This document summarizes recent microbial transformations of the anti-malaria drug artemisinin. It discusses that artemisinin is the most effective treatment for malaria but has limitations including difficulty to produce. Microbial biotransformation has been used to produce promising artemisinin derivatives on a large scale at low cost. Several microorganisms including Aspergillus niger, Cunninghamella echinulata and Cunninghamella elegans have been shown to transform artemisinin through hydroxylation and other reactions, generating novel derivatives with potential anti-malarial activity.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing Calophyllum brasiliense extracts from two regions in Chiapas, Mexico for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The hexane extracts from both regions showed potent inhibition of HIV-1 RT in vitro, with IC50 values of 20.2 μg/ml for the Soconusco region extract. This extract was further analyzed by HPLC and found to contain calanolides B and C and apetalic acid. The extract was not toxic to mice up to a dose of 1.99 g/kg. Histological analysis of mouse tissues showed no alterations. The results suggest this extract is suitable for further studies developing an anti-HIV
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
Antimicrobial efficiency of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma processed...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Currently used methods for decontamination and sanitation are antimicrobial ineffective, generate high costs with a high consumption of water and chemicals additionally. As an alternative, non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure could be a versatile tool. Therefore, an experimental set-up based on a microwave-plasma source which generates plasma processed air (PPA) containing manifold RNS-based chemical and antimicrobial compounds was used. The PPA was introduced into distilled water, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or nutrient broth to generate plasma processed water (PPW), plasma processed PBS (PPP) or plasma processed broth (PPB) which can be applied for the decontamination of packaging material, fresh produce and processing equipment. This is a new and innovative method for the generation of antimicrobial active plasma processed liquids (PPL). In our experiments, bacterial suspensions contaminated with six different bacteria; Escherichia coli K12 (DSM 11250), Pseudomonas fluorescens (DSM 50090), Pseudomonas fluorescens (RIPAC), Pseudomonas marginalis (DSM 13124), Pectobacterium carotovorum (DSM 30168) and Listeria innocua (DSM 20649) in a concentration of 106 cfu . ml-1 and subsequently treated with PPW, PPP, PPB and HNO3 were investigated. For PPL production, the plasma was ignited for 5, 15 or 50 s. After a post-plasma treatment with PPL of maximum 5 minutes, a decrease of bacterial load up to 6 log steps were detected for examined bacteria. Furthermore, an exclusive inactivation by acidification of PPL was excluded. The characteristics of plasma and its generated cocktail of long living chemical compounds in air and in water leading to a high bacterial inactivation and offering a wide range of possible applications
Secondary metabolites of cephalotaxus and their clinical importanceJyotiVerma170
This document summarizes the secondary metabolites found in the plant genus Cephalotaxus. It discusses three main types of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Key points include that homoharringtonine has been approved as a drug for treating chronic myeloid leukemia and that compounds like α-pinene and ferruginol show antimicrobial properties. The extraction process for secondary metabolites from Cephalotaxus involves crushing, solvent extractions, and evaporation to yield crude extracts for further study.
Biological Applications & Environmental aspects of Organometallic CompoundsRudreshMr
It is the descriptive approach on Applicational aspects of Organometallic Compounds with a higly Interactive e-Content with appropriate links, references....
This document describes the synthesis and antifungal evaluation of novel 2-hydrazino-1,3-thiazole derivatives against multi-resistant Candida strains. Two series of compounds were synthesized by modifying the hydrazone moiety or introducing amino acid side chains. Introduction of an indolyl moiety enhanced activity against C. albicans strains, while addition of a (S)-2-aminoethyl chain improved activity against non-C. albicans species. The compounds were characterized and evaluated for antifungal activity, with some exhibiting micromolar activity against drug resistant Candida strains.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses plant polyphenols, which are secondary metabolites found in plants. It focuses on polyphenols found in tea, mulberry, tulsi, algae, and their extraction methods, highest concentrations in foods, and health benefits. Some key applications of polyphenols discussed are their anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Analytical instrumentation used to study polyphenols includes HPLC/MS, GC/MS, and NMR spectroscopy. The conclusion emphasizes the importance and therapeutic potential of plant polyphenols.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing Calophyllum brasiliense extracts from two regions in Chiapas, Mexico for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). The hexane extracts from both regions showed potent inhibition of HIV-1 RT in vitro, with IC50 values of 20.2 μg/ml for the Soconusco region extract. This extract was further analyzed by HPLC and found to contain calanolides B and C and apetalic acid. The extract was not toxic to mice up to a dose of 1.99 g/kg. Histological analysis of mouse tissues showed no alterations. The results suggest this extract is suitable for further studies developing an anti-HIV
Baylis-Hillman reaction has been achieved on
different organic motifs but with completion times of three to
six days. Micellar medium of CTAB in water along with the
organic base DABCO has been used to effect the BaylisHillman
reaction on a steroidal nucleus of Withaferin-A for the
first time with different aromatic aldehydes within a day to
synthesize a library of BH adducts (W1a –W14a) and (W1bW14b)
as a mixture of two isomers and W15 as a single
compound. The isomers were separated on column and the
major components were chosen for bio-evaluation. Cytotoxic
activity of the synthesized compounds was screened against a
panel of four cancer cell lines Lung A-549, Breast MCF-7,
Colon HCT-116 and Leukemia THP-1 along with 5-florouracil
and Mitomycin-C as references. All the compounds exhibited
promising activity against screened cell lines and were found to
possess enhaunced activity than parent compound. BH adducts
with aromatic systems having methoxy and nitro groups were
found to be more active.
