International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
High Speed and Area Efficient Booth Multiplier Using SQRT CSLA with Zero Find...IJERA Editor
Addition is one of the common and widely used fundamental arithmetic operation in many VLSI systems. The critical elements in general purpose and digital-signal processing processors are High performance VLSI integer adders as they are employed in the design of Arithmetic-Logic Units, in floating-point arithmetic data paths and in address generation units. The performance parameters for any adder are area, speed and delay. By using Square Root Carry Select Adder (SQRT CSLA), speed can be achieved. In designing new architecture, the Tradeoff between those parameters plays the major role. We can reduce area by using Zero Finding Logic (ZFC) technique, from the structure of SQRT CSLA. By using the Modified architecture we can reduce area. We can implement Booth multiplier by using the CSLA and SQRT CSLA with Zero finding logic. Implementation of Booth multiplier by using CSLA and SQRT CSLA with Zero finding logic is proposed for better speed applications and efficient area applications.
Area, Delay and Power Comparison of Adder TopologiesVLSICS Design
Adders form an almost obligatory component of every contemporary integrated circuit. The prerequisite of the adder is that it is primarily fast and secondarily efficient in terms of power consumption and chip area. This paper presents the pertinent choice for selecting the adder topology with the tradeoff between delay, power consumption and area. The adder topology used in this work are ripple carry adder, carry lookahead adder, carry skip adder, carry select adder, carry increment adder, carry save adder and carry bypass adder. The module functionality and performance issues like area, power dissipation and propagation delay are analyzed at 0.12µm 6metal layer CMOS technology using microwind tool.
Design and implementation of Closed Loop Control of Three Phase Interleaved P...IJMTST Journal
A single-phase, three-level, single-stage power-factor corrected AC/DC converter operated under closed
loop manner is presented. That operates with a single controller to regulate the output voltage and the input
inductor act as a boost inductor to have a single stage power factor correction with good output response. The
paper deals with a new single stage three level ac-dc converter which performs both power factor correction
and voltage regulation in a single stage. The proposed converter has two separate controllers, one for power
factor correction and the other for regulating the output voltage. A comprehensive review of the existing single
stage topologies has been carried out. Then the operating principle, control scheme and the design of the new
converter are presented. The proposed converter is having an input power factor close to unity and better
voltage regulation compared to the conventional ac-dc converter topologies. Proposed topology is evaluated
through Matlab/Simulink platform and simulation results are conferred.
In this project 31 % area delay product reduction is possible with the use of the CSLA based 32 bit unsigned parallel multiplier than CLAA based 32 bit unsigned parallel multiplier
High Speed and Area Efficient Booth Multiplier Using SQRT CSLA with Zero Find...IJERA Editor
Addition is one of the common and widely used fundamental arithmetic operation in many VLSI systems. The critical elements in general purpose and digital-signal processing processors are High performance VLSI integer adders as they are employed in the design of Arithmetic-Logic Units, in floating-point arithmetic data paths and in address generation units. The performance parameters for any adder are area, speed and delay. By using Square Root Carry Select Adder (SQRT CSLA), speed can be achieved. In designing new architecture, the Tradeoff between those parameters plays the major role. We can reduce area by using Zero Finding Logic (ZFC) technique, from the structure of SQRT CSLA. By using the Modified architecture we can reduce area. We can implement Booth multiplier by using the CSLA and SQRT CSLA with Zero finding logic. Implementation of Booth multiplier by using CSLA and SQRT CSLA with Zero finding logic is proposed for better speed applications and efficient area applications.
Area, Delay and Power Comparison of Adder TopologiesVLSICS Design
Adders form an almost obligatory component of every contemporary integrated circuit. The prerequisite of the adder is that it is primarily fast and secondarily efficient in terms of power consumption and chip area. This paper presents the pertinent choice for selecting the adder topology with the tradeoff between delay, power consumption and area. The adder topology used in this work are ripple carry adder, carry lookahead adder, carry skip adder, carry select adder, carry increment adder, carry save adder and carry bypass adder. The module functionality and performance issues like area, power dissipation and propagation delay are analyzed at 0.12µm 6metal layer CMOS technology using microwind tool.
Design and implementation of Closed Loop Control of Three Phase Interleaved P...IJMTST Journal
A single-phase, three-level, single-stage power-factor corrected AC/DC converter operated under closed
loop manner is presented. That operates with a single controller to regulate the output voltage and the input
inductor act as a boost inductor to have a single stage power factor correction with good output response. The
paper deals with a new single stage three level ac-dc converter which performs both power factor correction
and voltage regulation in a single stage. The proposed converter has two separate controllers, one for power
factor correction and the other for regulating the output voltage. A comprehensive review of the existing single
stage topologies has been carried out. Then the operating principle, control scheme and the design of the new
converter are presented. The proposed converter is having an input power factor close to unity and better
voltage regulation compared to the conventional ac-dc converter topologies. Proposed topology is evaluated
through Matlab/Simulink platform and simulation results are conferred.
