond Extraterrestrial--- extra-marital --- extra-time --- extra –
judicial ----- extra-curricular
Intra- Within -Inside Intra-mural ---- intravenous ---- intra departmental
Under- Less than –Insufficient Underestimate --- underdeveloped --- undervalue ---
underpriviledged --- understaffed --- underfed
Over- Excessively -More than Overestimate --- overcharge --- overhear --- overeat –
overfeed ---- overload ---- oversensitive
Super- Above – over - beyond Supersonic --- supercomputer --- superego --- superstar
Hyper- Above – over - excessive Hyperactive --- hypertension --- hyperbole
FUNCTION: SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE.
As we saw before, regret can be expressed in different ways: conditionals and wishes. There is also a new
form to express regret: it is called SHOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE.
EXAMPLES:
1.Ahmed drove carelessly. He had a serious accident.
If Ahmed had not driven carelessly, he wouldn't have had a serious accident.
If only he hadn't driven carelessly.
He shouldn't have driven carelessly.
2.I got wet. I didn't take my umbrella. I should have taken my umbrella.
3.Assia didn't come. You didn't invite her. You should have invited her.
4.Samar can't concentrate. She didn't have breakfast. She should have had breakfast.
5.Siham got low grades as she didn't revise well. She should have revised well.
6.Arwa missed her plane. She arrived late to the airport. She shouldn't have arrived late.
7.Fatima was angry as you did not help her with her homework.
You should have helped her with her homework.
8.I have a terrible stomachache as I ate too much yesterday. I SHOULDN'T HAVE EATEN TOO MUCH.
9.The police arrested him as he drove very fast. HE SHOULD HAVE DRIVEN SLOWLY.
Unit ten: Relative clauses.
Let us start by revising English pronouns:
Subject I You He She It We You They
Object Me You Him Her It Us You Them
Possessive My x Your x His x Her x Its x Our x Your x Their x
We use relative pronouns to combine/ relate two sentences and avoid repetition. The relative pronoun
depends on the type of its antecedent and its grammatical category.
1. People:
I met a boy. The boy knows. I met the boy who knows you.
(Who is used to replace the boy as a subject.)
I met a boy . You know the boy. I met the boy whom you know.
10. 10
(Whom is used to replace the boy as an object.)
I met the boy. The boy’s mum is a dentist. I met the boy whose mum is a dentist.
(Whose is used to replace the boy’s as a possessive.)
2. Things or objects:
I bought a laptop. The laptop is very expensive. I bought the laptop which is very expensive.
(Which is used to replace the laptop as a subject.)
I bought a laptop. My father liked the laptop. I bought the laptop which my father liked.
(Which is used to replace the boy as an object.)
I bought the laptop. The laptop’s coulour is pink. I bought the laptop whose colour is pink.
(Whose is used to replace the laptop as a possessive.)
A summary:
Subject Object Possessive
People Who Whom Whose
Things Which Which Whose
Relative adverbs:
1. Place. That’s the hotel. I spend my holidays in that hotel. That’s the hotel where I spent my holidays.
I visited the city. I was born in that city. I visited the city where I was born.
2. Time. I always remember the day. I first went to school on that day.
I will always remember the day when I first went to school.
Moroccan will never forget the year when King Hassan the second died.
3. Reason. I don’t know the reason why students are coming late.
They cannot justify why they were so impolite.
Place Where Time When Reason why
Function :Showing lack of understanding and asking for understanding
Showing lack of understanding Asking for clarification
I don’t understand.
It is not clear.
It is unclear.
Pardon.
I beg your pardon.
I am not sure I got your point/ idea.
I am not sure I am following.
I didn’t get your idea.
Can you explain , please?
Can you clarify, please?
Could you be more explicit?
Can you make your idea clearer ?
What do you mean by …… ?
Would you elaborate on that ?
Could you give an example ?.
Good luck.
I wish you success and happiness.