This document summarizes a study that analyzed the antimalarial and antibacterial activity of extracts from the bark of the langsat tree (Lansium minahasae L.). Phytochemical analysis found various compounds in the dry bark extracts. In vitro testing showed the dry bark extract from Southeast Minahasa had the strongest antimalarial activity against P. falciparum, while the wet bark extract from the same region showed the weakest activity. All extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity, with the Southeast Minahasa dry bark extract having the largest inhibition zone. The results indicate compounds in the langsat bark have potential for development as antimalarial or antibacterial drugs.
Estimation of Phytochemical Components from Cassia Tora and To Study Its Larv...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
biodiversity of medicinal plants in thudaripettai villageIJEAB
The medicinal plants have received more attention among researchers to treat various diseases and disorders. This study was aimed to record the various medicinal plants present in Thudaripettai Village situated in Tharangambadi Taluk, Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. A total of 60 plant species belonging to 35 families were reported with their medicinal values. These results will provide information about medicinal plants and methods of utilization of these plants to cure various diseases of mankind. Survey of the information of medicinal plants used by the villagers were collected and arranged alphabetically followed by common name, vernacular name, family name, parts of use, methods of uses, medicinal uses and their habit. The information is very much useful for further research which will lead to the discovery of new bioactive compounds from the above medicinal plants.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Estimation of Phytochemical Components from Cassia Tora and To Study Its Larv...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
biodiversity of medicinal plants in thudaripettai villageIJEAB
The medicinal plants have received more attention among researchers to treat various diseases and disorders. This study was aimed to record the various medicinal plants present in Thudaripettai Village situated in Tharangambadi Taluk, Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. A total of 60 plant species belonging to 35 families were reported with their medicinal values. These results will provide information about medicinal plants and methods of utilization of these plants to cure various diseases of mankind. Survey of the information of medicinal plants used by the villagers were collected and arranged alphabetically followed by common name, vernacular name, family name, parts of use, methods of uses, medicinal uses and their habit. The information is very much useful for further research which will lead to the discovery of new bioactive compounds from the above medicinal plants.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Hepato Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on ...ijtsrd
Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
Luke Buchanan presented this for a Primate Behavior course at Tulane University. The presentation examines how some primates, specifically Chimpanzees, chew bitter Pith Leaves to help flush out parasitic nodes. https://plus.google.com/+LukeBuchanan www.lukebuchanan.com
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 18 No. 2Wagner College
The Spring 2020 issue contains papers by: Alexandra Ruth Elder; Graham Schmelzer; Maria D’Amico, Nicole Doherty and Iman Eulinberg; Gina LaRosa; Jeanine Woody; and Paige Tolbard.
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Anthelmintic activity of leaves of different extracts of Gossypium herbaceum ...SriramNagarajan16
The N-hexane, ethyl ether and ethanol extracts of leaves of Gossypium herbaceum L was investigated for
anthelmintic activity using earthworms (Pheretimaposthuma). Various concentrations (10,20,40,60,80 &100
mg/ml) of plant extracts were tested in the bioassay. Albendazole (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard drug
whereas 1% v/v tween 80 as control. Determination of paralysis time and death time of the worms were recorded.
Theethyl ether and ethanol extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentration of 60, 80 &
100 mg/ml compared to standard drug. The result shows that ethyl ether extract possesses potent vermicidal
activity and found to be effective as an anthelmintic compared to ethanolic extract
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Hepato Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on ...ijtsrd
Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
Luke Buchanan presented this for a Primate Behavior course at Tulane University. The presentation examines how some primates, specifically Chimpanzees, chew bitter Pith Leaves to help flush out parasitic nodes. https://plus.google.com/+LukeBuchanan www.lukebuchanan.com
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 18 No. 2Wagner College
The Spring 2020 issue contains papers by: Alexandra Ruth Elder; Graham Schmelzer; Maria D’Amico, Nicole Doherty and Iman Eulinberg; Gina LaRosa; Jeanine Woody; and Paige Tolbard.
The Effect of Dried Leaves Extract of Hyptis suaveolens on Various Stages of ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Terminalia avicennioides is an important medicinal plant used to manage many pathological
conditions among most inhabitants of rural communities in Nigeria and many other African countries. It
belongs to family Combretaceae and found commonly growing in the savannah region of West Africa. The
parts of the plant mostly used for medicinal purpose are root and stem barks extracts, which are rich sources
of phytochemicals such as anthraquinone, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenes among others. In folk
medicine, there are claims that the plant has been used to cure various diseases such as dental caries, skin
infections, sore and ulcer, syphilis, bloody sputum, ringworm infection, gastrointestinal helminthes and several
others. In this review, we have tried to provide bases for most of these claims at the instance of the results of
modern investigations on the biological activities of the plant extract. The possibility of employing the plant
extract in the field of green chemistry for probable application in biomedical industries was also discussed.
Keywords: Terminalia avicennioides, uses, phytochemicals, biological activities, nanoparticles
Antioxidants are substances which are capable to protect the body from damages caused by free radical. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exists in the body and many of them are derived from plant sources. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the absolute ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark on typhoid fever induced rats. Salmonella typhi infected rats were treated every day between 7 to 9 AM with different doses of plant extract (9.16, 36.5 and 73 mg/kg or oxytetracyclin 20 mg/ kg). After 09 days of treatment, the results show that the different doses of this extract have all contributed to the cure of the infected rats, healing marked by the absence of salmonella in animal’s blood cultured on ss agar. In the other hand, treatment with different doses of plant extract result in a relative and signifi cant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of some blood and tissues antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and POD while the level of alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide as compared to untreated control group animal as compared to the untreated control group animals. Whereas, the level of ALP, MDA and NO were signifi cantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed that the absolute ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark possess antioxidant and antityphoid properties necessary to eradicate the free radical produced during typhoid fever infection.
