The document provides an overview of English grammar tenses and structures, including how to form and use the present simple, present continuous, past simple, future forms, conditionals, passive voice, relative clauses, gerunds, and reported speech. It also discusses time expressions, modals, obligations, preferences, and questions words.

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Present Simple
 We use present simple when we express
routines or customs:
I go to school every day.
 Permanent situations or states.
The tradition continues today.
 Describe general facts.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

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Present Simple Form
 Add an –s for the 3rd person singular.
She loves swimming.
 Use do/ does+ s+ verb (base form) in the
interrogative.
Does she love swimming? Yes, she does.
 Use do not/ don’t, does not/ doesn’t +
verb (base form) in the negative.
She doesn’t love swimming.

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INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUNS
 We use interrogative pronouns or
‘question words’ in some
questions:
 What is your favourite food?
 Where do you live?

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INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS cont’d
 How to ask for:
Location - Where?
Persons - Who?
Reason - Why?
Things - What?
Time - When?
Choice - Which?

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GERUND
 We use the gerund, the ing form of
a verb as the subject of a sentence:
 Smoking is unhealthy.
 Playing football is fun.

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GERUND
 We also use the gerund after verbs of
preference:(love, like, hate, mind)
 I like travelling.
 I love reading.
 I hate doing homework.
 I don`t mind washing up.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 We use the present continuous for
actions happening at the moment:
 I am reading a book now.
 Jane is watching TV at the moment.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS
 We also use the present continuous
for future arrangements:
 Where are you going tonight?
 I’m going to the cinema.

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USED TO
 We use used to + verb to describe a
habit or a state in the past:
 I used to go walking everyday.
 He used to be my neighbour.
 They used to play in a band.

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PAST SIMPLE
We use the past simple to describe a finished
action in the past:
The plane arrived at the airport last night.
The concert finished after midnight.
To describe states in the past:
We were scared.
I was tired.

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PAST CONTINUOUS
 We use the past continuous to describe
the progress of an action in the past:
 I was watching TV last night.
 We were travelling all day yesterday.

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INTERRUPTED PAST
 We can use past simple and past
continuous in the same sentence:
 Past continuous is the longer action
 Past simple describes the interruption
 I was watching TV when she arrived.
 She arrived while I was watching TV.

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PRESENT PERFECT
 We use the present perfect to talk about experiences in
our lives:
I have been to London twice.
 An action that began in the past and continues up to
the present time.
He has studied English since he was a child.
 Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown time
in the past. No definite time is given.
Jim has had three car accidents.

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PRESENT PERFECT
cont’d
 Ever means “in your life”:
 Have you ever been to Africa?
 I have never driven a car.

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PRESENT PERFECT
cont’d
 We often use YET and ALREADY with the
present perfect:
 YET: at the end of question, in a negative
sentence.
 Has she arrived home yet?
 He hasn’t phoned yet.

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PRESENT PERFECT
cont’d
 We often use YET and ALREADY with the
present perfect:
 ALREADY: before the past participle (main verb).
 He has already finished his presentation.
 We have already bought the tickets.

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THE PASSIVE
Present
 To form the correct passive in
present:
 BE (in present tense) + Past Participle
 They make cars in Germany.
 Cars are made in Germany.

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THE PASSIVE
Past Simple
 To form the correct passive in past
simple:
 BE (was, were) + Past Participle
 They cleaned the rivers.
 The rivers were cleaned.
 The student recycled the paper.
 The paper was recycled by the students.

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BY in PRESENT
 We use by when we want to
emphasize an agent:
 Active: Robbie Williams sings this song.
 Passive: This song is sung by Robbie
Williams.

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BY in PAST
 We use by when we want to
emphasize an agent:
 Active: Bell invented the telephone.
 Passive: The telephone was invented by
Bell.

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PRESENT PERFECT
With for and since
 We use FOR with periods of time. FOR
shows the duration of an action:
 For a minute - For a few hours
 For centuries - For a hundred years
 I’ve been here for days

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PRESENT PERFECT
With for and since
 We use SINCE with points in time.
SINCE shows when an action started:
 Since 1968 - Since June
 Since Monday - Since yesterday
 He’s lived in London since 1999.

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PRESENT PERFECT &
PAST SIMPLE
 We use the present perfect for an
action that started in the past, when
the time period is not finished:
 I’ve lived in Paris since 1999
(I’m living in Paris now)
- I’ve lived in this house for ten years
- (I’m living in this house now)

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PRESENT PERFECT &
PAST SIMPLE
 We use the past simple with a
completed action in the past:
 I lived in Paris between 1999 and 2001
(I’m not living in Paris now)
- I have lived in this house for ten years
- (I’m living in this house now)

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POSSIBILITY
may/might & must/can’t
 Probability or Possibility of something
being true:
 Your painting must be a copy.
 It can’t be the original painting.

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POSSIBILITY
may or might
 Something which is possible but not
certain:
 I may arrive late tomorrow.
 She might not understand your speech.
 May and might have similar meanings:
 I may be late. = I might be late

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POSSIBILITY
must or can’t
 Things that we think are certain:
 Your painting must be a copy.
 It can’t be the original painting.

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POSSIBILITY
must or can’t
 Must – affirmative sentences:
- The lights are on. They must be at home.
 Can’t – negative sentences:
- The lights are off. They can’t be at home.

