The document discusses the evolution and functioning of GPS technology and aircraft tracking systems. It details the components of GPS, such as satellites and control systems, and explains how aircraft use GPS for position tracking through technologies like ADS-B. The introduction of the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) improves GPS accuracy, enhancing its application for various navigation and surveillance purposes.

1. Aircraft GPS
Tracking.
Submitted to:
Ma’am Sadia Zaib.
Presented By:
Yasir Abbas.

2. HISTORY:
 Navigating by stars (requires clear nights and careful
measurements) most widely used for centuries
 The first practical radar system was produced in 1935 by the
British physicist Sir Robert Watson-Watt.
 The first artificial satellite was Sputnik 1, launched by the Soviet
Union on 4 October 1957 under the Sputnik program.
 The GPS project was developed in 1973 to overcome the
limitations of previous navigation systems.
 GPS was created and realized by the U.S. department of defense
and was originally run with 24 satellites.
 It became fully operational in 1993. “Bradford Parkinson”, “Roger l.
Easton”, and “Ivan a. getting” are credited with inventing it.
By: Yasir Abbas.

3. Aircraft Positioning using
RADAR:
 Aircraft are managed and monitored
using RADAR(Radio Detection and
Ranging)
 Radar is a detection system that uses
radio waves to determine the range,
angle, or velocity of objects.
 It can be used to detect aircraft, ships,
spacecraft, guided missiles, motor
vehicles, weather formations and terrain.
 Each country use its RADAR system to
monitor their aircraft ,
By: Yasir Abbas.

4. Continue...
 when we talk about international services these metal bodies have
to pass over the oceans and across many countries then we have to
communicate with Satellites.
 RADAR are widely used during Wars and for military usage to control
fighter plans.
 RADAR are also being widely used in different application.
 Now , we are going to use the Satellites (which is our next segment)
to position object all over the world as well.
By: Yasir Abbas.

5. Types of satellites in the
space.
 Communications Satellite
 Remote Sensing Satellite
 Navigation Satellite
 Geocentric Orbit type satellites
- LEO, MEO, HEO
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Geostationary Satellites (GEOs)
 Natural satellites i.e. moon.
 Currently there are over 2000 artificial satellites
orbiting the Earth
By: Yasir Abbas.

6. WHAT IS GPS?
 A space-based satellite navigation
system provides location and time
information in all weather.
 Maintained by the United
States government and is
freely accessible by anyone
with a GPS receiver.
By: Yasir Abbas.

7.  Official name : “Navigational Satellite Timing And Ranging Global
Positioning
 System” (NAVSTAR GPS)
 Consists of 30+ GPS satellites in medium Earth orbit (2000km -
35,000 km).
 Made up of two dozen satellites working in harmony are known as a
satellite constellation
 Mainly used for navigation, map-making and surveying.
Official logo for
NAVSTAR GPS
By: Yasir Abbas.

8. GPS ELEMENTS.
Three segments
 Space segment.
 Control segment.
 User segment.
By: Yasir Abbas.

9. Space Segment
 Minimum of 24 satellites
(currently 32) in orbit around
earth at altitude 20,000 km.
 It transmit radio-navigation
signals, and store and
retransmit the navigation
message sent by the control
segment.
By: Yasir Abbas.

10. Control Segment
 Combination of a master
control station, 12 ground
antennas, and 16 monitoring
stations responsible for the
proper functioning of all the
operation of GPS such as
changing unhealthy satellite
with a healthy one
By: Yasir Abbas.

11. User Segment
 Comprises of thousand of
U.S. and military users who
uses the secure GPS precise
Positioning service, and
millions of civil, commercial
and scientific users .
By: Yasir Abbas.

12. How GPS works
 Each satellites broadcast radio signals with their location ,
time and also rebroadcast those signals which are sent by
different aircrafts as well as other devices .
 GPS receivers receives radio signals, and used these data
to calculate its distance from at least four satellites.
 Distance=Speed * Travel time
 Trilateration method is used to define its exact
location on the Earth.
By: Yasir Abbas.

