Graduation Project on "SMART HOMES & RENEWABLE ENERGY" PowerPoint Presentation

GRADUATION
PROJECT
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

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Prof. Dr. Mohamed Yousry Gamal El-Din
Electrical Engineering Department – Power Section
Under Supervision of

Four Topics of Discussion
On which the whole project will be based
Home Automation / Smart Home
Smart Home Materials
Solar Energy / Green Home
WindEnergy

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Ý
START
RESEARCH
DEVELOPDESIGN TEAM
TIME
END
Road Map

Home Automation
Introduction
Presenting Actual Model
Web Application and Web Service
Internet of Things Implementation

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Home Automation
History
The wireless remote control
by Nikola Tesla in 1898

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Home Automation
History
1966 ECHO IV

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Home Automation
History
1970s - The grandfather of
automation “X10”

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Home Automation
History
2010 - Nest enters the picture

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Home Automation
History
2012 - SmartThings launches

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Home Automation
History
2013 - CES

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Home Automation
History
2013 - Lab of Things

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Home Automation
History
2014 - Everything in one place

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Home Automation
History
2014 - Samsung SmartThings

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Home Automation
History
2014 - iSmartHome

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Home Automation
History
2014 - Partnerships galore

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Home Automation
Actual Systems & Devices Used
 Motion sensors.
 Ambient light sensor.
 Stack lighting is recommended.

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Home Automation
 Tap your device's screen to open or close your
garage from anywhere.
 It can sense when you're near your driveway
to automatically open.
 Chamberlain is recommended.

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Home Automation
 It`s a central system to integrate and control
them all.
 It works with a wide range of devices and has
a battery backup.
 Samsung SmartThings hub is recommended.

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Home Automation
 The smarter Wi-Fi thermostat
with remote sensors.
 The thermostat will keep the heat on until it
senses that room has warmed up enough.
 ecobee is recommended.

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Home Automation
 It have a magnetic, swiveling base that
lets you set it up almost anywhere.
 It have two-way audio, sharp night vision
and a powerful digital zoom.
 Nest cam is recommended.

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Home Automation
 It’s a Bluetooth speaker and let you control
a number of smart home gadgets.
 Read your audiobooks, check the weather,
and even let you purchase things online
just by using your voice.
 Amazon echo is recommended.

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Home Automation
 You can hush from your phone without
any extra hardware required.
 Have friendly human voice that gives
you an early warning.
 Nest smoke alarm is recommended.

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Home Automation
 You can enter your home with just a few
simple pushes of a button and lock it
with just one.
 Now you can totally eliminate the need
for keys
 Kwikset is recommended.

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Home Automation
 You can adjust the crock pot's settings
from anywhere, receive reminders,
change the cook time, adjust the
cooking temperature.
 Use the timer to calculate cook times
and process, or check the status of your
dish.
 Belkin WeMo is recommended.

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Home Automation
 It can detect and alert you of water
leaks as well as important changes in
humidity and temperature.
 It have an app and a website that lets
you know what's happening in your
home to keep small problems from
turning into big.
 Wally home is recommended.

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Home Automation
 Allows you to heat or cool each side
of the bed with active air technology,
so you can sleep exactly the way you
like.
 Sleep IQ monitors how you sleep all
through the night by tracking
breathing, heart rate and movement.
 Sleep number is recommended.

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Home Automation
 It has a large touchscreen lets you
view family members' schedules,
leave notes for each other, order
groceries, play music, and even
watch TV.
 It has cameras on the inside, which
take a picture and email it to you
every time you close the door.
 Samsung family hub refrigerator is
recommended.

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Home Automation

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Home Automation
Power Supply
 Measurements (3.3V, 5V, 12V,Current).
 Solar attach and detach.
 Protection (Under voltage, Overvoltage,
Overload and Short-circuit ).
 Monitoring and calculations.
 Controller Power supply.

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Home Automation
Hardware Board

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Home Automation
Hardware Board

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Home Automation
Hardware Board

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Home Automation
Hardware Board

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Home Automation
Isolation System
 Importance.
 Components.
 Disadvantages.

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Home Automation
Light System
 Components.
 Properties.
 Control scheme (Manual ,
Automatic , Synergy).

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Home Automation
Shading System
 Components.
 Control scheme (Manual , Automatic ,
Synergy).

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Home Automation
Hardware Board

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Home Automation
AC System
 Components.
 Properties .
 Control scheme (Heating , cooling
,PID control).