In this project 31 % area delay product reduction is possible with the use of the CSLA based 32 bit unsigned parallel multiplier than CLAA based 32 bit unsigned parallel multiplier
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Here we describe the design details and performance of proposed Carry Propagate Adder based on GDI
technique. GDI technique is power efficient technique for designing digital circuit that consumes less
power as compare to most commonly used CMOS technique. GDI also has an advantage of minimum
propagation delay, minimum area required and less complexity for designing any digital circuit. We
designed Carry Propagate Adder using GDI technique and compared its performance with CMOS
technique in terms of area, delay and power dissipation. Circuit designed using CADENCE EDA tool and
simulated using SPECTRE VIRTUOSO tool at 0.18m technology. Comparative performance result shows
that Carry Propagate Adder using GDI technique dissipated 55.6% less power as compare to Carry
Propagate Adder using CMOS technique.
Adders are one of the most widely digital
components in the digital integrated circuit design and are the
necessary part of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications.
With the advances in technology, researchers have tried and are
trying to design adders which offer either high speed, low power
consumption, less area or the combination of them. The addition
of the two bits is very Based on the various speed-up schemes for
binary addition, a comprehensive overview and a qualitative
evaluation of the different existing basic adder architectures are
given in this paper. In addition, their comparison is performed in
the thesis for the performance analysis. We will synthesize the
adders - Ripple Carry adder, Carry look- ahead Adder, Carry
Save Adder in ISE XIILINX 10.1 by using HDL - Verilog and
will simulate them in Modelsim 6.4a. We will Compare above
mentioned adders in terms of Delay, Slices Used and Look up
tables used by the adder architecture.
Implementation of Low Power and Area Efficient Carry Select Adderinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
FPGA Implementation of Pipelined CORDIC Sine Cosine Digital Wave Generator cscpconf
The coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm is well known iterative
algorithm for performing rotations in digital signal processing applications. Hardware
implementation of CORDIC results increase in Critical path delay. Pipelined architecture isused in CORDIC to increase the clock speed and to reduce the Critical path delay. In this paper a hardware efficient Digital sine and cosine wave generator is designed and implemented using Pipelined CORDIC architecture. FPGA based architecture is presented and design has been implemented using Xilinx 12.3 device
MAC unit is used for high performance digital signal processing systems. The DSP applications include filtering, convolution, and inner products.
The design consists of 64 bit modified Wallace multiplier.
128 bit carry save adder and a register/ accumulator.
The output of carry save adder is 129 bit i.e. one bit is for the carry (128bits+ 1 bit). Then, the output is given to the accumulator register.
The accumulator register used in this design is Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO).
The output of the accumulator register is taken out or fed back as one of the input to the carry save adder.
APPLICATIONS:
1) digital signal processing (DSP) applications
a. Signal filtering
b. convolution.
c. Decreasing number of inner products.
2) Optical communications.
COSA and CSA based 32 -bit unsigned multiplerinventy
In this paper, design of two different arraymultipliers are presented, one by using conditional sum (COSA) logic for addition of partial product terms and another by introducing Carry Save Adder (CSA) in partial product lines. The multipliers presented in this paper were all modeled using VHDL (Very High Speed Integration Hardware Description Language) for 32-bit unsigned data. The comparison is done on the basis of three performanceparameters i.e. Area, Speed and Power consumption. To design an efficient integrated circuit in terms of area, power and speed, has become a challenging task in modern VLSI design field. Previously in the literature, performance analysis was carried out between multiplier using Ripple carry adder (RCA) and by using CLA. In this work, same multiplier is designed by using CSA logic and compare it's performance with the multiplier designed by using CSLA logic. Multiplier with CSA gives better result in terms of speed (78.3% improvement), area (reduced by 4.2%) and power consumption (decreased by 1.4%).
Design of 32 bit Parallel Prefix Adders IOSR Journals
In this paper, we propose 32 bit Kogge-Stone, Brent-Kung, Ladner-Fischer parallel prefix adders. In
general N-bit adders like Ripple Carry Adders (slow adders compare to other adders), and Carry Look Ahead
adders (area consuming adders) are used in earlier days. But now the most Industries are using parallel prefix
adders because of their advantages compare to other adders. Parallel prefix adders are faster and area
efficient. Parallel prefix adder is a technique for increasing the speed in DSP processor while performing
addition. We simulate and synthesis different types of 32-bit prefix adders using Xilinx ISE 10.1i tool. By using
these synthesis results, we noted the performance parameters like number of LUTs and delay. We compare these three adders in terms of LUTs (represents area) and delay values.