Antimicrobial efficiency of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma processed...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Currently used methods for decontamination and sanitation are antimicrobial ineffective, generate high costs with a high consumption of water and chemicals additionally. As an alternative, non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure could be a versatile tool. Therefore, an experimental set-up based on a microwave-plasma source which generates plasma processed air (PPA) containing manifold RNS-based chemical and antimicrobial compounds was used. The PPA was introduced into distilled water, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or nutrient broth to generate plasma processed water (PPW), plasma processed PBS (PPP) or plasma processed broth (PPB) which can be applied for the decontamination of packaging material, fresh produce and processing equipment. This is a new and innovative method for the generation of antimicrobial active plasma processed liquids (PPL). In our experiments, bacterial suspensions contaminated with six different bacteria; Escherichia coli K12 (DSM 11250), Pseudomonas fluorescens (DSM 50090), Pseudomonas fluorescens (RIPAC), Pseudomonas marginalis (DSM 13124), Pectobacterium carotovorum (DSM 30168) and Listeria innocua (DSM 20649) in a concentration of 106 cfu . ml-1 and subsequently treated with PPW, PPP, PPB and HNO3 were investigated. For PPL production, the plasma was ignited for 5, 15 or 50 s. After a post-plasma treatment with PPL of maximum 5 minutes, a decrease of bacterial load up to 6 log steps were detected for examined bacteria. Furthermore, an exclusive inactivation by acidification of PPL was excluded. The characteristics of plasma and its generated cocktail of long living chemical compounds in air and in water leading to a high bacterial inactivation and offering a wide range of possible applications
Secondary metabolites of cephalotaxus and their clinical importanceJyotiVerma170
This document summarizes the secondary metabolites found in the plant genus Cephalotaxus. It discusses three main types of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Key points include that homoharringtonine has been approved as a drug for treating chronic myeloid leukemia and that compounds like α-pinene and ferruginol show antimicrobial properties. The extraction process for secondary metabolites from Cephalotaxus involves crushing, solvent extractions, and evaporation to yield crude extracts for further study.
Biological Applications & Environmental aspects of Organometallic CompoundsRudreshMr
It is the descriptive approach on Applicational aspects of Organometallic Compounds with a higly Interactive e-Content with appropriate links, references....
This document describes the synthesis and antifungal evaluation of novel 2-hydrazino-1,3-thiazole derivatives against multi-resistant Candida strains. Two series of compounds were synthesized by modifying the hydrazone moiety or introducing amino acid side chains. Introduction of an indolyl moiety enhanced activity against C. albicans strains, while addition of a (S)-2-aminoethyl chain improved activity against non-C. albicans species. The compounds were characterized and evaluated for antifungal activity, with some exhibiting micromolar activity against drug resistant Candida strains.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses plant polyphenols, which are secondary metabolites found in plants. It focuses on polyphenols found in tea, mulberry, tulsi, algae, and their extraction methods, highest concentrations in foods, and health benefits. Some key applications of polyphenols discussed are their anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Analytical instrumentation used to study polyphenols includes HPLC/MS, GC/MS, and NMR spectroscopy. The conclusion emphasizes the importance and therapeutic potential of plant polyphenols.
Tagetes Erecta Linn (Sunflower) Concise ReviewTECHNOXMART
A Fully Approved Concise Review Of Tagetes Erecta Linn Also Called Sunflower. This Review Is Done After Practicing & All Information Is 100% Genuine Of My Best Knowledge & Is In Fully Systematic Way.
This document provides a review of literature on the adsorption behavior of antibiotics in soil environments. It discusses how antibiotics from various sources enter soil systems and the importance of sorption processes in determining their environmental fate. The review examines how the physicochemical properties of different classes of antibiotics, as well as soil properties like pH and organic matter content, can impact antibiotic adsorption behaviors. It aims to provide insight into antibiotic-soil interactions and discusses literature on adsorption mechanisms and the effects of environmental factors on antibiotic adsorption in soil.
POTENTIAL BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL SURFACTANTSSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Many microorganisms are able to produce a wide range of amphipathic
compounds, with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties present
within the same molecule which allow them to exhibit surface
activities at interfaces and are generally called biosurfactants.
Biosurfactants are versatile, structurally diverse group of surface-active
substances produced by microorganisms and have variety of
applications in the sectors including bioremediation, food industry,
agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Interest in biosurfactant production
has markedly increased during the past decade, although large-scale
production has not been possible because of low production yields and
high total costs. At present, biosurfactants have gained importance in environmental
applications, while new applications in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic and food
industry, with a high added value, are still developing. Recently, the potential applications of
biosurfactants in the biomedical field have increased. Their antibacterial, antifungal and
antiviral activities make them relevant molecules for applications in combating many
diseases and as therapeutic agents. In addition, their role as anti-adhesive agents against
several pathogens indicates their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical
insertional materials leading to a reduction in a large number of hospital infections without
the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals. This article emphasizes the medicinal and
therapeutic perspective of biosurfactants. With these specialized and cost-effective
applications, biosurfactants can be considered as an interesting option for the near future.
In history, medicinal plants were proven as a source of active compounds with therapeutic applications, and at present, they are an important collection for the discovery of novel drug leads. Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. The present article thoroughly reviewed about the classification of Caralluma into subgenera, number of its species, its distribution in different parts of the world, and pharmacological activities exhibited by different species of Caralluma.
Checklist of Plants Used as Blood Glucose Level Regulators and Phytochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the first part of this study, literature survey of plants recorded to regulate glucose level in blood was
carried out. Result of this part includes their chemical constitutes and use in the different body disorders
other than diabetes. 48 plants species are collected from the available literature and presented in the form
of a checklist. The second part of this work is a qualitative phytochemical screening of seeds selected
from the family Fabaceae, namely: Bauhinia rufescens, Senna alexandrina, Cicer arietinum, Lupinus
albus, and Trigonella foenum-graecum. The studied plants are extracted in petroleum ether, water, and
ethanol and different phytochemicals are detected in the extract. Alkaloids are present in all plants in the
different extract, but their concentration is high in T. foenum-graecum and B. rufescens. Glycosides are
highly detected in S. alexandrina and L. albus. Flavonoid is highly detected in B. rufescens, Senna and
C. arietinum, and L. albus. Phenolic compound is not detected in all extract of the five plants. Saponin
is observed in all plant put highly detected in L. albus. Tannin detected in Senna alexandrina. Resins are
observed in plants but highly detected in C. arietinum, L. albus, and T. foenum-graecum. Terpenes are
observed in all plant put highly in T. foenum-graecum. Protein: results of protein in the studied plant did
not give accurate observations as expected. Alkaloids and proteins are the main components known to
increase glucose levels in the blood.