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Home Automation
Hardware Board

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Home Automation
Door and safety system
 Components.
 Control scheme (garage door).
 Control scheme (main door).

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Home Automation
Hardware Board

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Home Automation
Hardware Board

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Home Automation
Technical Difficulties
 Isolation between signal and power.
 Motors.
 Inaccurate sensors.
 Components rarity.

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Home Automation
Internet of Things
 It is a network of physical objects, with the
addition of computational power and is
connected to the internet
 Three major benefits of Internet of Things
(IoT) that will impact every business, which
include: -
- Communication
- Control
- Cost savings.

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Home Automation
The Three Cs’ of IoT
 Communication:
IoT communicates information to people and systems, such as:
state and health of equipment, data from sensors …etc.
 Control and Automation:
IoT remotely control a device, changing its state on/off,
adjust the temperature in a climate-controlled environment…
 Cost Savings:
IoT data can minimize equipment failure, allow the business
to perform planned maintenance, reduce fuel expense and help people
understand energy consumption and opportunities for cost savings.

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Home Automation
 Applying the idea in our model a lamp for example can be:
• turned on/off through a button
• dimmed through sensors and automatic computation.
• send its status to the server
• get controlled by the server if a web/mobile signal is received

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Home Automation
Setting the Web Server (Ruby on Rails)
 Rails is a development tool which gives
web developers a framework to build
websites and applications.
 Rails is written in Ruby, the programming
language which is also used alongside Rails.

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Home Automation
Why Rails?
 Ruby on Rails development is convention over configuration.
This means that the programmer does not have to spend a lot of time
configuring files in order to get setup, Rails comes with a set of conventions
which help speed up development.
 Rails is the emphasis on RESTful application design.
REST (Representational State Transfer) is a style of software architecture
based around the client-server relationship. It encourages a logical structure
within applications, which means they can easily be exposed as an API
(Application Programming Interface).

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Home Automation
MVC Architecture
 Model–View–Controller (MVC) is a software
architectural pattern for implementing user
interfaces on computers.
 It divides a given software application
into three interconnected parts, so as to
separate internal representations of
information from the ways that information is
presented to or accepted from the user

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Home Automation
Database Structure (Model)

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Home Automation
Action and Logic (Controller)
 Responsible for responding to user input
and perform interactions on the data
model objects.
The controller receives the input, it
validates the input and then performs
the business operation that modifies
the state of the data model.

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Home Automation
Responsive Design (View)

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Home Automation
Responsive Design (View)

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Home Automation
Web Service
 A software system designed to support
interoperable machine-to-machine interaction
over a network.
 A web application programming interface (API)
is a web development term is usually limited to
what is client-side accessible to web applications
and thus usually does not include web server
and web browser implementation details.

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Home Automation
IoT is here
And it’s revolving around
Smartphones

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More Secure
Home Automation
One Touch Application
Easy to use Full Access

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Home Automation
How it works
 At a high level, you use Volley by
creating a Request Queue and
passing it Request objects.
 The Request Queue manages
worker threads for running the
network operations, reading from
and writing to the cache, and parsing
responses.
 Requests do the parsing of raw
responses and Volley takes care of
dispatching the parsed response
back to the main thread for delivery.

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Server
RASPBERRYPI TivaC
API
I2C
Home Automation
From Server to Hardware

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Home Automation
WHAT IS A RASPBERRY PI?
 The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized
computer that plugs into a computer
monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard
and mouse.
 the Raspberry Pi has the ability to interact
with the outside world, and has been used
in a wide array of digital maker projects.
 The Raspberry Pi is open hardware,
with the exception of the primary chip on the
Raspberry Pi which runs many of the main
components of the board–CPU, graphics,
memory, the USB controller, etc.

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Home Automation
WHAT IS A Tiva-C?
 TM4C123G Development Kit is a compact and
versatile evaluation platform for the TM4C123G
ARM® Cortex-M4-based microcontroller (MCU).
The development kit design highlights the
TM4C123G MCU integrated USB 2.0
On-the-Go/Host/Device interface, CAN,
precision analog, sensor hub, and low-power
capabilities. The development kit features a
TM4C123GH6PGE microcontroller in a 144-LQFP
package, a color OLED display, USB OTG
connector, a microSD card slot, a coin-cell battery
for the low-power

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Home Automation
Server to RASPBERRY PI (API)
 Connect to server using API
 Request server database using http request python library
 Get the response from the server as Json object
 Start parsing the data
 Update the hardware
request python
library
Parsing Json
objects
HTTP Data Update