High speed and low power adder circuits are highly demanded in Embedded and VLSI design.
In this paper, a new approach for high speed and low power adder design, with less number of gate counts,
optimization of Area, Power and Delay is proposed, The proposed work presents the design, simulation and
implementation of various 8-bit adders on Cadence Design Suite 6.1.5 with Virtuoso, Assura and ADE toolset,
the designs are implemented in GPDK 45 nm technology with unvaried Width and Length of PMOS and NMOS
device, In this paper the Design and Modelling of Ripple Carry Adder, Carry Skip Adder, Carry Lookahead
Adder and Kogge Stone Adder is done using different design styles like CMOS, GDI and GDI-PTL logic is
applied and comparative analysis ismade. From the simulation results it is clear that Parallel Prefix Adder (KSA)
provide a better result compared to other adder design, the proposed KSA adder is modelled and designed using
the combination of CMOS-GDI logic to give better performance.
Design and Estimation of delay, power and area for Parallel prefix addersIJERA Editor
In Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) designs, Parallel prefix adders (PPA) have the better delay performance. This paper investigates four types of PPA’s (Kogge Stone Adder (KSA), Spanning Tree Adder (STA), Brent Kung Adder (BKA) and Sparse Kogge Stone Adder (SKA)). Additionally Ripple Carry Adder (RCA), Carry Look ahead Adder (CLA) and Carry Skip Adder (CSA) are also investigated. These adders are implemented in verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) using Xilinx Integrated Software Environment (ISE) 13.2 Design Suite. These designs are implemented in Xilinx Spartan 6 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). Delay and area are measured using XPower analyzer and all these adder’s delay, power and area are investigated and compared finally
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Here we describe the design details and performance of proposed Carry Propagate Adder based on GDI
technique. GDI technique is power efficient technique for designing digital circuit that consumes less
power as compare to most commonly used CMOS technique. GDI also has an advantage of minimum
propagation delay, minimum area required and less complexity for designing any digital circuit. We
designed Carry Propagate Adder using GDI technique and compared its performance with CMOS
technique in terms of area, delay and power dissipation. Circuit designed using CADENCE EDA tool and
simulated using SPECTRE VIRTUOSO tool at 0.18m technology. Comparative performance result shows
that Carry Propagate Adder using GDI technique dissipated 55.6% less power as compare to Carry
Propagate Adder using CMOS technique.
Adders are one of the most widely digital
components in the digital integrated circuit design and are the
necessary part of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) applications.
With the advances in technology, researchers have tried and are
trying to design adders which offer either high speed, low power
consumption, less area or the combination of them. The addition
of the two bits is very Based on the various speed-up schemes for
binary addition, a comprehensive overview and a qualitative
evaluation of the different existing basic adder architectures are
given in this paper. In addition, their comparison is performed in
the thesis for the performance analysis. We will synthesize the
adders - Ripple Carry adder, Carry look- ahead Adder, Carry
Save Adder in ISE XIILINX 10.1 by using HDL - Verilog and
will simulate them in Modelsim 6.4a. We will Compare above
mentioned adders in terms of Delay, Slices Used and Look up
tables used by the adder architecture.
Implementation of Low Power and Area Efficient Carry Select Adderinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
FPGA Implementation of Pipelined CORDIC Sine Cosine Digital Wave Generator cscpconf
The coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm is well known iterative
algorithm for performing rotations in digital signal processing applications. Hardware
implementation of CORDIC results increase in Critical path delay. Pipelined architecture isused in CORDIC to increase the clock speed and to reduce the Critical path delay. In this paper a hardware efficient Digital sine and cosine wave generator is designed and implemented using Pipelined CORDIC architecture. FPGA based architecture is presented and design has been implemented using Xilinx 12.3 device
MAC unit is used for high performance digital signal processing systems. The DSP applications include filtering, convolution, and inner products.
The design consists of 64 bit modified Wallace multiplier.
128 bit carry save adder and a register/ accumulator.
The output of carry save adder is 129 bit i.e. one bit is for the carry (128bits+ 1 bit). Then, the output is given to the accumulator register.
The accumulator register used in this design is Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO).
The output of the accumulator register is taken out or fed back as one of the input to the carry save adder.
APPLICATIONS:
1) digital signal processing (DSP) applications
a. Signal filtering
b. convolution.
c. Decreasing number of inner products.
2) Optical communications.