Abstract
In recent times, there is an extensive interest in these Alcoholic extracts due to the emergence and spread of new drugresistant human pathogens to existing antimicrobials. The emergence of medicine opposing pathogens is one of the mostcritical threats to booming treatment of bacterial diseases. Mode of action of Methanolic extracts likely involves fairly a lotof targets in the cell due to huge number of active components and also their hydroplillicity helps them to screen in the cellmembrane, rendering them permeable , leading to leakage of cell contents. This calls for a transformed effort to identifyagents efficient against disease causing bacteria to present antimicrobials. Seed extracts of two different plants viz. Phoenixdactylifera and Annona squamosa, were prepared by methanol extraction method at the ratio of 1:2 using 100ml volume of methanol and stock concentration of 50mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) of each extract was made.The extracts and fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity against standard microbial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (gramnegative), Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive), Escherichia.coli (gram-negative), Salmonella typhi (gram-negative) , Enterococcus faecalis (grampositive), Pseudomon aerugenosa (gram-negative),and Salmonella paratyphi (gram-negative)by means of Agar-Disc Diffusion Method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted .. The test culture of standard microbial cultures was 3 X 105 CFU/ml, and standard antibiotic used is Ampicillin with clavulanic acid. In this context, two extract from traditional plants, Custard Apple (Annona squamosa) and Dates (Phoenix dactylifera) were used alone or in combination to assess their antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial clinical isolates .Antimicrobial test was completed by agar disc diffusion method. Although, both extract were found to be effective in inhibiting pathogens to varying degrees to the tested organisms, the Annona squamosa extract is found to be more effective than Phoenix dactylifera.When both extracts were used in combination, they have shown strong synergistic effect against all the pathogens tested in the present studyexcept for the P.aerugenosa and S. Para typhi. Bactericidal abilities displayed by the seed extracts signified their remarkable potential for exploration for effective natural antimicrobial agents against standard pathogenic bacteria. The extracts have shown the synergistic effects even at their MIC against E.fecalis, indicating that with further researches these extracts can be used for treating enteric diseases.
Antimalarial metabolization: what have we learnt so far?Premier Publishers
Considering malaria is a highly devastating disease of mankind, total eradication of malaria seems to be an uphill task, the only relief from this disease is achieved by usage of antimalarial drugs. Since malaria is associated with humans from time immemorial, usage of traditional substances to most presently effective antimalarial have been recorded to cure this disease. With the advent of modern biological techniques aided the understanding of the biochemical pathways of antimalarial metabolism thereby helping in designing successful usage of many antimalarials. Nevertheless, improper usages of certain drugs have led to the origin and spread of drug resistant malaria parasites (chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum). Also, the genetic basis of antimalarial metabolism in humans is now well understood and frequent mutations in genes of malarial parasites are well associated with drug resistance. The entire scenario of antimalarial usage in the field have become complicated, partly due to poor understanding between antimalarial metabolism in humans and drug fighting mechanism in parasites, by which resistance to even combined therapy (e.g. Artemisinin Combination Therapy) have started emerging. Vital basic understanding from human and parasite population genetics (involving antimalarial both metabolizing genes in human and resistant genes in parasite) could be an ideal starting point to malaria control.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Effect of Chitosan on Disease Control and Yield Parameters of Rambutan (Nephe...AI Publications
Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) is an extensively grown fruit crop in Sri Lanka. Powdery mildew incited by fungus Oidium nephelii attack young leaves, flowers and immature fruits caused heavy fruit losses in Rambutan. Chitosan is a natural biodegradable de-acetylated form of chitin has been proven to control numerous pre and post-harvest disease on various horticultural commodities. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of chitosan compounds on control of powdery mildew disease and yield parameters of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) variety Malwana Special. Different types of chitosan i.e. chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer, copper containing chitosan and wettable sulphur were used as treatments. Based on the green house test results, 40 ppm concentration of chitosan fungicide, chitosan oligomer and Copper chitosan was identified as economically effective concentration for field studies. Field experiment was conducted in WU1 agro ecological zones at Gannoruwa in Central province of Sri Lanka. Experiment was arranged as Randomized Complete Block Design with 8 replicates. Treatments were sprayed by Knapsack sprayer. Disease severity Index of fruits, fruit weight and number of fruits per bunch were recorded at harvesting. Highest fruit weight was recorded in chitosan fungicide treated fruits. Higher number of fruits per bunch was recorded in all tested chitosan and wettable sulphur treated fruits compared to control. Chitosan fungicide (40ppm) and wettable sulphur 80 WP (4000ppm) has equally potential in controlling of powdery mildew pathogen of Rambutan variety Malwana Special.