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Home Automation
RASPBERRY PI to Tiva-C (I2c)
 The I2C (Inter-IC) bus is a bi-directional two-wire serial bus that provides
a communication link between integrated circuits (ICs).
 I2C is a serial protocol for two-wire interface to connect low-speed devices
like microcontrollers, EEPROMs, A/D and D/A converters, I/O interfaces
and other similar peripherals in embedded systems.
 I2C uses only two wires: SCL (serial clock) and SDA (serial data).
Both need to be pulled up with a resistor to +Vdd.
There are also I2C level shifters which can be used to connect to
two I2C buses with different voltages

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Designing your home for energy efficiency will help you live
more comfortably and save money, and help you save the
environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
An energy smart home takes advantage of the sun’s free
warmth and light, with simple design features to keep it
warm and comfortable in winter, and cool in summer.
Up to 25% of the heat in your home is lost through the roof
and up to 35% through the walls so insulating them gives
you the biggest savings on your energy bills.
Smart House Materials

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Houses may be solid walls or cavity walls:
A cavity wall is made up of two walls with a gap in between, known as the cavity; the
outer leaf is usually made of brick, and the inner layer of brick or concrete block.
A solid wall has no cavity; each wall is a single solid wall, usually made of brick or
stone.
Cavity and Solid Walls
Cavity Wall Solid Wall
We will focus on solid wall than the cavity wall as it is less expensive and efficient also.

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Internal or external insulation?
Solid Wall Insulation
Internal Insulation External Insulation

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Internal Wall Insulation advantages and disadvantages
 Generally cheaper to install than external wall insulation
 Slightly reduce the floor area of any rooms in which it is applied (the thickness of the
insulation is around 100mm)
 Disruptive, but can be done room by room.
 Hard to fix heavy items inside walls – although special fixings are available.
External Wall Insulation advantages and disadvantages
 Can be applied without disruption to the household.
 Does not reduce the floor area of your home.
 Renews the appearance of outer walls.
 Improves weatherproofing and sound resistance.
 Fills cracks and gaps in the brickwork, which will reduce draughts.
 Increases the life of your walls by protecting the brickwork.
Solid Wall Insulation

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Roof Insulation
There are two types of roof insulation
1. Pitched Roof Insulation
2. Flat Roof Insulation

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All properties lose heat through their windows. But energy-efficient glazing keeps your home
warmer and quieter as well as reducing your energy bills. That might mean double or triple-
glazing, secondary glazing, or just heavier curtains.
Energy Efficient Windows
How energy-efficient glazing works ?
Double-glazed windows have two sheets of glass with a gap in between, usually about 16mm,
to create an insulating barrier that keeps heat in. This is sometimes filled with gas. Triple-glazed
windows have three sheets of glass, but aren’t always better than double-glazed windows.

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For all frame materials there are windows available in all energy ratings.
 uPVC frames last a long time and may be recycled.
 Wooden frames can have a lower environmental impact, but require maintenance. They
are often used in conservation areas where the original windows had timber frames.
 Aluminum or steel frames are slim and long-lasting, and may be recycled.
 Composite frames have an inner timber frame covered with aluminum or plastic. This
reduces the need for maintenance and keeps the frame weatherproof.
Windows Frame materials

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Windows that have an energy rating will have the u-value of the window displayed on the
energy label. A u-value is a measure of how easily heat can pass through a material.
Materials that let out more heat have higher u-values whereas materials that let less heat
pass through them have lower u-values.
Windows U-Values

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 Smaller energy bills.
 Smaller carbon footprint.
 More comfortable home: energy-efficient glazing reduces heat loss through windows and
means fewer draughts and cold spots.
 Peace and quiet: as well as keeping the heat in, energy efficient-windows insulate your
home against external noise.
 Reduced condensation: energy-efficient glazing reduces condensation build-up on the
inside of windows.
Benefits of Energy-Efficient Windows
The costs and savings for energy-efficient glazing will be different for each home and each
window, depending on its size, material and the installer you choose. Double glazing should
last for 20 years or more.