COSA and CSA based 32 -bit unsigned multiplerinventy
In this paper, design of two different arraymultipliers are presented, one by using conditional sum (COSA) logic for addition of partial product terms and another by introducing Carry Save Adder (CSA) in partial product lines. The multipliers presented in this paper were all modeled using VHDL (Very High Speed Integration Hardware Description Language) for 32-bit unsigned data. The comparison is done on the basis of three performanceparameters i.e. Area, Speed and Power consumption. To design an efficient integrated circuit in terms of area, power and speed, has become a challenging task in modern VLSI design field. Previously in the literature, performance analysis was carried out between multiplier using Ripple carry adder (RCA) and by using CLA. In this work, same multiplier is designed by using CSA logic and compare it's performance with the multiplier designed by using CSLA logic. Multiplier with CSA gives better result in terms of speed (78.3% improvement), area (reduced by 4.2%) and power consumption (decreased by 1.4%).
Design of 32 bit Parallel Prefix Adders IOSR Journals
In this paper, we propose 32 bit Kogge-Stone, Brent-Kung, Ladner-Fischer parallel prefix adders. In
general N-bit adders like Ripple Carry Adders (slow adders compare to other adders), and Carry Look Ahead
adders (area consuming adders) are used in earlier days. But now the most Industries are using parallel prefix
adders because of their advantages compare to other adders. Parallel prefix adders are faster and area
efficient. Parallel prefix adder is a technique for increasing the speed in DSP processor while performing
addition. We simulate and synthesis different types of 32-bit prefix adders using Xilinx ISE 10.1i tool. By using
these synthesis results, we noted the performance parameters like number of LUTs and delay. We compare these three adders in terms of LUTs (represents area) and delay values.
High speed and low power adder circuits are highly demanded in Embedded and VLSI design.
In this paper, a new approach for high speed and low power adder design, with less number of gate counts,
optimization of Area, Power and Delay is proposed, The proposed work presents the design, simulation and
implementation of various 8-bit adders on Cadence Design Suite 6.1.5 with Virtuoso, Assura and ADE toolset,
the designs are implemented in GPDK 45 nm technology with unvaried Width and Length of PMOS and NMOS
device, In this paper the Design and Modelling of Ripple Carry Adder, Carry Skip Adder, Carry Lookahead
Adder and Kogge Stone Adder is done using different design styles like CMOS, GDI and GDI-PTL logic is
applied and comparative analysis ismade. From the simulation results it is clear that Parallel Prefix Adder (KSA)
provide a better result compared to other adder design, the proposed KSA adder is modelled and designed using
the combination of CMOS-GDI logic to give better performance.
Design and Estimation of delay, power and area for Parallel prefix addersIJERA Editor
In Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) designs, Parallel prefix adders (PPA) have the better delay performance. This paper investigates four types of PPA’s (Kogge Stone Adder (KSA), Spanning Tree Adder (STA), Brent Kung Adder (BKA) and Sparse Kogge Stone Adder (SKA)). Additionally Ripple Carry Adder (RCA), Carry Look ahead Adder (CLA) and Carry Skip Adder (CSA) are also investigated. These adders are implemented in verilog Hardware Description Language (HDL) using Xilinx Integrated Software Environment (ISE) 13.2 Design Suite. These designs are implemented in Xilinx Spartan 6 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). Delay and area are measured using XPower analyzer and all these adder’s delay, power and area are investigated and compared finally
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Para las empresas de servicios, la proximidad a los mercados es un factor crítico para determinar la capacidad de atraer clientes.
La localización es la principal ventaja competitiva de cualquier negocio de restauración.
Hay que tener en cuenta que en restauración los procesos son y deben ser flexibles; puesto que si su objetivo es la satisfacción total del cliente, y si cada cliente es distinto de otro, cada uno de ellos puede tener unas necesidades diferentes o incluso iguales, pero con prioridades distintas; por ello el proceso se debe adaptar en cada momento y a cada caso.
Es de vital importancia un análisis de puestos de trabajo relacionados con la ausencia de puestos, funciones no desarrolladas, bajo nivel de cumplimiento de los
requisitos de formación y experiencia para detectar puntos de mejora importantes.