13. Trilateration:
In geometry, trilateration is defined as the process of
determining absolute or relative locations of points
by measurement of distances, using the geometry of
circles, spheres or triangles.
By: Yasir Abbas.

14. How trilateration Works
By: Yasir Abbas.

15. GPS Aircraft Tracking:
 Automatic dependent surveillance—broadcast (ADS–B) is a
surveillance technology.
 In which an aircraft determines its position via satellite navigation
and periodically broadcasts it, enabling it to be tracked.
 Aircraft ADS-B enabled sends its information to the orbiting satellites
after every 15 minutes.
 This packet of information helps airline control team to manage the
schedule of arrival and departure of aircraft.
By: Yasir Abbas.

16. Continue…
 Message from aircraft caring the in formation its exact position,
air speed, direction and altitude is sent to the satellite.
 Satellite receive this information and rebroadcast to the nearest
ground receiver station.
 Ground receiver receive this information and pass it to the
control station using optics cabling.
 The control system process this information to track the actual
position of the aircraft and update on screen board.
 Adding on thing that GPS and RADAR system is enough for
tacking and controlling aircraft.
By: Yasir Abbas.

17. Aircraft GPS Tracking(Information
sharing):
By: Yasir Abbas.

18. Wide Area Augmentation
System (WAAS)
 WAAS is used in higher precise positioning ventures.
 The WAAS is a type of satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) that
uses widely spaced ground stations to correct small errors in Global
Positioning System (GPS) satellite data.
 The main benefit of the WAAS is a greatly improved accuracy.
Traditional GPS is accurate to 15 meters (about 50 feet). WAAS-enabled
GPS is accurate to less than 3 meters 95 percent of the time.
By: Yasir Abbas.

19. How the WAAS Works
 The WAAS uses 38 Wide-Area Reference Stations located on the
ground across North America to monitor GPS satellites.
 The satellite data are collected at the reference stations and sent to one
of three WAAS Master Stations.
 At a master station, the GPS-only data are corrected and used to create
WAAS augmentation messages.
 Six Ground Uplink Stations send the messages to three geostationary
communications satellites, which broadcast the improved positioning
data to WAAS-enabled GPS receivers.
 The system also includes two Operational Control Centers that monitor
and maintain it.
 We can say that WAAS is updated form of GPS in order to be more
precise.
By: Yasir Abbas.

20. Practical implementation.
Tracking Aircraft.
 Our discussion started from RADAR and completed at
WAAS.
 We have discussed about complete GPS composition and its
working How it is used to track the Aircraft and other metal
bodies capable to communicate wirelessly.
 And now we are going to track the aircraft over my
geographical location and worldwide also.
 Click here.
 https://www.flightradar24.com/airport/isb
By: Yasir Abbas.

21. Technology Management:
 There are 2000 satellites in the space launched by
different countries are being properly managed.
 GPS satellites are working in harmony in their orbits and
unhealthy satellites are being changed with healthy one’s.
 Ground station has been managed in such away each
segment knows what do and when?
 In this green planet thousands of aircraft take off and
arrives at their destinations daily.
 Technology from golden satellites to private planes are
managed in admirable way.
By: Yasir Abbas.

22. Reference:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System
 https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/videos/124-communicating-
with-satellites
 https://www.nasa.gov/
 https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/space/
 http://us.support.tomtom.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/4043/~/
what-is-gps%3F
 https://www.thebalancecareers.com/the-global-positioning-
system-for-pilots-282831
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5h7eQfwHiIc
 https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-differences-between-
geostationary-satellites-and-GPS-global-positioning-system
 https://gisgeography.com/trilateration-triangulation-gps/
By: Yasir Abbas.

23. Thank you respected ma’am
and adorable fellows.
By: Yasir Abbas.