screening of selected marine algae from the coastal tamil nadu, southArual Rangel
This document summarizes a study that screened three species of marine algae (Sargassum wightii, Chaetomorpha linum, and Padina gymnospora) collected from Tamil Nadu, India for antibacterial activity. Various solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol) of the algae were tested against 10 human pathogenic bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The acetone extracts of all three algae showed the highest inhibitory activity against the bacterial species. In particular, the acetone extract of S. wightii exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity of the algae tested. The results suggest that marine algae, especially S. wightii, show potential as
This study analyzed two seaweed species, Acanthopora spicifera and Sargassum wightii, for their phytochemical content both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis found that petroleum ether and methanol extracts contained the highest number (8) of compounds for both species. Quantitative analysis revealed that S. wightii contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, while A. spicifera contained the highest tannin levels. Overall, the seaweeds demonstrated nutritional value from their variety of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. The study contributes to understanding these seaweeds' chemical compositions and potential applications.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
This document describes a study that synthesized novel 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one chalcone-like compounds and their hydroxyl derivatives to evaluate their inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase activity. Two compounds, 2a and 2b, inhibited tyrosinase's diphenolase activity in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values lower than the positive control, kojic acid. Kinetic analysis showed that compounds 2a and 2b are reversible competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. Compound 2b, with a 3,4-dihydroxy group resembling the substrate L-DOPA, exhibited the most potent inhibition, suggesting hydroxy-substituted 2,
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the phenolic compounds in Chilean mistletoe (Quintral, Tristerix tetrandus) using UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS/MS. Six anthocyanins were identified, along with several phenolic acids and flavonols. The mistletoe leaves showed the highest antioxidant activity as measured by three assays. The compounds were characterized using mass spectrometry and correlated with antioxidant measurements.
This document discusses pharmaceutical preparations used in aquaculture. It begins by noting that aquaculture is an important food sector but disease outbreaks can be disruptive, so antimicrobials are used. It then describes various forms preparations can take including solutions, powders, tablets, capsules, and more. Specific preparations are aqueous solutions, magmas, infusions, tinctures, and fluid extracts. The document provides details on each type of preparation and how they are used or administered.
Plants produce primary metabolites for basic functions like communication and cell repair, and secondary metabolites for defense against herbivores and pathogens. Primary metabolites include compounds that allow plants to signal needs and damage between cells. Secondary metabolites include terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds that provide chemical defense, attract pollinators, and can be used medicinally or as spices. Many secondary metabolites are bred out of domesticated crops, leaving them more susceptible to damage without these protective compounds.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of roasting on the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of three fruit seeds: Prunus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus persica. Seeds were roasted at 160°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were highest at different time points for each seed. For P. domestica, phenolic content was highest at 1 hour (554 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity was highest at 1 hour (48%). For P. armeniaca, phenolic content was highest at 2 hours (684 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity
Manuscript 1775 10-tjnpr-2021-m179 galley proof c (1)wnurcholis
This document summarizes an experiment that optimized the extraction of total flavonoid content and antioxidant properties from cardamom fruits. A simplex-centroid design was used to test different solvent mixtures for extraction, including water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol. Water extracts produced the highest total flavonoid content of 88.01 mg/g and highest ferric reducing antioxidant power of 1110.95 μmol TE/g. A water-ethanol mixture yielded the greatest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 153.17 μmol TE/g. Statistical analysis confirmed water and water-ethanol as optimal solvents for extracting cardamom flavonoids with antioxidant effects.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on fermentation. It discusses the history of fermentation, types of fermentation including aerobic and anaerobic, types of fermentors/bioreactors, and the industrial production of two important antibiotics - penicillin and streptomycin. For penicillin production, it describes the fermentation process including inoculum preparation, production medium, fermentation conditions, and recovery/purification. For streptomycin, it discusses the producing organism, industrial production process involving inoculum, medium, fermentation phases and conditions, and harvest/recovery methods.
ABSTRACT- Plants contain various phytocompounds that shows different interactions with various proteins involved in
several diseases. The ethanolic rhizome extract of K. galanga was shown a phytocompound (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl
dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid. Various biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, protease inhibition and
anti-proliferation activities were tested for (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid. The antioxidant
activities with IC50 for (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid was shown 39.5 μg/ml and IC50 for
standard (Ascorbic acid) was shown as 24.5μg/ml. The (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid were
shown good antifungal activities (11 to 12 mm) along with antibacterial activities (11 to 13 mm). The bacterial standard
like Tetracyclin shown zone of inhibitions as 10 to 14 mm and for fungi standard as Fluconazole shown zone of inhibition
from 13 to 16 mm. The compound (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid were shown the good
inhibition activity with enzymes like protease k and trypsin when compared with chymotrypsin. The standard tetracycline
had shown the complete inhibition with proteolytic enzymes and control not shown the inhibition with proteolytic
enzymes with X-ray photographic film. Dose Response of (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid from
K. galanga on MCF-7 (Breast Cancer) cell line shown very less activity 80 μg/ml when compared with the standard
tamoxifen 12.5 μgm/ml. Hence the experimentations concluded that a phytocompound, 1-(5-hydroxypentyloxy) propan-2-
one from ethanolic rhizome extract of K. galanga shown good biological activities.