Design of High Speed 128 bit Parallel Prefix AddersIJERA Editor
In this paper, we propose 128-bit Kogge-Stone, Ladner-Fischer, Spanning tree parallel prefix adders and
compared with Ripple carry adder. In general N-bit adders like Ripple Carry Adders (slow adders compare to
other adders), and Carry Look Ahead adders (area consuming adders) are used in earlier days. But now the most
Industries are using parallel prefix adders because of their advantages compare to other adders. Parallel prefix
adders are faster and area efficient. Parallel prefix adder is a technique for increasing the speed in DSP processor
while performing addition. While when we want to design any 128-bit operating systems and processors we can
use these adders in place of regular adders. We simulate and synthesis different types of 128-bit prefix adders
using Xilinx ISE 12.3 tool. By using these synthesis results, we noted the performance parameters like number
of LUTs and delay. We compare these three adders in terms of LUTs (represents area) and delay values.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
a technical review of efficient and high speed adders for vedic multipliersINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
n the VLSI system design, the main regions of research are the reduced size & increase speed path logic systems. A fundamental requirement of high speed, addition and multiplication is always needed for the high performance digital processors. In the digital system, the speed of addition depend on the propagation of carry, which is generated successively, after the previous bit has been summed & carry is propagated, into the next location. There are numerous types of adders available likes Ripple Carry Adder, Carry Look Ahead Adder, Carry Save Adder, Carry Avoid Adder, and Carry Select Adder, which have their own benefits and drawbacks. With the advances technology, proposal of Carry select adder (CSA) which deals either of the high speed, low power consumption, regularity of layout a smaller amount area and compact VLSI design implementation. Researchers justify that Ripple Carry Adder had a lesser area but having lesser in speed, in comparing with Carry Select Adders are fastest speed but possess a larger area. The Carry Look Ahead Adder is in between the spectrum having proper trade-offs between time and area complexities.
An Efficient High Speed Design of 16-Bit Sparse-Tree RSFQ AdderIJERA Editor
In this paper, we propse 16-bit sparse tree RSFQ adder (Rapid single flux quantam), kogge-stone adder, carry lookahead adder. In general N-bit adders like Ripple carry adder s(slow adders compare to other adders), and carry lookahead adders(area consuming adders) are used in earlier days. But now the most of industries are using parallel prefix adders because of their advantages compare to kogge-stone adder, carry lookahead adder, Our prefix sparse tree adders are faster and area efficient. Parallel prefix adder is a technique for increasing the speed in DSP processor while performing addition. We simulate and synthesis different types of 16-bit sparse tree RSFQ adders using Xilinx ISE10.1i tool, By using these synthesis results, We noted the performance parameters like number of LUT’s and delay. We compare these three adders interms of LUT’s represents area) and delay values.
Design of 32 bit Parallel Prefix AddersIOSR Journals
Abstract: In this paper, we propose 32 bit Kogge-Stone, Brent-Kung, Ladner-Fischer parallel prefix adders. In general N-bit adders like Ripple Carry Adders (slow adders compare to other adders), and Carry Look Ahead adders (area consuming adders) are used in earlier days. But now the most Industries are using parallel prefix adders because of their advantages compare to other adders. Parallel prefix adders are faster and area efficient. Parallel prefix adder is a technique for increasing the speed in DSP processor while performing addition. We simulate and synthesis different types of 32-bit prefix adders using Xilinx ISE 10.1i tool. By using these synthesis results, we noted the performance parameters like number of LUTs and delay. We compare these three adders in terms of LUTs (represents area) and delay values. Keywords− prefix adder, carry operator, Kogge-Stone, Brent-Kung, Ladner-Fischer
128-Bit Area Efficient Reconfigurable Carry Select Adder ijcisjournal
Adders are one of the most critical arithmetic circuits in a system and their throughput affects the overall
performance of the system. Carry Select Adder (CSLA) is one of the fastest adders used in many dataprocessing
processors to perform fast arithmetic functions. From the structure of the CSLA, it is clear that
there is scope for reducing the area and power consumption in the CSLA. In this paper, we proposed an
area-efficient carry select adder by sharing the common Boolean logic term. After logic optimization and
sharing partial circuit, we only need one XOR gate and one inverter gate for sum generation. Through the
multiplexer, we can select the final-sum only and for carry selection we need only one AND gate and one
OR gate. Based on this modification 16-, 32-, 64-, and 128-bit CSLA architecture have been developed and
compared with the conventional CSLA architecture. The proposed design greatly reduces the area
compared to other CSLAs. From this improvement, the gate count of a 128-bit carry select adder can be
reduced from 3320 to 1664. The proposed structure is implemented in Artix-7 FPGA. Compared with the
proposed design, the conventional CSLA has 65.80% less area.
Design Of 64-Bit Parallel Prefix VLSI Adder For High Speed Arithmetic CircuitsIJRES Journal
Parallel prefix adder is a kind of process for speeding up the addition of the system of writing and calculating with numbers which use only two digits. Parallel prefix adders are also known as carry-tree adders and they are known to have the best performance in VLSI designs. Due to constraints on logic blog configurations a routing overhead, this performance advantage does not translate directly into FPGA implementations. Identifying the absolutely accurate area-delay tradeoff curve of the parallel prefix is an interesting problem that has received more attention in research because parallel prefix adder on the other hand represents a type of general adder structure that displays publically in flexible area-time tradeoffs for the design of adder. Many different types of parallel prefix adders are made to increase for optimizing area, fan out, speed and performance. For high speed performance tree like structure is must which helps in greater way. There are many different method used for designing parallel prefix adder based on their speed, size and performance. For area optimization we use Brent-Kung method. If our main purpose is to get the least timing then we have to use Kogg-Stone adder method.
