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Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
Global positioning system and its mathematical form.
By Mustahsan Khan _ BS(physics-Nanotechnology) (International Islamic University Islamabad) Pakistan.
This ppt is about Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL),which is a means of determining the geographic location of a vehicle and transmitting this info to a point where it can be stored & used with certain software and database applications.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite based navigation system that can provide people who use it with their exact position on Earth, tell them how to get to another location, how fast they are moving, where they have been, how far they have gone, what time it is. GPS was originally designed to help the U.S. military with finding the accurate location of their soldiers, vehicles, planes and ships around the world. Now, GPS is used in cellular phones, navigation and map making.
Space segmentsGPS satellites fly in medium Earth orbit (MEO) at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,550 miles). Each satellite circles the Earth twice a day.The satellites in the GPS constellation are arranged into six equally-spaced orbital planes surrounding the Earth. Each plane contains four "slots" occupied by baseline satellites. This 24-slot arrangement ensures users can view at least four satellites from virtually any point on the planet.
The control segment
The control segment of the GPS system consists of a worldwide network of tracking stations.
The master control station (MCS) located in the United States at Colorado Springs, Colorado.
The primary task of the operational control segment is tracking the GPS satellites in order to determine and predict satellite locations, system integrity, behavior of the satellite atomic clocks, atmospheric data, the satellite almanac, and other considerations.
The User segment
The user segment includes all military and civilian users. With a GPS receiver connected to a GPS antenna, a user can receive the GPS signals, which can be used to determine his or her position anywhere in the world. GPS is currently available to all users worldwide at no direct charge.
How it work?When a GPS receiver is first turned on, it downloads orbit information from all the satellites called an almanac.Once this information is downloaded, it is stored in the receiver’s memory for future use. The GPS receiver calculates the distance from each satellite to the receiver by using the distance formula: distance = velocity x time.The receiver determines position by using triangulation. When it receives signals from at least three satellites the receiver should be able to calculate its approximate position (a 2D position). The receiver needs at least four or more satellites to calculate a more accurate 3D position. The position can be reported in latitude/longitude.
The two GPS codes are;-
Coarse acquisition (or C/A-code)
Precision (or P-code).
The C/A-code is modulated onto the L1 carrier only, while the P-code is modulated onto both the L1 and the L2 carriers. This modulation is called biphase modulation, because the carrier phase is shifted by 180° when the code value changes from zero to one or from one to zero.
Source of GPS error
Satellite clock errors: Caused by slight discrepancies in each satellite’s four atomic clocks. Errors are monitored and corrected by the Master Control Station.
Orbit errors:Satellite orbits.
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1. GPS Tracking System
GPS Tracking Systems are designed for tracking vehicle fleets, equipment, people, containers, and
merchandise. GPS tracking systems are used for fleet management, protecting the vehicle and the driver
and locating equipment and people among many other uses.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location
and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS
receiver. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the
world.
Basic concept and functions of GPS
A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the
Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include
The time the message was transmitted
Satellite position at time of message transmission
The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes
the distance to each satellite using the speed of light. Each of these distances and satellites' locations
define a sphere. The receiver is on the surface of each of these spheres when the distances and the
satellites' locations are correct. These distances and satellites' locations are used to compute the
location of the receiver using the navigation equations. This location is then displayed, perhaps with a
moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included. Many GPS units
show derived information such as direction and speed, calculated from position changes.
In typical GPS operation, four or more satellites must be visible to obtain an accurate result. Four sphere
surfaces typically do not intersect.
Four basic functions of GPS
Position and coordinates.
The distance and direction between any two waypoints, or a position and a waypoint.
Travel progress reports.
Accurate time measurement.
Segments /Structure of GPS
GPS satellites broadcast signals from space, and each GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its
three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time.
The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the
Space segment - The space segment is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites or Space Vehicles
in GPS parlance.
2. Control segment - The control segment is composed of a master control station (MCS), an
alternate master control station, four dedicated ground antennas and six dedicated monitor
stations.
User segment - GPS receivers come in a variety of formats, from devices integrated into cars,
phones, and watches, to dedicated devices. In general, GPS receivers are composed of an
antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a
highly stable clock (often a crystal oscillator). They may also include a display for providing
location and speed information to the user. A receiver is often described by its number of
channels: this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously. Originally limited to
four or five, this has progressively increased over the years.
Applications
GPS's three basic components: absolute location, relative movement, and time transfer are used by
civilian and military applications.
GPS has become a widely deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking, and
surveillance. GPS's accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone
operations, and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off switching.
Civilian
Fleet Tracking: The use of GPS technology to identify, locate and maintain contact reports with
one or more fleet vehicles in real-time.
GPS Aircraft Tracking
Geo-fencing: Vehicle tracking systems, person tracking systems, and pet tracking systems use
GPS to locate a vehicle, person, or pet. These devices are attached to the vehicle, person, or the
pet collar. The application provides continuous tracking and mobile or Internet updates should
the target leave a designated area.
Cartography
Cellular telephony
Disaster relief/emergency services
Geo-tagging: Applying location coordinates to digital objects such as photographs and other
documents for purposes such as creating map overlays.
GPS tours: Location determines what content to display; for instance, information about an
approaching point of interest.
Navigation: Navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements.
Recreation: For example, geo-caching, geo-dashing, GPS drawing and way-marking.
Surveying: Surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property boundaries.
Tectonics: GPS enables direct fault motion measurement in earthquakes.
Telematics: GPS technology integrated with computers and mobile communications technology
in automotive navigation systems.
Robotics: Self-navigating, autonomous robots using GPS sensors, which calculate latitude,
longitude, time, speed, and heading.
Military
Navigation: GPS allows soldiers to find objectives, even in the dark or in unfamiliar territory, and
to coordinate troop and supply movement.
3. Target tracking: Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and air
targets before flagging them as hostile.
Missile and projectile guidance: GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons.
Search and Rescue: Downed pilots can be located faster if their position is known.
Reconnaissance: Patrol movement can be managed more closely.
GPS satellites carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors consisting of the optical sensors.