Trichosporon sp. are widely distributed in nature and can predominantly be found in the environmental substrates, such as soil, birds, vegetables, water, and decomposing wood. These fungi can colonize skin and, less frequently, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Currently, the genus Trichosporon sp. is considered one of the most important emerging causes of invasive infection in immune compromised patients, with T. asahii being the most frequently reported species. In this study, T. asahii was procured from MTCC and its sensitivity was checked against different solvents (Methanol, Ethanol, Acetone, and Chloroform) of Iris ensata, a medicinal plant. Zone of inhibition and MIC were evaluated using Agar well diffusion assay and Tube dilution broth assay. Ketoconazole and Nystatin B were used as positive controls. Phytochemical screening was done to determine the phytochemicals present in the plant. The methanol extract was found to be most effective compared to other solvent extracts and positive controls. Phytochemicals play a major role in this anti Trichosporon activity. Key-words- Yeast infection, Trichosporon, Medicinal plant, Phytochemicals test
Role of plant secondary metabolites as potential antimalarial drugsDr Varruchi Sharma
Malaria is a global problem affecting a large population without any demarcation between developed and developing world communities. The already approved compounds for the treatment of the disease hold significant efficacy but the emergence of resistant strains and reduced efficacy of drugs against the disease leave the scope for the identification of noval natural products as potential therapeutic agents. There are seven major classes of antiplasmodium agents which are plant secondary metabolites and can be used as a potential antimalarial drugs. In the present review, the focus is on the antimalarial compounds which have been isolated from plants which could be potentially used as antimalarial drugs.
Role of plant secondary metabolites as potential antimalarial drugs Dr Varruchi Sharma
Malaria is a global problem affecting a large population without any demarcation between developed and developing world communities. The already approved compounds for the treatment of the disease hold significant efficacy but the emergence of resistant strains and reduced efficacy of drugs against the disease leave the scope for the identification of noval natural products as potential therapeutic agents. There are seven major classes of antiplasmodium agents which are plant secondary metabolites and can be used as a potential antimalarial drugs. In the present review, the focus is on the antimalarial compounds which have been isolated from plants which could be potentially used as antimalarial drugs.
Comparative study of the effectiveness of combination therapies based on atem...Open Access Research Paper
The National Malaria Control Program recommended in 1993, the use of Chloroquina (CQ) as first line drug for malaria treatment, and sulfadoxin pyrimethamin as second drug. After years, Benin knows resistance about these antimalarials. Quinina was to treat gravities. In 2004, the strategy of treatment changed. Treatment of malaria cases is based on use of arteminisinia therapeutic combination. The goal of this study is to be sure that these drugs are efficace before general use in the country and in some regions as Dassa Zounmè where the resistance is up (61. 3% for Chloroquina CQ and 45.9% for SP in 2002).The study is based on: comparison of therapeutic efficacy of artemether Lumefantrine and Artesunate Amodiaquine. Results show that all of the tested drugs have good therapeutic efficacy. Most important rate failure is in Dassa Zounmè (33, 86%) than Parakou (23, 44%). They are parasitologic failure and are probably due to the reinfestation of children. Two drugs have a good parasitological clearance and eliminate fever after 2 days of treatment.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdf
Antimalarial and antibacterial bioactivity of langsat
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
ANTIMALARIAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL BIOACTIVITY OF
LANGSAT (Lansium minahasae L.) BARK EXTRACT
Rantje Lilly Worang1, Mokosuli Yermia Semuel2, Dintje Fintje Pendong3
1.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Manado, Indonesia.
2.
3.
Medicinical and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science,
University of Manado
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Manado
* E-mail of the corresponding author: Lillyworang@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
This research is focused to obtain the data of the phytochemical compounds class that is contained in langsat
bark, obtain the data of malaria antiparasite activity of langsat bark extract in vitro, and obtain the data of langsat
bark extract antibacterial activity. The plant sample is obtained from Minahasa and Southeast Minahasa. Both
wet and dry langsat bark extraction is conducted using maseration method. Phytochemical analysis uses
Harborne and UV-Vis spectrophotometer method. The antimalarial activity analysis is conduted in vitro on P.
falciparum culture, whereas the antibacterial activity uses diffusion method. The research result shows that dry
Langsat bark extracts (KBLK) that are from Minahasa (KBLKMI) and Southeast Minahasa (KBLKMT) have %
highest extract yield, compared with the wet Langsat bark extract (KBLB). The highest extract yield KLBKMT
percentage is 5.78% and the lowest is n-butanol:water fraction, that is 0,663%. The thouroughly detected
contents of phytochemical classes (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, anthocyanin
and quinone) is found on the KLBK extract. The highest intencity is found on KLBKMT. The strongest
antimalarial activity in the 1000 erythrocyte that is infected by plasmodium, stated with LC50, is found on
KLBKMT extract, i.e. 57056,1 µg/ml and the weakest is KLBBMT extract, i.e. 80813,8 µg/ml. The strongest
antibacterial activity is stated with the diameter of formed inhibition zone is KLBKMT extract, that its average is
12.5 mm in all experiment isolates.
Keywords: bark, Lansium minahasae L., antimalarial, antibacterial
1. Introduction
Malaria is an infectious disease which its morbidity and mortality rates tend to increase in tropical countries.
Malaria is caused by protozoa of genus Plasmodium infection that is transmitted through the bite of female
Anopheles mosquito. Malaria may also be transmitted directly through blood transfusion, hypodermic needle,
and from pregnant mothers to their babies. In human, there are 4 kinds of Plasmodium, i.e. P. falciparum. P.
vivax, P.malariae and P. ovale.
Malaria infection cases approximately amounts to 300-500 million people and cause death of about 1 million
people per year especially to children. Malaria causes about 273 millions clinic cases and 1.12 millions deaths
per year, more than 40% of world population (2.1 billion people) is predicted at risk of contracting the disease
(WHO, 2003). More than 1.2 billion inhabitants or 85% of the population total in Southeast Asia are at risk for
malaria. Approximately, 30% of inhabitants, which are at this risk, live in moderate to high risk areas of malaria.
India, Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand are the risk area of malaria.
As a tropical country, Indonesia has a lot of tropical forest, terrestrial waters regional such as lake, river, and
marshy area. In addition, poor environmental sanitation in residential areas gives some contribution to the
growth of Anopheles mosquito as Plasmodium agent which causes Malaria.
From 1998-2004, there were exceptional Malaria cases in various region of Indonesia with huge patient number
per year that is about 37-10.678 people and various death victims. The highest death case number is in North
Maluku that is 162 people of 1174 patients. In 2005, the malaria cases reduced in Jawa and Bali, but do not in
East Indonesia.
Malaria clinical case is still relatively high in East Indonesia. The most often found Plasmodium is P. falciparum
and P. vivax or a mixture of both, whereas P. malariae is only found in Nusa Tenggara Timur and P. ovale is
found in Papua (Kristanto and Harijanto, 2000). About 14 kinds of malaria vector Anopheles has been known in
1
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Indonesia causing the high rates of malaria infection.
Malaria is not only contrated by adults but ranging from babies, pregnant mothers, to adults. At the P. falciparum
infection case, it can cause the impaired brain function to death. The death number at falciparum malaria patients
is 39% (18/46) and the death of cerebral malaria patients are 50% (16/32) (Tjitra, 1994).
The indicator of malaria examitation is based on the sightings of parasite in the blood (parasitemia/P) and the
enlargement of the lymph glands (splenomegali/S). The enlargement of the lymph glands shows that the person
has long been exposed to malaria, because the new lymph glands enlarge after the repeated malaria
infection/exposure.
The clinical treatment of malaria in Indonesia that is suggested by doctors (in Puskemas and Hospital) is
antimalarial drug such as chloroquine, amodiaquine, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, mefloquine, kinin and
artemether. Standard malaria drug that is used in Indonesia for all parasites is Chloroquine (Kusumawardhani,
2006). One of the new developed drugs is artemisinin. However, artemisinin monotherapy treatment only
weakens Plasmodium, not kill. In Thailand, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is almost 100% effective in curing
malaria when introduced in 1977. Yet, over the last 5 years only 10% of cases can be cured, because of the
resistance. Resistance also occured to atovaquone a year after it was introduced in 1997. Chloroquine which is
known to have lost its effectiveness in almost all part of the world was used by 95% of African children from
1999 to 2004 (Depkes, 2006).
Experienced serious problem in the context of Malaria treatment is Plasmodium resistance on MOH (Ministry of
Health) standard drugs that have been used since 1984. Anti-malarial drug counterfeiting, incorrect dose, delayed
treatment, and different behavior of malaria in many regions in Indonesia exacerbate the problem of Malaria
treatement. The research result of Eijkman and Australia institute in 1997-2004 about Malaria from the side of
drug pathogenesis and resistance show that in several provinces in Indonesia almost all parasites are carrying the
chloroquine mutated gene (Kompas, 2007). One way to overcome it is to search a new ingredient for the drug
that is derived from nature, especially from plants. From the previous researches, it is known that a number of
compounds that have chemical structure such as alkaloids, terpenoids, quinolones, and phenolic contain
antiprotozoa active substance that can be isolated from high level plants. It is reported that the compounds
effectiveness mentioned above to protozoa had been tested in vitro and in vivo on experimental animals
(Simanjuntak et al., 1995).
Malaria treatments by society in ethnobotany way are often found in malaria endemic areas. Essential oils Virola
surinamensis (Rol) had been used since the ancient time by the Amazon Indians Waiapi as an antimalarial drug
(Lopez et al. 1999). Lansium domesticum L. seed, fruit, and leaves had been used in Sabah Malaysia as
antimalarial drug. Fruit peel extract of Lansium domesticum is proven significantyly prevent the life cycle of
Plasmodium falciparum which is chloroquin-resistant (Yapp, DT and Yap, S.Y, 2003). Kusumawardhani, D.
(2006) reports that the contenct of andrographolide on Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Ness) in the ethanol
extract form is 96% more effective than isolate or singgel compound form on growth inhibition of Plasmodium.
As endemic disease in Indonesia, the rural communities have had malaria treatment wisdom using traditional
drug. Several types of traditional drug which are empirically used as malaria drug in Sulawesi Utara, e.g. papaya,
seed and bark of langsat, bitter melon fruit, pangi seeds, and ylang flowers. Most of the plant parts are boiled and
drunk.
In addition to be a part of traditional treatment, available in nature, cheap, and their negative effect are very less,
the utilization of traditional drug that is taken from plant such as leaves, seed, root, etc is also believed providing
other benefits for health. However, the scientific proof of antimalaria activity is still rarely reported and
phytochemical analysis of antimalarial active components that is actually potentially exploitable is not widely
practiced. Until now, there is no research report about antimalarial and antibacterial from bark extract of langsat
[L. minahasae L.]. The research in this first year aims to: Obtain the data of phytochemical compounds class
which is contained in plants, that have Minahasa ethnomedical antimalaria activity, Obtain the data of plant
crude extract antimalarial activity in vitro, and Obtain the data of plant crude extract antibacterial activity in vitro.