High –Speed Implementation of Design and Analysis by Using Parallel Prefix Ad...IOSRJECE
The binary adder is the critical element in most digital circuit designs including the digital signal processors (DSP) and microprocessor data unit path. As such as extensive research continues to be focused on improving the power, delay, improvement of the adder. The design and analysis of the parallel prefix adders (carry select adders) is to be implemented by using Verilog. In VLSI implementations, parallel prefix adders are very high speed performance. Binary adders are one of the most essential logic elements within a digital system. Therefore, binary addition is essential that any improvement in binary addition can result in a performance boost for any computing system and hence, help improve the performance of the entire system. Parallel-prefix adders (also known as carry-tree adders) are known to have the best performance in VLSI designs. This paper investigates (the Kogge-Stone, sparse Kogge-Stone, Ladner fischer adder, Brent-Kung adder) and compares them to the simple Ripple Carry Adder (RCA) for high number of binary bits.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
VLSI Implementation of 32-Bit Unsigned Multiplier Using CSLA & CLAAIJMTST Journal
In this project we are going to compare the performance of different adders implemented to the multipliers based on area and time needed for calculation. The CLAA based multiplier uses the delay time of 99ns for performing multiplication operation where as in CSLA based multiplier also uses nearly the same delay time for multiplication operation. But the area needed for CLAA multiplier is reduced to 31 % by the CSLA based multiplier to complete the multiplication operation.
— Parallel Prefix adders have been one of the most
notable among several designs proposed in the past. The
advantage of utilizing the flexibility in implementing these
structures based upon through put requirements. Due to
continuing integrating intensity and the growing needs of
portable devices, low power and high performance designs are of
prime importance. The classical parallel prefix adder structures
presented in the literature over the years optimize for logic depth,
area, and fan-out and interconnect count of logic circuits. In this
proposed system, Kogge-Stone adder which is one of types of
parallel prefix adder is used. Kogge stone is the fastest adder
because of its minimum fan-out. When parallel prefix adder is
compared with classical adders it is advantageous in every aspect.
The study reveals that Parallel Prefix adder has the least power
delay product when compared with its peer existing adder
structures (Ripple carry adder, Carry save adders etc).
Simulation results are verified using Xilinx 10.1 and
MODELSIM 6.4a softwares.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED CARRY INCREMENT ADDERVLSICS Design
A complex digital circuit comprises of adder as a basic unit. The performance of the circuit depends on the
design of this basic adder unit. The speed of operation of a circuit is one of the important performance
criteria of many digital circuits which ultimately depends on the delay of the basic adder unit. Many
research works have been devoted in improving the delay of the adder circuit. In this paper we have
proposed an improved carry increment adder (CIA) that improves the delay performance of the circuit. The
improvement is achieved by incorporating carry look adder (CLA) in the design of CIA contrary to the
previous design of CIA that employs ripple carry adder (RCA). A simulation study is carried out for
comparative analysis. The coding is done in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and the
simulation is carried out in Xilinx ISE 13.1 environment.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
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Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
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Speaker:
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
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A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish Caching
Gq3511781181
1. Amit Jain et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1178-1181
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
FPGA Based Implementation for Ripple Carry Adder with
Reduced Area and Low Power Consumption
Amit Jain, Nitin Meena
IES College of Technology Bhopal, M.P.
Abstract
A multiplier is one of the key hardware blocks in most digital and high performance systems such as FIR filters,
digital signal processors and microprocessors etc. With advances in technology, many researchers have tried and
are trying to design multipliers which offer either of the following- high speed, low power consumption,
regularity of layout and hence less area or even combination of them in multiplier. However area and speed are
two conflicting constraints. So improving speed results always in larger areas. So here we try to find out the best
trade off solution among the both of them.
While comparing the adders we found out that Ripple Carry Adder had a smaller area while having lesser speed,
in contrast to which Carry Select Adders are high speed but possess a larger area. And a Carry Look Ahead
Adder is in between the spectrum having a proper tradeoff between time and area complexities.