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POSSIBILITY
may/might & must/can’t
 All of the above are modal verbs and
are all followed by:
Infinitive without to
Correct: She must like you.
Incorrect: She must to like to.

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OBLIGATION
have to & had to
 We use affirmative forms of have to
and had to when we talk about
obligation in the present and in the
past.
I had to go. (I was obliged to go).
She had to come earlier.

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OBLIGATION
have to & had to
 We use negative forms when there is
not an obligation to do anything.
I didn’t have to go (It was not necessary)
You don’t have to wash the dishes, I will do
it.

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RELATIVE CLAUSES 1
We can join two sentences with WHO, WHICH, THAT
This is the man. He broke his finger.
This is the man who broke his finger.
This is the finger. It hurts.
This is the finger which hurts.
The function here is SUBJECT.
WHO = people
WHICH= things
THAT= people and things

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RELATIVE CLAUSES 2
If the relative pronoun replaces the object of the second
sentence, we can leave it out.
This is the woman. I saw her.
This is the woman who/that I saw.
This is the woman I saw.
WHO = people
WHICH= things
THAT= people and things

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RELATIVE CLAUSES 3
WHEN = time
That was the time when I was in hospital.
WHERE= places
This is the hospital where I was born,
Notice what happens with the preposition:
This is the nurse. I talked to her.
This is the nurse (that/who) I talked to.

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FIRST CONDITIONAL
 We use the First conditional to talk about things that
will possibly or probably happen in the future.
 We also use it to make promises.
Condition Result
 If I miss the bus, I’ll arrive late.
 If it doesn’t rain, we’ll have a picnic.

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FIRST CONDITIONAL
 The verb in the if (conditional) part of the sentence is in the
Present Simple.
 The verb in the result part of the sentence is in the Future (will) or
uses a modal (can, may, might).
Condition Result
If the weather is fine, we may/ might go for a walk.
Unless he studies, he won’t pass the exam.
• Unless= if not
• When the if clause doesn’t come first, we don’t need the comma.

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FIRST CONDITIONAL
 We can reverse the order of the clause.
 When the “if clause” comes first, use a
comma between the two clauses
 If I see Linda, I’ll say ‘Hello’
 I’ll say ‘Hello’ if I see Linda.

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FUTURE will & going to
 We use both to talk about the future.
 We use will for predictions:
 I think that she’ll be happy.
 We use going to for plans & intentions:
 She’s going to start a new job soon.
(‘ll = will/ won’t = will not)

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SECOND CONDITIONAL
 We use the second conditional
to express a hypothesis (the
possible consequence of an
action).
If I had more money, I’d buy a car.

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SECOND CONDITIONAL
 If+past simple = This clause describes a
situation that is unreal at the moment:
 If I had more money, ...
 Would + infinitive = This clause describes
a possible consequence of the situation:
 ... I’d buy a car

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SECOND CONDITIONAL
 We can reverse the order of the clauses.
 When the “if clause” comes first, there is
a comma between the two clauses:
 If I had money money, I’d buy a car.
 I’d buy a car if I had more money.

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EXPRESSING PREFERENCE
would+ like, love, prefer, and hate
 Affirmative: would+verb+to+verb
 I’d love to visit Peru.
 We would like to visit Peru.
 We usually use ‘d, the short form of
would.

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EXPRESSING PREFERENCE
would+ like, love, prefer, and hate
 Negative: like or would+verb+noun
 He’d hate those pink shorts, but she’d love them
 I wouldn’t like them.

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PAST PERFECT
 We form the past perfect with had or
hadn’t + past participle:
 To talk about an action in the past,
which happened before another action
in the past.
 First Action: Past Perfect.
 Second Action: Past Simple.

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PAST PERFECT
When he’d finished his homework, he went
out.
Or:
He went out when he’d finished his
homework
1. Action: He’d finished his homework.
2.Action: He went out.

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REPORTED SPEECH
 We form the reported speech to
report what people have said:
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present Simple Past Simple
It looks great He said it looked great.
Past Simple Past Perfect
I saw the film. She said that she’d seen
the film.

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REPORTED SPEECH
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present Perfect Past Perfect
He’s seen us. I said that he’d seen us.
will would
This will help you He said that this would
help.
can could
It can’t see us. She said that it couldn’t
see us.

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TIME EXPRESSION
 FUTURE: next, this, and also
tomorrow, morning, afternoon,
evening, night.
 Next Sunday, next week.
 This weekend, this year.

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TIME EXPRESSION
 PAST: last, two (number), and also
yesterday, morning, afternoon,
evening, night.
 last Sunday, last week.
 Two weekends ago, two years ago.

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TIME EXPRESSION
 We do not use an article before next
or last in time expressions.
Correct: I’m going to London next Sunday.
Incorrect: I’m going to London the next Sunday.
Correct: Jen was here last weekend.
Incorrect: Jen was here the last weekend.

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Reported Questions
 When we report questions, the word order
follows the rules for statements. We do
not use question marks.
 Yes/ No questions.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
“Does she
speak English?” He asked if/
whether she spoke
English.

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Reported Questions
 Wh- questions.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
“When will She asked when
the train arrive?” the train would
arrive.