2. Ingridients And Methods
The ingredients that are used in this research are methanol, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, dimethylsulfoxide, HCl,
H2SO4, acetic anhydride, FeCl3, NA media, NB media, methanol, 96% ethanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform,
distilled water, RPMI 1640 medium, HEPES buffer, natrium bicarbonate, chloroquine diphosphate, gentamicin,
2
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
human serum, human erythrocytes, CPD anticoagulant, Giemsa dye and emersi oil. The tools that are used in this
research are Heidolp rotary evaporator, UV-Vis spectrophotometer Parkin Elmer, pH meter, analytical balance,
Eppendorf micropipette, water heater, mammert oven, Eppendorf centrifuge tools, UV light, laminar flow,
incubators, refrigerators , autoclave, desiccator with candle holder (candle jar), microscope, object glass, 0.22
mm Millipore membrane filter, sterile tube, sterile beaker, Erlenmeyer flask, microplate (micro well plates) with
24 wells, bottles or sterile flasks medium, centrifuge tubes tools, sterile syringes, measuring pipette, sterile
Pasteur pipettes and pH meters.
2.1 Plant Sample
Langsat (L. minahase L.) bark is obtained from the Kawangkoan District, Tareran District Minahasa and Toluaan
District Southeast Minahasa.
The dried and pulverized Langsa (Lansium minahasae L.) bark is macerated with
methanol **
Filtrate
Dregs
Rotavapor 40 0 C
Methanol extract
Fractionation with chloroform : water
(1:1) in a separator funnel
Chloroform
fraction
Rotavapor 400 C
Water fraction
Rotavapor 400 C
Ethyl acetate extract
Water fraction
extract
fraction
Fractination with
n-butanol : water (1:1)
in a separator funnel
n-butanol fraction
Water fraction
Rotavapor 400 C
Rotavapor 400 C
Water fraction
extract
Extract-butanol fraction
Picture 1. Fractination and extraction steps
3
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
After the experiment is counducted in vitro, the inhibition of each extracts on P. falciparum (Picture 2), extract
that has the best inhibition is further analyzed by TLC and UV Sepktrofotometri is.
The frozen Parasites are storaged
Antimalaria Activity Test
Liquefaction (Thawing) at the
temperature of 370C quickly
Continuous Culture
High Parasitemia
Low Parasitemia
Change Medium
Subculture with the addition
of RBC
Parasitemia levels 8-10% (90%
ring forms)
Parasitemia levels obtained 810% (90% ring forms)
Create parasitemia 1 %
Inserted into the micro well plates
containing the test substance, negative
control and positive control
Incubation in candle jar for 48h
Take a concentrated suspension for
smear
Calculate the number of parasite-infected
erythrocytes per 1000 erythrocytes
IC50 Calculated
Picture 2. Antimalaria activity test in vitro (Harijanto, 2000)
2.2 Experiment Result Observasion
2.2.1 Parasite Growth (% Growth) (Harijanto, 2000)
The observation is conducted on parasite culture at 0 hour and 48th hour (0 hour before and 48 hours after
incubation).
4
5. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Amount of infected erythrocytes
% growth =
x 100 %
1000 erythrocytes
2.2.2 Inhibition of Parasite Growth (Harijanto, 2000)
The prepared blood smear is examined using microscope with 10x100 magnifation. The observation is
conducted on the amount of parasite infected erythrocytes in 1000 erythrocytes, and then calculated its %
inhibition.
Xe
% growth =
100 –
x 100 %
Xk
Xe = amount of malaria parasite infected erythrocytes in test substance per 1000 erythrocytes
Xk = amount of parasite in negative control per 1000 erythrocytes
Analysis Method
The obtained data is analyzed using SPSS 13 program with probit analysis.
Antibacterial activity test
Antibacterial activity test use diffusion method.
Data Analysis
The data of research result is analyzed using SPSS IBM 20.
3. Result And Discussion
3.1 Extraction and Phytochemicals Class Analysis
Langsat (L. Minahasae L.) bark is obtained from Kali Village Tombatu District Minahasa Tenggara and
Kawangkoan Minahasa. The obtained langsat bark then is divided into two parts, i.e. wet sample and dry sample.
The extraction is conducted using maceration methods or plant botanical soaking, i.e. the langsat bark is mashed
so that the dry sample become powder, and the wet sample become pasta.
The extraction is conducted gradually, i.e. using p.a. methanol for 3 x 24 hours and then filtrated in rotavapor to
separate the solvent and extract, whereas the fractination dregs with ethyl acetate : water (1:1 b/v). Each solvent
fraction is evaporated using Heidolp rotavapor. Water fraction is fractinated further with n-butanol : water (1;1
b/v). Each fraction in rotavapor so that the crude extract obtained (Table 1).
Job-shop production refers to a manufacturing environment that produces goods in small batches according to
customer specifications. Usually, one or several types of products are deliverable, while the incoming orders may
differ in the design, quantity, process flow, or urgency. Flexibility is allowed in terms of switching between
machines, methods, and resolving problems in production. Depending on the nature of business, each of the
workers hired may need to possess a certain range of skills to handle different tasks or machines, whereas the
total number of workers may be adjusted in response to the varying demand. In practice, transferability of
permanent workers and recruitment of temporary or contract workers will help make such adjustment feasible,
thus admitting of the idea of WOZIP.