Keywords: -Ripple Carry Adder, Carry Select Adder, Carry Skip Adder, Carry Look Head Adder FIR Filter.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Addition usually impacts widely the overall
performance of digital systems and a crucial arithmetic
function. In electronic applications adders are most
widely used. Applications where these are used are
multipliers, DSP to execute various algorithms like
FFT, FIR and IIR. Wherever concept of multiplication
comes adders come in to the picture. As we know
millions of instructions per second are performed in
microprocessors. So, speed of operation is the most
important constraint to be considered while designing
multipliers.
Improved
adders
generate
carries o
simultaneously [1]. These adders employ the principle
that the carry from each bit position may be generated
independently as an explicit function of all the less
significant addend and augend bits. However, because
of the inherent limitations in available components, the
constructors of simultaneous carry- generation adders
are not always practical.
Multiplication is a fundamental operation in
most signal processing algorithms. Multipliers have
large area, long latency and consume considerable
power. Therefore low-power multiplier design has
been an important part in low- power VLSI system
design. There has been extensive work on low-power
multipliers at technology, physical, circuit and logic
levels. A system’s performance is generally
determined by the performance of the multiplier
because the multiplier is generally the slowest element
in the system. Furthermore, it is generally the most
area consuming. Hence, optimizing the speed and area
of the multiplier is a major design issue. However,
area and speed are usually conflicting constraints so
that improving speed results mostly in larger areas. As
a result, a whole spectrum of multipliers with different
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area- speed constraints has been designed with fully
parallel.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.
In section 2, a brief about ripple carry adder, carry
select adder and carry skip is given. In section 3 carry
look head adder is introduced along with partitioning
methodology. Also a new architecture with clock
sharing is introduced. Section 4 provides the
simulation results obtained. Section 5 provides the
conclusion and future scope obtained.
II.
ADDITION ALGORITHM
Ripple Carry Adder
This procedure is an asynchronous addition
used in the first electronic computers. Addition of
binary numbers of several digits is accomplished in
the same manner as that of decimal numbers.
Concatenating the N full adders forms N bit Ripple
carry adder. In this carry out of previous full adder
becomes the input carry for the next full adder. It
calculates sum and carry according to the following
equations. As carry ripples from one full adder to the
other, it traverses longest critical path and exhibits
worst case delay.
S i Ai Bi Ci
(1)
Ci 1 Ai Bi Bi Ci Ci Ai
(2)
Where i = 0, 1, 2, 3 …n-1
RCA is the slowest in all adders but it is very
compact in size. If the ripple carry adder is
implemented by concatenating N full adders, the delay
of such an adder is 2N gate delays from Cin to Cout.
The delay of adder increases linearly with increase in
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2. Amit Jain et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1178-1181
number of bits. Block diagram of RCA is shown in
Figure 1.
within the group are pi=1, carry bypasses the entire
group as shown in figure 2.
X3
Y2 X2
C3
FA
Y1 X1
C2
FA
S3
FA
S2
4-bit
block
Y0 X0
C1
S1
0
,
c
carry-in (
0
i
, ;
c
k
1
s
i 1:k
,
1
c ) , later as the block’s true
i
) becomes known , the correct signal
pairs are selected. Generally multiplexers are used to
propagate carries.
an-1 bn-1.. an/2 bn/2
N/2-bit
RCA
an/2-1 bn/2-1 .. a0 b0
N/2-bit
RCA
1
N/2-bit
RCA
0
1
MUX
0
ci=0
Low Sn/2
High Sn/2
Figure 2: A Carry Select Adder with 1 level using n/2bit RCA
Because of multiplexers larger area is
required.
Have a lesser delay than Ripple Carry Adders (half
delay of RCA).
Hence we always go for Carry Select Adder while
working with smaller no of bits.
o
Carry Skip Adder
A carry skip divides the words to be added in
to groups of equal size of k-bits. Carry Propagate pi
signals may be used within a group of bits to
accelerate the carry propagation. If all the pi signals
www.ijera.com
Skip
3210
O
R
Figure 3: Carry Skip Adder
Carry Select Adder
In Carry select adder scheme, blocks of bits
are added in two ways: one assuming a carry-in of 0
and the other with a carry-in of 1.This results in two
precomputed sum and carry-out signal pairs
i 1:k
Skip
S0
o
s
4-bit
block
C0
FA
Figure 1: Block Diagram of RCA
(
4-bit
block
Skip
Y3
C4
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In this way delay is reduced as compared to
ripple carry adder. The worst-case carry propagation
delay in a N-bit carry skip adder with fixed block
width b, assuming that one stage of ripple has the
same delay as one skip, can be derived:
Block width tremendously affects the latency
of adder. Latency is directly proportional to block
width. More number of blocks means block width is
less, hence more delay. The idea behind Variable
Block Adder (VBA) is to minimize the critical path
delay in the carry chain of a carry skip adder, while
allowing the groups to take different sizes. In case of
carry skip adder, such condition will result in more
number of skips between stages.