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Like any other part of the home, doors can be insulated and draught-proofed to prevent heat
from escaping. New external doors now generally contain integrated insulation to reduce heat
loss.
Energy-Efficient Doors

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Air conditioners efficiencies are greatly affected by the heating and cooling loads occur in the
building because of radiant energy from the sun that enters through windows, is absorbed by
furniture, walls, and equipment, within the building, and is later radiated as heat within the
building and also affected by the heat conducted through the building envelope ( walls, roofs,
floors and windows) to or from the environment around the building.
Energy Efficiency Rating of Air Conditioners:

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The efficiencies of air conditioners are usually measured in terms of their Energy Efficiency
Ratios (EER)
EER= Btu of cooling / (watt-hours of electric energy input)
The cooling load due to summation of heat conduction
Q total = Q transmission + Q person sensible + Q light + Q solar + Q equipment
The cooling load due to solar radiation through windows can be calculated by
Q solar =AxSCxMSHGxCLF
Where q =cooling load (Btu/hr)
SC =shading coefficient
A =window area (ft2)
CLF =cooling load factor
MSHG =maximum solar heat gain (Btu/hr/ft2)

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Q transmission = U x A x 𝛥T (Watt)
Where U: over all heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.℃)
A: area of heat transfer (m2)
𝛥T: difference between outside and inside design condition.
Q equipment = Q each equipment x number of equipment
Computer: 480 W, Screen: 383 W, Printer: 430 W, ATM machine: 50 W
Q light= Light intensity x A (Watt)
So by installed building with insulated walls, insulated roof, and double-glazed windows will
decrease the heat conduction through walls and reduce the radiant energy from the sun so
cooling load decrease, efficiency of air conditioner increase and electric energy input
decrease ( Electricity bill will be reduced ).

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 Temperature Differential
The difference in temperature between two spaces within a building, or between the indoor
and outdoor temperature. Temperature differential causes natural
convection currents and air to migrate through cracks and open doors, windows, or
other means of egress.

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Lighting accounts for 18% of a typical household’s electricity bill. You can cut your lighting bill
and energy use by changing which bulbs you use and how you use them. Houses typically
use a mixture of standard light fittings and downlights or spotlight fittings. Energy efficient
bulbs are available for both types of fittings.
Energy Efficient Lighting
Which light bulbs are energy efficient?
 There are two main types of energy efficient light bulbs which are Compact Fluorescent
Lamps (CFLs) and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).
 CFLs are a cost-effective option for most general lighting requirements. Replacing a
traditional light bulb with a CFL of the same brightness will save energy.
 LEDs are available to fit both types of fittings and are particularly good for replacing
spotlights and dimmable lights. Though more expensive to buy initially, they are more
efficient than CFLs and will save you more money in the long term. By replacing all
halogen downlights in your home with LED alternatives.

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Comparison Chart between LED Lights, Incandescent Light Bulbs and CFLs

Solar Energy
Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Concentration
Model

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Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Definition
 Photovoltaic (PV) is the name of a method of converting solar energy into
direct current electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the
photovoltaic effect.
 Photovoltaic are best known as a method for generating electric power by
using solar cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons.
 The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light exciting electrons into
a higher state of energy, allowing them to act as charge carriers for
an electric current.

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Physics of Photovoltaic Generation

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Formation & Connections
Typical output of a module (~30 cells) is ≈ 17 V, with 5 A current

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Types of PV
systems
Stand-alone
systems
Grid-connected
systems
Hybrid systems

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Applications of PV
 Water Pumping
PV powered pumping systems are excellent ,simple ,reliable – life 20 yrs
 Commercial Lighting
PV powered lighting systems are reliable and low cost alternative.
Security, billboard sign, area, and outdoor lighting are all viable applications for PV
 Consumer electronics
Solar powered watches, calculators, and cameras are all everyday applications
for PV technologies.
 Telecommunications
 Residential Power
A residence located more than a mile from the electric grid can install a PV system
more inexpensively than extending the electric grid (Over 500,000 homes
worldwide use PV power as their only source of electricity)

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Concentrating Solar Systems
Application Of CSP in Smart Homes
 Solar hot water system.
 Concentration of solar power.

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Application Of CSP in Smart Homes
Solar Hot Water System

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Closed Loop Solar Water Heater

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Types of Collectors used in Houses
 Evacuated Tubes.
 Glazed Flat Panel.

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Evacuated Tubes
 Evacuated tube solar collectors, as depicted in Figures, have an absorber with
a selective coating enclosed in a sealed glass vacuum tube.
 They are good at capturing the energy from the sun; their thermal losses to the
environment are extremely low.
 Systems presently on the market use a sealed heat-pipe on each tube to extract
heat from the absorber (a liquid is vaporized while in contact with the heated
absorber, heat is recovered at the top of the tube while the vapour condenses,
and condensate returns by gravity to the absorber)

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Evacuated Tubes

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Glazed Flat Plate
 In glazed liquid flat-plate collectors, as depicted in the next Figure a flat-plate
absorber (which often has a selective coating) is fixed in a frame between
a single or double layer of glass and an insulation panel at the back.
Much of the sunlight (solar energy) is prevented from escaping due to the
glazing (the “greenhouse effect”).

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Concentrating Solar Power
Concentrating Solar Power Basics
 Many power plants today use fossil fuels as a heat source to boil water.
The steam from the boiling water spins a large turbine, which drives a
generator to produce electricity. However, a new generation of power plants
with concentrating solar power systems uses the sun as a heat source.
 Types of concentrating solar power systems
• Linear Concentrator System
• Concentrating Solar Power Tower System

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Linear Concentrator System

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Linear Concentrator System
 Linear concentrating solar power (CSP) collectors capture the sun's energy
with large mirrors that reflect and focus the sunlight onto a linear receiver tube.
 The receiver contains a fluid that is heated by the sunlight and then used to
create superheated steam that spins a turbine that drives a generator to
produce electricity.
 Alternatively, steam can be generated directly in the solar field, which
eliminates the need for costly heat exchangers.

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A Linear Concentrator Power Plant Using Parabolic Trough Collectors

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A Linear Concentrator Power Plant Using Parabolic Trough Collectors

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CSP Parabolic Trough Collectors Using Molten Salt As a Heat Transfer Fluid

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A Linear Concentrator Power Plant Using linear Fresnel Collectors

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A Linear Concentrator Power Plant Using linear Fresnel Collectors

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Concentrating Solar Power Tower System
The solar power plant 'Gemasolar' situated near Seville in Spain

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Concentrating Solar Power Tower System Basics
 In power tower concentrating solar power systems, numerous large, flat,
sun-tracking mirrors, known as heliostats, focus sunlight onto a receiver
at the top of a tall tower. A heat-transfer fluid heated in the receiver is used
to generate steam, which, in turn, is used in a conventional turbine
generator to produce electricity. Some power towers use water/steam as
the heat-transfer fluid.
 Other advanced designs are experimenting with molten nitrate salt
because of its superior heat-transfer and energy-storage capabilities.
 Individual commercial plants can be sized to produce up to hundreds
megawatts of electricity.

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The Full System of The Power Tower

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The Full System of The Power Tower

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The Full System of The Molten Salt Power Tower

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The Full System of The Molten Salt Power Tower
Molten Salt Receivers
 low salt cost allow use as heat transfer and storage
medium .
 salt temperatures up to 565°C for superheated steam
generation.
 good heat transfer characteristics .

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The Heat Exchange System

Wind Energy
Introduction
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator

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Wind Energy
Introduction
Wind
turbines
were used to
grind grain
Also used to
pump water
Then
evolved to
electricity
generation

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Wind Energy
How To Design Wind Generation System?
 Wind speed forecasting studies
 Wind turbine orientation place
 System size
 Stand-Alone or Grid-tied system
 Tower types
 Turbine types
 Wind turbine subsystems
 Generators used

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Wind Energy
Wind Speed Forecasting Studies

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Wind Energy
Wind Speed Forecasting Studies

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Wind Energy
Wind Turbine Orientation Place

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Wind Energy
Stand-Alone or Grid-tied system

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Wind Energy
Wind Turbine subsystems

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Wind Energy
Generators Used
Synchronous Generator Asynchronous (Induction) Generator
1- Wound rotor generator (WRSG) 1-Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG)
2- Permanent Magnet Generator (PMSG)
2- Wound Rotor Induction Generator (WRIG)
A-Opti-Slip Induction Generator (OSIG)
B- Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

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Wind Energy
Generators Used

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Wind Energy
Generators Used
Points
Induction Synchronous
SCIG WRIG OSIG DFIG WRSG PMSG
Excitation Not self-excited Not self-excited Not self-excited
Can be self-
excited
Self-excited Self-excited
Price Cheap
Expensive
related to SCIG
Cheap Cheap Expensive Expensive
Mechanical
design
Simple and
robust
Simple but not
robust
Simple and
robust
Simple and
robust
Complicated Complicated
Use of gear box
Must use
gearbox
Must use
gearbox
Must use
gearbox
Must use
gearbox
Gear box is not
essential
Gear box is not
essential
Speed range
operation
Restricted Restricted
Wide but
restricted 0-10%
Wide Restricted Restricted
Efficiency Moderate High Moderate High Moderate High

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 The DFIG is an induction machine with a wound rotor where the rotor and stator are both
connected to electrical sources, hence the term ‘doubly-fed’.
 The DFIG is currently the system of choice for multi-MW wind turbines.
 The stator circuit is directly connected to the grid while the rotor winding is connected
via slip-rings to a three-phase converter.
 AC-DC-AC converter used on the rotor which consists of two voltage-sourced converters,
i.e., rotor-side converter (RSC) and grid-side converter (GSC), which are connected
“back-to-back.” and between the two converters a dc-link capacitor is placed.
DFIG Wind Turbine
Introduction

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Advantages
 Variable speed operation.
 Rotor power converters handle only a fraction of the total power.
 Higher efficiency due to lower converters losses.
 Lower cost.
Disadvantages
 Presence of a gear box which needs continuous maintenance.
 Presence of slip rings which need frequent replacement.
 Speed restrictions over synchronous speed.
DFIG Wind Turbine
Advantages & Disadvantages

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DFIG Wind Turbine
Rotor Power Converters
The back-to-back inverter-converter arrangement

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 The Rotor Side Converter (RSC)
The purpose of the rotor-side converter is to control the rotor currents such that the rotor
flux position is optimally oriented with respect to the stator flux in order that the desired
torque is developed at the shaft of the machine.
 The Grid Side Converter (GSC)
aims to regulate the voltage of the dc bus capacitor. Moreover, it is allowed to generate
or absorb reactive power for voltage support requirements.
 Converter losses
The losses of the converters can be divided into switching losses and conducting losses.
The switching losses of the transistors are the turn-on and turn-off losses. For the diode the
switching losses mainly consist of turn-off losses, i.e., reverse-recovery energy.
DFIG Wind Turbine
Rotor Power Converters

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DFIG Wind Turbine
Stator Flux Orientation

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DFIG Wind Turbine

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DFIG Wind Turbine

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DFIG Wind Turbine

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DFIG Wind Turbine

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DFIG Wind Turbine
Vector Control of Rotor Side Converter

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DFIG Wind Turbine
Vector Control of Grid Side Converter

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DFIG Wind Turbine
Few Points to Discuss
 Limiting Speed Range.
 Phase Sequence Reversal.
 Reactive Power Generation from Stator and Rotor.
 Qs*and Iq*
 BDFIG – Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator

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DFIG Wind Turbine
Simulation Results
Rotor Power Flow for Sub.&Super
Synchronous Speed

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DFIG Wind Turbine
Simulation Results
Reversed Phase Sequence After the Transition
from Sub. To Super Synchronous Speed

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PMSG Wind Turbine
Why we use permanent synchronous generator for wind turbine systems?
 Main advantage of wind turbine PMSGs is their direct-drive do not
have the gearbox between the wind turbine and the PMSG rotor shaft,
which avoids the mechanical power losses caused by the gearbox.
Moreover, the removal of the gearbox also helps in reducing the cost
of the system.
 The overall configuration of a direct-drive wind turbine PMSG system
is shown.

159
PMSG Wind Turbine
PMSGs & FOC
 There are two big problems due to using PMSGs in wind energy systems.
1. The coupling between torque and flux.
2. The field is permanent magnet so, we can’t control the field.
Field oriented control could solve those problems.

160
PMSG Wind Turbine
Modelling of the PMSM in the 𝑑𝑞-axes synchronously rotating reference frame

161
PMSG Wind Turbine
Modelling of the PMSM in the 𝑑𝑞-axes synchronously rotating reference frame

162
PMSG Wind Turbine
Control of Generator-Side Converter
 In wind turbine PMSG systems, three system variables need to be strictly
controlled:
1. The optimal power generated by the PMSG at different wind speed
Levels.
2. The active and reactive power injected into the grid.
3. The DC bus voltage of the back to back converter.

163
PMSG Wind Turbine
Maximum Power Point Tracking Control

164
PMSG Wind Turbine
Field Oriented Control based Generator-Side Converter Control

165
PMSG Wind Turbine
Grid-Side Converter Control based on Voltage Oriented Control

166
PMSG Wind Turbine
Grid-Side Converter Control based on Voltage Oriented Control

167
PMSG Wind Turbine
Simulation Results

168
PMSG Wind Turbine
Simulation Results

169
PMSG Wind Turbine
Simulation Results
Voltage difference across machine side converter

170
PMSG Wind Turbine
Simulation Results
Dc-Link Voltage

171
PMSG Wind Turbine
Simulation Results
Voltage difference across grid side converter

172
PMSG Wind Turbine
Simulation Results
Grid Voltage

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