5
6. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
Table 1
www.iiste.org
Wet Langsat Bark (KBLB) and Dry Langsat Bark (KBLK) Extract Yield
Sample
Solvent
% Yield
KBLK_MI
p.a methanol
5,341
KBLB-MI
p.a methanol
4,361
KBLK_MT
p.a methanol
5,781
KBLB-MT
p.a methanol
4,589
chloroform KBLK_MI fraction
chloroform : water
1,423
n-butanol KBLK_MI fraction
n-butanol : water
0,563
chloroform KBLK_MT fraction
chloroform : water
1,323
n-butanol KBLK_MT fraction
n-butanol : water
0,663
Plant substance extraction is the very important step in obtaining plant secondary metabolity to be utilized as
drug. The extraction is conducted in maceration way and lain on shaker (45-50 rpm). Maceration method where
the simplicia immersion is conducted at room temperature so that the volatile compounds do not disappears. It is
conducted with shaker so that the collision is always occurred between the langsat bark powders so that the
secondary metabolite extraction process in plant cell will be more maximal. The very important factor that
affects the extraction result is solvent, time and temperature in conductiong the extraction ( Mokosuli, 2008).
There are many methods in extracting plant substances, e.g. percolation, socletation and steam distillation
methods. Percolation method is just good to use on soluble organic compounds whereas the socletation and
steam distillation are just good on heat-resistant compounds.
The evaporation, using rotavapor, result is blackish brown methanol extract and light green chloroform
extract:water (1:1). The extract is typically langsat bark smell and bitter. Yield is the percentage between
obtained extract on the (weight) number of extracted simplicia (Depkes, 1987). KBLK_MI is maserated with p.a.
methanol (1:5) for 3 x 24 hours and produce 5.34% yields. The KBLK_MI MeOH dregs is fractionated with
chloroform:water solvent, produce 1.43% yields. Then, the same treatment is applied to KBLB_MI MeOH.
KBLB_MI MeOH produce 4.36%. The wet langsat bark dregs are not fractinated. KLBK_MT is macerated with
p.a. methanol (1:5) for 3 x 24 hours, and produces 5.78% yields. KBLK_MT MeOH dregs is fractionated with
chloroform:water solvent, and produce 1.32% yields. The same treatment is applied to KBLB_MT MeOH.
KBLB_MT MeOH produce 4.58% yields. The wet langsat bark dregs are not fractinated. The yields of each
extract and fraction are shown at table 3.
Maseration method produces greater total and more stable yield than the other extraction methods. Extraction on
propolis uses ethanol solvent with comparing some extract methods, i.e. UE (Ultrasound Extraction) and MAE
(Microwave Assisted Extraction), and evidently the maceration method produce greater percent of total yields
55.58% than UE and MAE methods with its each produced yields 41% and 53%. This confirmed that extraction
with methanol solvent using the maceration methods produce greater yield percent than the other methods.
KBLK_MI and KBLB_MI ethanol extract have the highest yield percentage. The high yield of dry simplicia is
due to the less water content in simplicia then the extraction or the methabolit withdrawal from the plant cell by
the used solvent are more effective. The plant simplicia extraction for the purpose of the best herbal medicine
uses alchohol solvent. The residues of other solvents have toxic risks for experiment animal. Furthermore, the
dregs of methanol extract is extracted and macerated with chloroform:water which are semi-polar. It is expected
that the secondary metabolites that have not been withdrawn by the ethanol solvent can be withdrawn by this
solvent. Emphirically, the wet langsat bark which is used by Minahasan people as drug substance is boiled with
water and its juice is taken. Water is polar solvent but the boild with high temperature can damage some
secondary metabolite at langsat bark which have antimalarial, antibacterial and others bioactivity.
3.2 Phytochemistry Analysis
Phytochemistry analysis is a way to know the secondary metabolite contents in a plant sample. In this research,
the phytochemistry analysis use Harborne Method (1996). The compounds that are analyzed are alkaloids,
6
7. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids (Table 2).
Table 2.
The phytochemistry analysis result of wet langsat bark (KBLB) and dry langsat bark
(KBLK)
Kind of Extract
Compounds group
A
F
S
T
Tri
Str
Ant
Kui
KBLK_MI
++
++
+
++
+
+
-
++
KBLB_MI
+/-
+++
++
++
-
-
+
+
KBLK_MT
+++
++
+
++
+
+
-
+++
KBLB_MT
+/-
+
+
++
+/-
+
-
++
chloroform KBLK-MI fraction
+
+
+
+
++
+
+
+
n-butanol KBLK_MI fraction
+
-
-
+
-
+
+
+
choloroform KBLK-MT fraction
++
+
-
+
+
+
+/-
++
n-butanol KBLK_MT fraction
+/-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
Caption:
( + ) sign shows the level of color intensity which also show the content in experiment sample
A = alkaloids, F = flavonoids, S = saponins, Tri = triterpenoids, Str = steroids, Ant = anthocyanin, Kui = quinone
KBLK MeOH extract contains almost almost the entire group of phytochemical compounds that are identified,
except Anthocyanin. KBLB does not contain triterpenoids and steroids compound but contains saponin with
higher intensity. Chloroform:water KBLK is identified containing all groups in low intensity. KBLB does not
contain alkaloid compounds group but contains phenolic compounds, i.e. flavonoids, saponins and tannins with
high intensity. It is due to KBLB when is extracted with methanols, it still has high water content, and when its
dregs are extracted with chloform:water that is semi-polar, the compound classes that have not been withdrawn
well at ethanol solvent, are withdrawn well at chloroform:water solvent. Triterpenoid and steroid are only formed
slight sendiment when it is given Wagner reagent. Triterpenoid and steroid are non-polar lipid-derived secondary
metabolites so that it needs non-polar solvent to be able to extract it well.
Dry and wet (10% water content) langsat bark extract with ethanol withdraw almost all group of secondary
metabolites, i.e. alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids, anthocyanin and quinones. It is due to
methanol is a solvent that has two groups of different polarities, i.e. hydroxyl group which is polar and alkyl
groups which are non-polar. By the existence of this group, the compounds with different polarity levels will be
extracted in ethanol. From this phytochemistry analysis result, the best KBLK MeOH_MI and KBLK
MeOH_MT extract contain compound groups that is expected have antiplasmodium (malaria) and antibacterial
activity.