Such adder design is called variable block design,
which is tremendously used to fasten the speed of
adder. In the variable block carry skip adder design we
divided a 32-bit adder in to 4 blocks or groups. The bit
widths of groups are taken as; First block is of 4 bits,
second is of 6 bits, third is 18 bit wide and the last
group consist of most significant 4 bits.
o
Ripple Carry Adder
In ripple carry adders, the carry propagation
time is the major speed limiting factor as seen in the
previous lesson.
Most other arithmetic operations, e.g. multiplication
and division are implemented using several
add/subtract steps. Thus, improving the speed of
addition will improve the speed of all other arithmetic
operations.
Accordingly, reducing the carry propagation
delay of adders is of great importance. Different logic
design approaches have been employed to overcome
the carry propagation problem.
One widely used approach employs the principle of
carry look-ahead solves this problem by calculating
the carry signals in advance, based on the input
signals.
This type of adder circuit is called as carry look-ahead
adder (CLA adder). It is based on the fact that a carry
signal will be enerated in two cases:
(1) when both bits Ai and Bi are 1, or
(2) when one of the two bits is 1 and the carry-in
(carry of the previous stage) is 1.
1179 | P a g e
3. Amit Jain et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1178-1181
www.ijera.com
To understand the carry propagation problem, let’s
consider the case of adding two n-bit numbers A and
B.
and equations. Computed values of all the Gi’s are
valid one AND-gate delay after the operands A and B
are made valid.
In this circuit, the 2 internal signals P i and Gi are given
by:
Pi Ai Bi
(3)
III.
RESULT AND SIMULATION
We have implemented Ripple Carry Adder
(RCA), Carry Select Adder (CSA), and Carry Lookhead Adder (CLA architecture. A comparison between
RCA, CSA and CLA design based architecture for 4bit, 16-bit is given in Table I and Table II respectively.
Gi Ai Bi
(4)
The output sum and carry can be defined as:
S i Pi C i
C0
(5)
Ci 1 Gi Pi Ci
(6)
A0
S0
C0
P0- - - - - - - - P0
B0
G0
S1
P1- - - - - - - - P1
G1
C2
S2
P2- - - - - - - - P2
G2
C3
S3
P2- - - - - - - - P2
G3
Figure 4: Carry Look head Block
Gi is known as the carry Generate signal since
a carry (Ci+1) is generated whenever Gi =1, regardless
of the input carry (Ci).
Pi is known as the carry propagate signal since
whenever Pi =1, the input carry is propagated to the
output carry, i.e., Ci+1. = Ci (note that whenever Pi =1,
Gi =0).
Thus, these signals settle to their steady-state
value after the propagation through their respective
gates.
Computed values of all the Pi’s are valid one XORgate delay after the operands A and B are made valid.
Computing the values of Pi and Gi only depend on the
input operand bits (Ai & Bi) as clear from the Figure
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TABLE I
Comparison between RCA, CSA and CLA design
based architecture for 4-bit
RCA
CSA
CLA
Number
of 4 out of
7 out of 6 out of
Slices
6144
6144
6144
Number of 4 8 out of
13 out 10 out of
input LUTs
12288
of
12288
12288
Maximum
7.087ns
6.431ns 7.435ns
combinational
path delay
TABLE II
Comparison between RCA, CSA and CLA design
based architecture for 16-bit
RCA
CSA
CLA
Number
of 18 out of 28 out 20 out of
Slices
6144
of
6144
6144
Number of 4 32 out of 52 out 35 out of
input LUTs
12288
of
12288
12288
Maximum
14.431ns 10.338ns 14.652ns
combinational
path delay
Implementing the proposed CLA based architecture
has been captured by VHDL and the functionality is
verified by RTL and gate level simulation. To estimate
the number of slices, flip flop, required time and
minimum period information for ASIC design, we
have used Xilinx Design Compiler to synthesize the
design into gate level. Comparison of practical result
up to third decomposition level architecture for 2-D
DWT is given in Table I and Table II respectively.
IV.
CONCLUSION
We studied about different adders among
compared them by different criteria like number of
slice and Time so that we can judge to know which
adder was best suited for situation. After comparing all
we came to a conclusion that Carry Look-head
Adders are best suited for situations where Speed is
the only criteria. Similarly Ripple Carry Adders are
best suited for Low Power Applications. But Among
all the Carry Look Ahead Adder had the least AreaDelay product that tells us that, it is suitable for
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4. Amit Jain et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1178-1181
www.ijera.com
situations where both low power and fastness are a
criteria such that we need a proper balance between
both as is the case with our Paper.
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[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
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