Key Words- (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid, Kaempferia galanga, Antioxidant activity,
Antimicrobial activity, Protease inhibition and antiproliferative activities
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their A...pharmaindexing
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their Antioxidants, Antimicrobial, Glycemic and Cholinergic properties bioscreening of new Anti-aflatoxin natural extracts
In-vivo anthelmintic evaluation of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptos...IOSR Journals
The document describes an in vivo study that evaluated the anthelmintic activity of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The herbal drug showed maximum egg count reduction of 80.95% at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight on day 11 post-treatment. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds including alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids that may contribute to the anthelmintic effects. The study suggests the herbal drug has comparable anthelmintic activity to the conventional drug levamisole and could be used as an alternative de
Antifungal activity of lichen extracts and usnic acid for controlling the sap...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Aquatic oomycetous fungi often cause serious damage to fresh water fishes. Antifungal activity of acetone extracts of three fruticose lichens namely, Cladonia amaurocraea, Cladonia rangiferina and Usnea longissima were investigated against three pathogenic oomycete fungi which can cause serious saprolegniasis: Saprolegnia parasitica, Achlya bisexualis and Pythium sp.. Usnic acid was also examined for antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of usnic acid and lichen extracts for the tested fungi Saprolegnia parasitica and Achlya bisexualis were 2 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1 respectively. The higher concentration was needed to inhibit mycelial growth of Pythium sp.. The result suggests that the potential of using usnic acid and lichen extracts for controlling the saprolegniasis.
Tagetes Erecta Linn (Sunflower) Concise ReviewTECHNOXMART
A Fully Approved Concise Review Of Tagetes Erecta Linn Also Called Sunflower. This Review Is Done After Practicing & All Information Is 100% Genuine Of My Best Knowledge & Is In Fully Systematic Way.
This document provides a review of literature on the adsorption behavior of antibiotics in soil environments. It discusses how antibiotics from various sources enter soil systems and the importance of sorption processes in determining their environmental fate. The review examines how the physicochemical properties of different classes of antibiotics, as well as soil properties like pH and organic matter content, can impact antibiotic adsorption behaviors. It aims to provide insight into antibiotic-soil interactions and discusses literature on adsorption mechanisms and the effects of environmental factors on antibiotic adsorption in soil.
POTENTIAL BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL SURFACTANTSSUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Many microorganisms are able to produce a wide range of amphipathic
compounds, with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties present
within the same molecule which allow them to exhibit surface
activities at interfaces and are generally called biosurfactants.
Biosurfactants are versatile, structurally diverse group of surface-active
substances produced by microorganisms and have variety of
applications in the sectors including bioremediation, food industry,
agriculture and pharmaceuticals. Interest in biosurfactant production
has markedly increased during the past decade, although large-scale
production has not been possible because of low production yields and
high total costs. At present, biosurfactants have gained importance in environmental
applications, while new applications in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic and food
industry, with a high added value, are still developing. Recently, the potential applications of
biosurfactants in the biomedical field have increased. Their antibacterial, antifungal and
antiviral activities make them relevant molecules for applications in combating many
diseases and as therapeutic agents. In addition, their role as anti-adhesive agents against
several pathogens indicates their utility as suitable anti-adhesive coating agents for medical
insertional materials leading to a reduction in a large number of hospital infections without
the use of synthetic drugs and chemicals. This article emphasizes the medicinal and
therapeutic perspective of biosurfactants. With these specialized and cost-effective
applications, biosurfactants can be considered as an interesting option for the near future.
In history, medicinal plants were proven as a source of active compounds with therapeutic applications, and at present, they are an important collection for the discovery of novel drug leads. Caralluma is a genus used as traditional medicine. The present article thoroughly reviewed about the classification of Caralluma into subgenera, number of its species, its distribution in different parts of the world, and pharmacological activities exhibited by different species of Caralluma.
Checklist of Plants Used as Blood Glucose Level Regulators and Phytochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the first part of this study, literature survey of plants recorded to regulate glucose level in blood was
carried out. Result of this part includes their chemical constitutes and use in the different body disorders
other than diabetes. 48 plants species are collected from the available literature and presented in the form
of a checklist. The second part of this work is a qualitative phytochemical screening of seeds selected
from the family Fabaceae, namely: Bauhinia rufescens, Senna alexandrina, Cicer arietinum, Lupinus
albus, and Trigonella foenum-graecum. The studied plants are extracted in petroleum ether, water, and
ethanol and different phytochemicals are detected in the extract. Alkaloids are present in all plants in the
different extract, but their concentration is high in T. foenum-graecum and B. rufescens. Glycosides are
highly detected in S. alexandrina and L. albus. Flavonoid is highly detected in B. rufescens, Senna and
C. arietinum, and L. albus. Phenolic compound is not detected in all extract of the five plants. Saponin
is observed in all plant put highly detected in L. albus. Tannin detected in Senna alexandrina. Resins are
observed in plants but highly detected in C. arietinum, L. albus, and T. foenum-graecum. Terpenes are
observed in all plant put highly in T. foenum-graecum. Protein: results of protein in the studied plant did
not give accurate observations as expected. Alkaloids and proteins are the main components known to
increase glucose levels in the blood.
screening of selected marine algae from the coastal tamil nadu, southArual Rangel
This document summarizes a study that screened three species of marine algae (Sargassum wightii, Chaetomorpha linum, and Padina gymnospora) collected from Tamil Nadu, India for antibacterial activity. Various solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol) of the algae were tested against 10 human pathogenic bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The acetone extracts of all three algae showed the highest inhibitory activity against the bacterial species. In particular, the acetone extract of S. wightii exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity of the algae tested. The results suggest that marine algae, especially S. wightii, show potential as
This study analyzed two seaweed species, Acanthopora spicifera and Sargassum wightii, for their phytochemical content both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative analysis found that petroleum ether and methanol extracts contained the highest number (8) of compounds for both species. Quantitative analysis revealed that S. wightii contained the highest levels of total phenols and flavonoids, while A. spicifera contained the highest tannin levels. Overall, the seaweeds demonstrated nutritional value from their variety of secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and more. The study contributes to understanding these seaweeds' chemical compositions and potential applications.