3.2 Langsat Bark Extract Antimalaria Activity in vitro
P. falciparum culture, which is stored frozen, then is thawed at 370-380 C rapidly. It is conducted continuous
culture to antimalarial activity test. The P. falciparum continuous culture is classified into two groups, i.e. high
and low parasitemia group. High parasitemia groups, then is sub-cultured by adding the erythrocite. It conducts
the analysis using micreoscope to know the parasitemia level, that is 8-10% or 90 percent identified a ringshaped. The obtained culture condition is made into a 1% parasitemia, and then the culture is filled in the test
wells plate. Micro wells are filled with test solution (100 ppm, 200 ppm and 250 ppm were made triplo),
negative control and positive control. After it is incubated in candle jar for approximately 48 hours, concentrated
suspension was taken to make smear on object glass. The smear is observed using microscope to know the
parasite infection level in 1000 erythrocytes. The observation is conducted in ring, trophozoite and schizont
phase (Picture 3). The observation result shows that the increasement of test solution concentration is directly
proportional to the number of infected erythrocyte but not directly proportional to infection stage (Table 3).
7
8. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
Table 3
www.iiste.org
Parasite Growth and Retardation Based on Infected Erythrocyte Calculation on Each Stage
in 1000 Erythrocytes at Thin Blood Smear that were Stained with Giemsa Dye.
Extract
Concentration
(ppm)
Negative control
Positive control
(chloroquine
diphosphate)
KBLK_MI
Amount of infected erythrocyte
Total
Growth
Percent
Trophozoite
Schizont
0
20
1
16
37
3.7
20
13
2
1
16
1.6
100
12
10
13
35
3.5
200
15
8
11
34
3.4
250
18
5
14
37
3.7
100
14
10
14
38
3.8
200
KLBK_MT
Ring
13
10
12
35
3.5
250
7
16
40
4
10
6
10
26
2.6
7
4
8
19
1.9
250
16
6
9
31
3.1
100
9
8
12
29
2.9
200
8
7
10
25
2.5
250
KLBB_MT
17
100
200
KLBB_MI
12
8
6
26
2.6
A
B
C
Picture 3. P. falciparum parasite stage in the thin blood smear with Giemsa dye (A : ring, B : trophozoite
dan C : schizont)
Highest growth inhibition was found in the treatment of dry olive bark extract both samples from Minahasa and
Southeast Minahasa. This result, if it is projected with phytochemistry group analysis result, the most complete
secondary metabolite contents is found in dry langsat bark extract. The quinones, alkaloids and steroids contents
from variety research reports are toxic to Plasmodium spp by damaging the cell membrane and is cytotoxic.
3.3 Lethal Concentration 50 of Langsat Bark Extract
This data then is used to obtain IC50 value using probit analysis on SPSS IBM 20 program. The analysis result
can be seen on appendix, while the probit graph vs % parasite growth inhibition at 48 hours incubation can be
seen at Picture 3.2. From the probit analysis result, it is obtained the information about Inhibitor Concentration
50 (Inhibitor Concentration = IC50) from each kind of langsat bark extract on P. falciparum growth at 48 hours
incubation. This IC50 value shows the extract concentration that can inhibit 50% of parasite growth. The smaller
the IC50 value, the greater the inhibitory effectiveness of guava leaves against parasite growth (Picture 4 and
Picture 5).
8
9. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Picture 4. Langsat Bark Extract IC50 Comparison
The plant extract effectiveness on malaria parasite which is used traditionally needs to be scientifically tested.
The stages of extract bioactivity test after its phytochemistry group contents are known, starts with in vitro test.
Antimalatia activity in vitro using P. falciparum culture can be used as preliminary test to evaluate a prospective
natural substance as antimalaria.
Probability Plot for MATI
Weibull - 95% CI
Probit Data - ML Estimates
Percent
99
EKSTRAK
KLBBMI
KLBBMT
KLBKMI
KLBKMT
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Table of Statistics
Shape
Scale
0.455037 170408
0.455037 180839
0.455037 155544
0.455037 127676
20
10
5
3
2
1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000 10000000
KONSENTRASI
Picture 5. Extract probability plot on P. falciparum infected erythrocyte
The langsat bark has been empirically used by Minahasa societies as antimalarial drug since the ancient time.
Minahasa is known as Malaria endemic areas. From the interview with the local community, it is know that
langsat bark effectively treats malaria. In the event of an outbreak of malaria in the 1950s, where there was civil
war known as Permesta, the people used langsat bark as malaria drug that can decrease the death risk at the time.
The antiparasite activity of Langsat (L. minahasae L.) bark extract from Minahasa is analized to know the
optimum levels of antimalaria activity of various types of extract and sample origin. The antimalaria activity test
9
10. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
in this research use 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum isolates which were cultured continuously using the Trager and
Jensen modification method (1976). P. falciparum isolate is cultured using RPMI 1640 medium, HEPES buffer,
sodium bicarbonate solution and human serum, and after that it is put in a desiccator containing wax and
incubated in incubator with 5% CO2 and 37°C. An asexual cycle (skizogoni) of P. falciparum takes 48 hours.