ABSTRACT
Azadirachta indica common name Neem is a very useful traditional medicinal plant in the sub-continent and each part of the tree has some medicinal properties. It has many therapeutic properties as it boosts the immune system, beneficial in treating acne, provides relief from bad breath, helps to protect against diabetes, effective in treating malaria symptoms, lowers the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. The plant is native to Asia and its sub-continents. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents present in leaves and bark of neem. The antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Neem leaves and bark were collected from the Bundelkhand University Campus, Jhansi. It was cleaned with tap water and finally with distilled water and was air dried at room temperature and crushed. TLC was done for the determination of bioactive compounds present in the leaves. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed and we found that alkaloids, reducing sugar, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins are present in neem leaves and bark. TLC results shown total 8 spots in the methanolic leaves extract having different Rf values. The total antioxidant capacity of A. indica leaves shown the dose dependent activities. The mean values of total phenolic contents and flavonoids are 70 mg GAE/g & 119 mg QE/g respectively. Thus in the present study, the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the neem leaves extract could be considered responsible for conferring antioxidant ability.
Key-words: Phytochemical, Azadirachta indica, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoids Content (TFC)
This document describes a study that synthesized novel 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one chalcone-like compounds and their hydroxyl derivatives to evaluate their inhibitory effects on mushroom tyrosinase activity. Two compounds, 2a and 2b, inhibited tyrosinase's diphenolase activity in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values lower than the positive control, kojic acid. Kinetic analysis showed that compounds 2a and 2b are reversible competitive inhibitors of tyrosinase. Compound 2b, with a 3,4-dihydroxy group resembling the substrate L-DOPA, exhibited the most potent inhibition, suggesting hydroxy-substituted 2,
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the phenolic compounds in Chilean mistletoe (Quintral, Tristerix tetrandus) using UHPLC–Q/Orbitrap/MS/MS. Six anthocyanins were identified, along with several phenolic acids and flavonols. The mistletoe leaves showed the highest antioxidant activity as measured by three assays. The compounds were characterized using mass spectrometry and correlated with antioxidant measurements.
This document discusses pharmaceutical preparations used in aquaculture. It begins by noting that aquaculture is an important food sector but disease outbreaks can be disruptive, so antimicrobials are used. It then describes various forms preparations can take including solutions, powders, tablets, capsules, and more. Specific preparations are aqueous solutions, magmas, infusions, tinctures, and fluid extracts. The document provides details on each type of preparation and how they are used or administered.
Plants produce primary metabolites for basic functions like communication and cell repair, and secondary metabolites for defense against herbivores and pathogens. Primary metabolites include compounds that allow plants to signal needs and damage between cells. Secondary metabolites include terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds that provide chemical defense, attract pollinators, and can be used medicinally or as spices. Many secondary metabolites are bred out of domesticated crops, leaving them more susceptible to damage without these protective compounds.
Effects of roasting on the total phenolic contents and radical scavenging act...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of roasting on the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of three fruit seeds: Prunus domestica, Prunus armeniaca, and Prunus persica. Seeds were roasted at 160°C for 1, 2, or 3 hours. Total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity were highest at different time points for each seed. For P. domestica, phenolic content was highest at 1 hour (554 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity was highest at 1 hour (48%). For P. armeniaca, phenolic content was highest at 2 hours (684 mg/100g) and radical scavenging activity
Manuscript 1775 10-tjnpr-2021-m179 galley proof c (1)wnurcholis
This document summarizes an experiment that optimized the extraction of total flavonoid content and antioxidant properties from cardamom fruits. A simplex-centroid design was used to test different solvent mixtures for extraction, including water, acetone, methanol, and ethanol. Water extracts produced the highest total flavonoid content of 88.01 mg/g and highest ferric reducing antioxidant power of 1110.95 μmol TE/g. A water-ethanol mixture yielded the greatest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 153.17 μmol TE/g. Statistical analysis confirmed water and water-ethanol as optimal solvents for extracting cardamom flavonoids with antioxidant effects.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on fermentation. It discusses the history of fermentation, types of fermentation including aerobic and anaerobic, types of fermentors/bioreactors, and the industrial production of two important antibiotics - penicillin and streptomycin. For penicillin production, it describes the fermentation process including inoculum preparation, production medium, fermentation conditions, and recovery/purification. For streptomycin, it discusses the producing organism, industrial production process involving inoculum, medium, fermentation phases and conditions, and harvest/recovery methods.
ABSTRACT- Plants contain various phytocompounds that shows different interactions with various proteins involved in
several diseases. The ethanolic rhizome extract of K. galanga was shown a phytocompound (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl
dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid. Various biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, protease inhibition and
anti-proliferation activities were tested for (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid. The antioxidant
activities with IC50 for (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid was shown 39.5 μg/ml and IC50 for
standard (Ascorbic acid) was shown as 24.5μg/ml. The (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid were
shown good antifungal activities (11 to 12 mm) along with antibacterial activities (11 to 13 mm). The bacterial standard
like Tetracyclin shown zone of inhibitions as 10 to 14 mm and for fungi standard as Fluconazole shown zone of inhibition
from 13 to 16 mm. The compound (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid were shown the good
inhibition activity with enzymes like protease k and trypsin when compared with chymotrypsin. The standard tetracycline
had shown the complete inhibition with proteolytic enzymes and control not shown the inhibition with proteolytic
enzymes with X-ray photographic film. Dose Response of (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid from
K. galanga on MCF-7 (Breast Cancer) cell line shown very less activity 80 μg/ml when compared with the standard
tamoxifen 12.5 μgm/ml. Hence the experimentations concluded that a phytocompound, 1-(5-hydroxypentyloxy) propan-2-
one from ethanolic rhizome extract of K. galanga shown good biological activities.
Key Words- (2e, 4e, 6e)-11-methyl dodeca-2, 4, 6, 10-tetraenoic acid, Kaempferia galanga, Antioxidant activity,
Antimicrobial activity, Protease inhibition and antiproliferative activities
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their A...pharmaindexing
New Anti-aflatoxin marine and Terrestrial extracts with assessment of their Antioxidants, Antimicrobial, Glycemic and Cholinergic properties bioscreening of new Anti-aflatoxin natural extracts
In-vivo anthelmintic evaluation of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptos...IOSR Journals
The document describes an in vivo study that evaluated the anthelmintic activity of a processed herbal drug from Entada leptostachya and Prosopis juliflora against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. The herbal drug showed maximum egg count reduction of 80.95% at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight on day 11 post-treatment. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of compounds including alkaloids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids that may contribute to the anthelmintic effects. The study suggests the herbal drug has comparable anthelmintic activity to the conventional drug levamisole and could be used as an alternative de
Antifungal activity of lichen extracts and usnic acid for controlling the sap...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Aquatic oomycetous fungi often cause serious damage to fresh water fishes. Antifungal activity of acetone extracts of three fruticose lichens namely, Cladonia amaurocraea, Cladonia rangiferina and Usnea longissima were investigated against three pathogenic oomycete fungi which can cause serious saprolegniasis: Saprolegnia parasitica, Achlya bisexualis and Pythium sp.. Usnic acid was also examined for antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of usnic acid and lichen extracts for the tested fungi Saprolegnia parasitica and Achlya bisexualis were 2 mg L-1, 200 mg L-1 respectively. The higher concentration was needed to inhibit mycelial growth of Pythium sp.. The result suggests that the potential of using usnic acid and lichen extracts for controlling the saprolegniasis.
Acute effect of low dose thiacloprid exposure synergised by tebuconazole in a...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
‘Both of these acute effects of thiacloprid were synergised (toxicity increased to a greater-than-additive effect) by tebuconazole’
“The synergising of thiacloprid’s acute effect, via co-application of tebuconazole, as shown in our study, suggests the necessity for updating the standards by which we perform insecticide risk assessments on non-target organisms, by including other pesticides with which these insecticides are commonly tank-mixed and co-applied, promoting increased field relevance in risk assessments.”
Multidrug resistant microorganisms are globally becoming a major confrontment because of illogical use of antibiotics and this played a good role in investigation about the antibacterial compounds in plants. Thus, the present study investigate for the antibacterial effect of alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa L. rhizomes , CommiphoramyrrhaL. gums and Ginkgo biloba L. leaves products against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The plants samples extracted by soxhlet with methanol and fractionation with and four solution ( chloroform, hexane, water and ethyl acetate) were used for investigation about antibacterial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of C. longa L. rhizomes , C. myrrha L. gums showed biological activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus bacteria, but methanolic alcohol extract and fractions of G. biloba L. leaves product didn’t show any activity as antibacterial substance. It can be concluded that the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides and saponins in the plants under study would be marked a good anti-bacterial effect.
1) The study evaluated the antibacterial and antifungal activity of extracts from different parts of the mangrove plant Avicennia marina against various microbes.
2) The chloroform extract of A. marina roots showed the strongest inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while the ethanolic extract of roots exhibited antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains tested.
3) The ethyl acetate extract of A. marina leaves showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.
4) The ethanolic extract of A. marina roots and seeds, as well as the ethanolic extract of fruits, demonstrated antifungal activity against As
The document discusses testing the antimicrobial activity of 11 indigenous wild plants from northern India. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of different plant parts were tested against bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus) and fungus (C. albicans) using the agar plate gel diffusion method. The results found that plant extracts showed zones of inhibition indicating antibacterial and antifungal activity. Datura inoxia showed the strongest effects against pathogens. Overall, the experiment provides evidence that plant extracts from indigenous wild plants have potential antimicrobial properties that could be used to develop new antibiotics.
ABSTRACT- Aedes aegypti mosquito is the major vector of zika, chikungunya, and dengue fever. These diseases incidence has been growing rapidly in many points of the globe in the past few years. And because there’s no vaccine for them yet, the best way to fight those diseases is to attack their vector, specially by eliminating potential sites for its oviposition and larvae growth. Nowadays, organophosphorus insecticides are used in increasing doses, which targets Aedes aegypti resistant populations. Aniba duckei Kostermans, which is known as rosewood and belongs to the Lauraceae family, is a species with trees up to 30 meters tall and 1 meter in trunk diameter. It’s essential oil is used in perfumery due to its high content of linalool. This research identified the components of essential oil from Aniba duckei Kostermans thin branches and leaves and then applied it as larvicide against Aedes aegypti, and its effects were measured by calculation of concentration at which half larvae die (LC50). Average yield found for oil by plant was 1.93% by mass. The major component in rosewood essential oil is linalool, whose concentration was found 89.34% by mass. LC50 for the essential oil was 250.61 (±2.20) μg mL-1, for l-linalool, 279.89 (±2.12) μg mL-1, and for dl-linalool was 346.73 (±2.14) μg mL-1. Key-words- Essential oil, Aniba duckei Kostermans, Linalool, Aedes aegypti, Larvicide
Antimalarial and antibacterial bioactivity of langsatAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the antimalarial and antibacterial activity of extracts from the bark of the langsat tree (Lansium minahasae L.). Phytochemical analysis found various compounds in the dry bark extracts. In vitro testing showed the dry bark extract from Southeast Minahasa had the strongest antimalarial activity against P. falciparum, while the wet bark extract from the same region showed the weakest activity. All extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity, with the Southeast Minahasa dry bark extract having the largest inhibition zone. The results indicate compounds in the langsat bark have potential for development as antimalarial or antibacterial drugs.
Coumarin derivatives are widely found in nature and exhibit a broad range of biological activities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and more. The document reviews the antimicrobial activities of various coumarin compounds, finding that many derivatives show activity against both bacteria and fungi. Specifically, compounds 13, 16, and 18 were highly active against several microbes, comparable to standard antibiotic drugs. The coumarin compounds have potential as novel antimicrobial agents due to their diverse pharmacological properties and biological activities.
This document provides information on various antibiotics used to control bacterial and fungal diseases in plants. It discusses the history and discovery of penicillin as the first antibiotic. It describes commonly used plant antibiotics like streptomycin, oxytetracycline and gentamicin. It also covers antifungal antibiotics such as aureofungin, griseofulvin and blasticidin. The document concludes by outlining various modes of action of antibiotics, including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis.
Antimalarial activity gardenia lutea and sida rhombifolia ijrpppharmamailbox1
This study investigated the in vivo antimalarial activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia against Plasmodium berghei in mice. The extracts were administered orally at doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg to infected mice. The extracts showed significant antimalarial activity in a dose-dependent manner, reducing parasitemia compared to the negative control. The plant extracts also demonstrated an acceptable safety profile at test doses up to 2000 mg/kg. The results suggest that Gardenia lutea and Sida rhombifolia extracts have promising antimalarial properties worthy of further study.
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
The document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of Sesuvium portulacastrum, a mangrove plant. The study found that ethanol extracts of S. portulacastrum leaves contained phytochemicals like steroids and showed strong antibacterial activity against pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified compounds in the ethanol extract including 22, 23-Dihydrostigmasterol, Benzoic acid, Epicatechin, and Capsaicin that were responsible for the antimicrobial properties. The presence of these phytochemicals supports the potential of S. portulacastrum as a source of antimicrobial agents.
Antibacterial Effect of Endophytic Actinomycetes from Marine Algae against Multi Drug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria by Manoharan N in Examines in Marine Biology & Oceanography
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Artemisinin and its derivatives are effective treatments for malaria. They work rapidly to destroy the blood stages of the malaria parasite. While generally well-tolerated, they can cause side effects like nausea and dizziness. Due to the risk of resistance developing from monotherapy, the WHO recommends using artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). In Indonesia, the three main ACTs used are dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, artemether-lumefantrine, and artesunate-amodiaquine. Artemisinins have reduced transmission of malaria by also targeting the gametocyte stage of the parasite life cycle.
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
The document describes research on the insecticidal properties of an ionic liquid against two major stored grain insect pests, Tribolium castaneum and Stegobium paniceum. Contact toxicity, larvicidal activity, repellency, and antifeedant effects of the ionic liquid were tested in the laboratory. The ionic liquid showed high mortality rates against adults and larvae of both insect species. It demonstrated strong repellent effects at various doses. The ionic liquid also proved effective as a seed protectant, reducing weight loss and damage to grains. The study found the ionic liquid to have promising insecticidal activity against important coleopteran pests that damage stored grains.
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become an attractive supply of essential oils, while its commercial significance comes from the
probabiltiy of being the only source of genus Artemisia to synthesize (1) [11]. Although, cost of (1)
may be one of important restrictions for users of anti-malaria, it has been comprehensively
reviewed that there are certain natural problems with current artemisnins that require discussion.
It was reviewed that (1) based drugs (e.g., artemether and arteether) have neurotoxic and
cardiotoxic effects in experimental animals, however, millions of doses in various formulations
have been given to humans without significant evidence of major toxicity [12,13]. Artemisnin is
relatively easily purified by crystallisation after extraction from A. annua plants but is extremely
difficult to synthesise de novo [14,15]. The disadvantage of (1) is that it cannot be administrated
orally or by rectal route. It can only be given via internal route because it is a highly crystalline
compound that does not dissolve in oil or water. Semisynthetic derivatives of (1) i.e Artesunate,
Artemether, Arteether, Dihydroartemisinin, artesunic acid and Artelinic acid have been chemically
modified at the C10 position to overcome that problem [13,12].
MODE OF ACTION
Artemisinin and its analogues induce a very rapid reduction of blood parasites, starting almost
directly after administration. The antimalarial action of (1) and its derivatives has been accredited
to their chemical ability to produce free radicals. This approach of action has been suggested
partially on the argument that, well standard sources of free radicals (such as tert-butylperoxide)
can eradicate malaria parasites. Free radicals can be generated from peroxides in the presence of
Fe2+ as catalyst. Carbon centred free radicals have been placed forward as principal intermediates
in the process of killing the parasite, another mechanism for artemisinins, based on reserve of the
malarial parasite’s calcium ATPase (sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase, SERCA)
has been suggested [12,13]. Artimisisin has been shown to be involved in alkylation of proteins
containing heme group like heamoglobin, catalase and cytocrome c [16]. The action of (1) at least
in part is reported to be conducted by interference in heamoglobin catabolism inside the parasite.
Artimisinin inhibit the heme polymerization by histidine rich protein II of Plasmodium falciparum.
The hemozoins (malarial pigment) produced by the mature parasite were also broken down by (1)
[17]. It has been found that monoalkylated and dialkylated haem derivatives produced by (1) can
bind to histidine rich protein II and inhibit haemozoin formation. On the other hand generation and
accumulation of these alkylated haemoglobin can bring about the death of parasite [18].
Microbial transformation of Artemisinin
The scaling up production of artemisinin (1) from A.annua L. becomes the biggest challenge faced
by researchers who are competing to find a potent drug against multi-drug resistant strain of
malaria. In recent years, the chemical synthesis of artemisinin is not promising that much thus,
biotransformation has been used as an option to produce it commercially and in large scales
through modern biotechnology process. Sensitive nature, high recur rate, oil and water insolubility
of (1) are disadvantages which limits its transformation by using extensive chemicals to develop a
strong anti-malarial derivatives. Isomeric, rearranged, hydrolyzed and reduced products are all
promising results of microbial transformation of (1) and its analogues. Furthermore, microbial
transformations can be used to study mammalian metabolic pathways as it is reported in some
successful studies which predicting the drug metabolism in mammals. Processes that can be
involved in the biotransformation reactions of (1) include hydration reactions and breakdown of
heterocyclic rings, hydroxylation of methyl, methyne and methylene group deoxidation reactions
[7, 19, 20].
Aspergillus niger, the most common species of the genus Aspergillus which causes black mold
disease on fruits and vegetables, transformed Artemisinin (1) into 1α-hydroxydeoxyartemisinin
(2), deoxyartemisinin (3), 3α-hydroxydeoxyartemisinin (4) with yeild 15% , 2β-
hydroxyartemisinin (5) with 80% yeild and with 19% yeild of 9β-hydroxyartemisinin (6)
[19,21,22]. 18 et al., 2002a found 3 in the substrate controls without any microorganisms, which
indicated that 3 was not a biotransformed product but a product of chemical reaction catalyzed by
Fe2+ in the potato medium. A. flavus was also reported to transform 1 to 3 [20]. A. alliaceus, A.
flavipes and A. parasiticus were also screened for the metabolism of 1, but there were no
metabolites recorded from these species.
Omar et al
3. ~ 29 ~
Cunninghaamella species have been used to metabolize a diverse range of drugs in a manner
similar to that in mammals; these are thus used as microbial models for studying mammalian drug
metabolism. Moreover, these fungi are also attractive to the researchers due to their ability to
transform bioactive compounds. Contrary to Aspergillus, Cunninghaamella echinulata transformed
1 into a novel metabolite 10β-hydroxyartemisinin (7) with 50% yeild [19]. Cunninghamella
elegans, on the other hand, transformed 1 into 9β-hydroxy-11α-artemisinin (8) as a minor
metabolite with yeild 6% along with 4, 6 with 5.4%, 6.5% correspondingly and 7 which cosidered
as the major metabolite with yeild of 78.6% [23]. Interestingly C. elegans gave 8 which was
characterized by the inversion of stereochemistry at C-11. Cunninghaamella blakesleena was also
screened for its ability to transform (1), but no transformation was obtained [24].
As a final point, more than 40 species of microorganisms have been reported to transform
Artemisinin; only 11 of them have been used for complete transformation while 29 have been used
only for preliminary screening. Mucor polymorphous reported to transform (1) to (6), 3β-
hydroxyartemisinin (9), (3) and 3β-hydroxydeoxyartemisin (10) [21], while Williamson et al.,
2007 reported three different culture collections of Mucor [25]. rammanianus to transform (1) to
(4), (6), (7) and (8) with a relative variety of yields according to the variation of the culture
collection type, in addition to that Mucor mucedo was used to transform the same substrate but
there was no metabolites recorded [24].
Although that there are five different species of Streptomyces have been used to transform (1),
only one species –Streptomyces griseus- has been reported to provide four different metabolites
they were (4) with 9.5% , (6) with 16.1%, Artemisitone-9 (11) with 12.5% and 9α-
hydroxyartemisinin (12) with 16.5% [25]. Lately Goswami et al., 2010 have reported two different
compound that have not been reported from the transformation of (1) by using Penicillium
simplissmum these two compounds described as 3β-acetoxyartemisinin (13) with 20.6% and 3α-
hydroxyartemisinin (14) with 31.3%, as well in 1989 anther species of Penicillium which is
Penicillium chrysogenum has been used by Lee et al,1989. and they reported for the first time the
compounds (3) and (4). Eruotium amstelodami transformed (1) to (5) and (6) with yields 63% and
32% respectively [22], and the only Nocardia coralline species of this genus was used by Lee et al.,
1989 to give (3).
Furthermore, many studies report the coversion of Artemisinin derivatives by microorganisms
icluding conversion of 10- deoxyartemisinin to 5β-hydroxy-10-deoxyartemisinin, 4α-hydroxy-
1,10-deoxoartemisinin , and 7β-hydroxy-10-deoxoartemisinin by C. elegans [27]; hydroxylation of
10-deoxoartemisinin to 15-hydroxy-10-deoxoartemisinin by Aspergillus niger [28]; 10-
deoxyartemisinin to 7β-hydroxy-10 deoxyartemisinin by M. rammanianus [29]; conversion of
artemisitene to 7β- hydroxy-9-epi-artemisinin by Aspergillus niger [30]; conversion of artemether
to 7β-hydroxyartemether by Streptomyces lavendulae [31]; conversion of arteether to 7β-
hydroxyarteether by C. elegans [32] and Beauveria sulfurescens [33].
Antimalarial activities of more than 14 trasformed metabolites of artemisinin and its derivatives
that have been reported in this literature were evaluated, however, none of these metabolites have
found superior in antimalarial activity to that of the original substrate.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
To date, artemisinin has been obtained commercially from the cultivation of A. annua which makes
it costly. As a result, there is a great need for better financial system pop up to produce artemisinin
based drugs. Undoubtedly, any upgrading by conventional breeding is likely to lower the cost of
artemisinin production. Depending on regulatory and related costs, biotransformation of
artemisinin is still a promising opportunity that may help to produce novel derivatives. It is also
much cheerful to observe the commercial significance in this area in the form of Dafra Pharma
International. It was reported that microbial-derived (1) combination therapies might reduce the
cost of the therapy from 30%-60% which might give a reasonable prices for artemisinin base
combination therapy (ACT).
Artemisinin and its derivatives can be safe and well-tolerated antimalarial drugs. However, they
can be inadequately to treat malaria as monotherapy, hence, moments should be invested in
discovering more effective derivatives of (1) to a part of combination therapy for multidrug
resistant malaria. On our ongoing research we are screening microorganisms that have not been
Omar et al
4. ~ 30 ~
used before as in the hope to find novel microoganisms that might produce novel bioactive
metabolites of artemisinin.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank International Islamic University who is supporting our research and Mr.
Omar Alqatami who supported us with some of the published materials.
O
O
H
H
H3C
R4
O
O
O
CH3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
14
15
R1
R2 R3
R1 R2 R3 R4
1: H H H CH3
6: OH H H CH3
7: H H OH CH3
8: OH H H CH3
9: H OH H CH3
11: H H CH3
12: OH H H CH3
13: OAc H H CH3
14: H OH H CH3
O
O
R2
H
H3C
CH3
O
CH3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
14
15
R1
R1 R2 R3
2: H OH H
3: H H H
4: OH H H
5: H H OH
10: OH H H
O
R3
Figure 1: Structures of Artemisinin (1) and its biotransformed products.
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