Therefore, in this research, the observation is conducted at 48 hours in accordance with the asexual cycle. After it
is incubated for 48 hours, the thin blood smear is made and stained with Giemsa dye. The smear is observed
using microscope at 1000 times magnification and calculated the amount of malaria parasite infected erythrocyte
per 1000 erythrocytes.
3.4 Langsat Bark Extract Antibacterial Activity in vitro
The antimicrobial activity test is conducted in aseptically in jelly diffusion method. For the antibacterial activity
test, the bactery culture which has been aged between 18 and 24 hours in nutrient broth (NB) is poured into petri
dish and added with 15 ml of jelly nutrient (NA) at 450C. After the jelly is frozen, the disc paper (6mm diameter)
which had been soaked in essential oils with concentrations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% is included into ehanol
pa. As a control at each petri dish, the disc paper that has been moistened with ethanol pa is put. These petri
dishes are incubated in reverse way for 24 hours at 35-370C. The clear zone around the disc paper shows the
positive test, diameter of obtained clear zone is measured using micrometer, and compared with ampicillin and
tetracycline standard compounds.
The result of antibacterial activity test with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% concentration (% v/v) in ethanol pa is presented at
Table 4 that shows that dry and wet langsat bark extract with 2% to 4% concentration is not able yet to inhibit
the growth of tested bacteria. The 6% concentration can only inhibit the growth of E. coli and the diameter of its
inhibition zone (DDH) is 9 mm. The 8% concentration can inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus, and the
diameters of their inhibition zone are 10 mm and 7 mm. From the result of this activity test with 10%
concentration of langsat bark extract is not able yet to inhibit the growth of E. coli, assumed that galangal
essential oil was not active against E. coli.
Table 4.
Diameter (mm) zone of bacterial growth inhibition by KLBKMI
Concentration
of
Experiment Extract
Bacteria Isolate
Escherichia
coli
Staphylococcus
aureus
Infection
wound isolate
1
Infection
wound isolate
2
Infection
wound isolate
3
KLBKMI
2%
2
-
2.5
1.5
1
4%
2.5
-
2.5
2
2
6%
10
5.5
8
9
11
10%
14
12
13
14
14
-
3.5
2
2
KLBKMT
2%
3
4%
3
1
3
4
3
6%
12
8
10
12
12
10%
15
12
12
14.5
15
KLBBMI
2%
-
-
-
-
-
4%
1
-
-
-
1.5
6%
3
1
4
5
6
10%
10
3
6
8
7
-
-
-
-
KLBBMT
2%
-
10
11. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
4%
-
-
-
-
-
6%
2.5
-
3
2
2
10%
9
2
5
6
8
Control
Ampisili
14
18
20
21
20
Tetracycline
14
17
22
21
22
- : not form a significant barrier zone
Concentration of each control is 30 µg
5. Conclusion
From these results, it can be concluded that:
1.
Dry langsat bark extract (KBLK) both from Minahasa (KBLKMI) and Southeast Minahasa (KBLKMT)
have % highest extract yield compared with wet bark extract (KBLB). The extract yield highest
percentage is in KLBKMT that is 5.78% whereas the lowest one is n-butanol : water fraction’s that is
0.663%.
2.
The phytochemistry class content that is comprehensively detected (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins,
tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, anthocyanin and quinone) is found in KLBK extract. The highst
intensity is found in KLBKMT.
3.
The strongest antimalarial activity in the 1000 erythrocyte which is infected by plasmodium, is
expressed with found LC50 value in KLBKMT extract that is 57056.1 µg/ml and the weakest one is in
KLBBMT extract that is 80813.8 µg/ml.
4.
The strongest antibacterial activity that is expressed with diameter of the formed inhibition zone is in
KLBKMT extract that has average 12.5 mm in all tested isolate.
References
Kris D and Harijanto PN . In 2000 . , Malaria Vaccine . In : Harijanto PN , ed . Malaria : Epidemiology ,
Pathogenesis , Clinical Manifestations & Handling . Edition I. Jakarta : EGC , 2000; 237-4
Kusumawardhani , D. 2006 , In vivo antimalarial test Sambiloto standardized extract ( Parameter andrografolida )
in Mice . Thesis . Airlangga University, 2006. , Http://adln.lib.unair.ac.id .
Compass 2007, Malaria , number of medications were not effective anymore
Lopes , P , N. , Kato , JM , eloisa , H. , Andrade , de A. , Maia , GSJ , Yoshida , M. , Planchart , A. R. and Katzin ,
M.A. , 1999. Antimalarials use of volatile oil from leaves of Virola surinamensis ( Rol. ) Warb . By Waiapi
Amazon Indians . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67 pp 313-319 .
Mokosuli YS . , 2008. Antioxidative and anticancer activity of the stem bark extract Langsat ( Lansium
domesticum L. ) . [ Thesis ] . Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural University .
Simanjutak 1989. Malaria status in Indonesia. Mirror World Medical Indonesia . No. 55 , pp. 3-7
Yapp DT and Yap SY , 2003. Lansium domesticum : skin and leaf extract of this fruit tree interrupt the life cycle
of Plasmodium falciparum and active towards a chloroquine - resistant strains of the parasite ( TJ ) in vitro . J.
ethnopharmacol , 2003; 85 ( 1 ) : 145-150 .
WHO , 2003. The malaria problem in the world . WHO : Geneva
Tjitra . E. , 1994. Immunology Research in Patients with Cerebral Malaria in RS . Manado and Tomohon ,
www.digilib.litbang.depkes.go.id [ January 15 2012 ]
11
12. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/
The IISTE
editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a
fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the
world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from
gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the journals is also available
upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar