A self-driving car (sometimes called an autonomous car or driverless car) is a vehicle that uses a combination of sensors, cameras, radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to travel between destinations without a human operator.
Analysts expect self-driving cars to mature rapidly in the next decade.
As potential self-driving forces form alliances, investor bets have become simpler.
Autonomous Driving (AD) has been said to be the next big disruptive innovation in the years to come. Considered as being predominantly technology driven, it is supposed to have massive societal impact in areas such as insurance, laws and regulations, logistics, automotive industry as well as all types of transportation methods, not only expected to have an enormous environmental and economic effect but also offer the possibility of saving millions of lives worldwide.
HYVE Science Labs, in cooperation with the Technical University Hamburg-Harburg and INSIUS have developed the unique worldwide study “Autonomous Driving: The User Perspective” focused on the customer view and acceptance of Autonomous Driving. The study analyses 106,305 comments on Autonomous Driving publicly posted in English on the Internet, finding a more positive than negative attitude towards this new technology in contrast to the most renowned surveys in the field. The focus was placed in the understanding of customer acceptance, a topic that until now under an Autonomous Driving context is limited. While a survey with more than 200 experts on autonomous vehicles by the IEEE (2014), the world's largest professional association for the advancement of technology, defines that the three biggest obstacles to reach the mass adoption of driverless cars are legal liability, policymakers and customer acceptance. Therefore it is essential to start understanding and integrating customers in order to build deep and meaningful customer insights which can be used to deliver the products they want and need. Furthermore it is important to understand the wants and needs of future users and who will the early adopters will be. They will influence how technologies evolve and if they provide enough benefits to reach the early majority.
Innovative Web Monitoring Technologies, User Generated Content (UGC) and the method of Innovation Mining were used within an Autonomous Driving context to understand user’s debate on the Internet. UGC is characterized by extensive volunteering effort, lack of central control and freedom of expression, while creating a basis for identifying and understanding opinions, desires, tastes, needs and decision-making influences of customers in a passive non-intrusive manner. UGC is perceived as being impartial and unbiased, while giving the chance to understand needs and doubts of the potential customers, as well as the used language within a certain topic. The method of Innovation Mining presented below reflects the process from the search for the UGC until the possible visualization and interpretation of the gained information.
• Analysis of the users language within an AD context
• Most relevant single sources of discussion
• Topic evolution including most impactful events
• Brand importance in the users perspective
• Most mentioned activities in an AD vehicle
• In depth language analysis of concepts and their drivers
The future of personal mobility: the internet of things and the rise of the a...Michael Shanks
The document discusses the future of personal mobility and autonomous vehicles. It describes programs and researchers at Stanford University working in this area, including the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (d.school) and the Revs program at the Center for Automotive Research at Stanford (CARS). The document also shares a hypothetical story about a man's morning commute by autonomous car, and reflects on issues of design, human-centered design, and the growing role of design thinking.
An MIT spinoff called Optimus Ride is developing self-driving vehicle technology. The company was founded by Ryan Chin, a PhD from MIT who worked on several autonomous vehicle projects there. Optimus Ride aims to provide safe, sustainable, and equitable mobility solutions through their technology, which could unlock over $1 trillion in annual savings according to a Morgan Stanley report.
ADOT Road to the Future Autonomous Vehicles Presentation 9/27/18Mark Goldstein
I was pleased to give the luncheon keynote at the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) Road to the Future Conference titled "The Autonomous Revolution of Vehicles and Transportation" on 9/27/18 in Scottsdale, Arizona.
And for my recent presentation to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Arizona with even more AV related details and depth see https://www.slideshare.net/markgirc/sae-arizona-autonomous-vehicles-irc-presentation-on-92018.
The document discusses potential transportation technologies and options that may exist by the year 2050. Some of the concepts discussed include solar powered vehicles, shape shifting cars, augmented reality in vehicles, fully autonomous vehicles, high speed maglev trains, flying cars, amphibious vehicles, evacuated tube transport systems, electric aircraft, commercial spaceflight, airborne metros, and vehicles with negative carbon footprints. The technologies described aim to address the increasing global population and demand for transportation through more efficient, customized, and sustainable transportation solutions.
Analysts expect self-driving cars to mature rapidly in the next decade.
As potential self-driving forces form alliances, investor bets have become simpler.
Autonomous Driving (AD) has been said to be the next big disruptive innovation in the years to come. Considered as being predominantly technology driven, it is supposed to have massive societal impact in areas such as insurance, laws and regulations, logistics, automotive industry as well as all types of transportation methods, not only expected to have an enormous environmental and economic effect but also offer the possibility of saving millions of lives worldwide.
HYVE Science Labs, in cooperation with the Technical University Hamburg-Harburg and INSIUS have developed the unique worldwide study “Autonomous Driving: The User Perspective” focused on the customer view and acceptance of Autonomous Driving. The study analyses 106,305 comments on Autonomous Driving publicly posted in English on the Internet, finding a more positive than negative attitude towards this new technology in contrast to the most renowned surveys in the field. The focus was placed in the understanding of customer acceptance, a topic that until now under an Autonomous Driving context is limited. While a survey with more than 200 experts on autonomous vehicles by the IEEE (2014), the world's largest professional association for the advancement of technology, defines that the three biggest obstacles to reach the mass adoption of driverless cars are legal liability, policymakers and customer acceptance. Therefore it is essential to start understanding and integrating customers in order to build deep and meaningful customer insights which can be used to deliver the products they want and need. Furthermore it is important to understand the wants and needs of future users and who will the early adopters will be. They will influence how technologies evolve and if they provide enough benefits to reach the early majority.
Innovative Web Monitoring Technologies, User Generated Content (UGC) and the method of Innovation Mining were used within an Autonomous Driving context to understand user’s debate on the Internet. UGC is characterized by extensive volunteering effort, lack of central control and freedom of expression, while creating a basis for identifying and understanding opinions, desires, tastes, needs and decision-making influences of customers in a passive non-intrusive manner. UGC is perceived as being impartial and unbiased, while giving the chance to understand needs and doubts of the potential customers, as well as the used language within a certain topic. The method of Innovation Mining presented below reflects the process from the search for the UGC until the possible visualization and interpretation of the gained information.
• Analysis of the users language within an AD context
• Most relevant single sources of discussion
• Topic evolution including most impactful events
• Brand importance in the users perspective
• Most mentioned activities in an AD vehicle
• In depth language analysis of concepts and their drivers
The future of personal mobility: the internet of things and the rise of the a...Michael Shanks
The document discusses the future of personal mobility and autonomous vehicles. It describes programs and researchers at Stanford University working in this area, including the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design (d.school) and the Revs program at the Center for Automotive Research at Stanford (CARS). The document also shares a hypothetical story about a man's morning commute by autonomous car, and reflects on issues of design, human-centered design, and the growing role of design thinking.
An MIT spinoff called Optimus Ride is developing self-driving vehicle technology. The company was founded by Ryan Chin, a PhD from MIT who worked on several autonomous vehicle projects there. Optimus Ride aims to provide safe, sustainable, and equitable mobility solutions through their technology, which could unlock over $1 trillion in annual savings according to a Morgan Stanley report.
ADOT Road to the Future Autonomous Vehicles Presentation 9/27/18Mark Goldstein
I was pleased to give the luncheon keynote at the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) Road to the Future Conference titled "The Autonomous Revolution of Vehicles and Transportation" on 9/27/18 in Scottsdale, Arizona.
And for my recent presentation to the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Arizona with even more AV related details and depth see https://www.slideshare.net/markgirc/sae-arizona-autonomous-vehicles-irc-presentation-on-92018.
The document discusses potential transportation technologies and options that may exist by the year 2050. Some of the concepts discussed include solar powered vehicles, shape shifting cars, augmented reality in vehicles, fully autonomous vehicles, high speed maglev trains, flying cars, amphibious vehicles, evacuated tube transport systems, electric aircraft, commercial spaceflight, airborne metros, and vehicles with negative carbon footprints. The technologies described aim to address the increasing global population and demand for transportation through more efficient, customized, and sustainable transportation solutions.
This document provides an overview of self-driving cars, autonomous vehicles, and shared mobility. It discusses the major players in this emerging field such as Google, Tesla, Uber, and automotive manufacturers. The vision for autonomous vehicles is described as mobility over ownership where people will summon driverless vehicles via smartphone apps for on-demand transportation. Significant benefits include reduced traffic, increased road safety, and mobility for all groups. Currently, Google leads in developing fully autonomous vehicles while automakers focus on incremental self-driving features and plan to introduce them first in luxury models.
WHAT IS THE MOBILITY 4.0 ALIGNED WITH INDUSTRY 4.0?
WHAT IS THE VEHICLE? AND ITS PARADIGM SHIFT BASED ON AI?
WHAT IS THE NEW EXPERIENCE WHAT AI INFLUENCE CAR LIFE?
In the dawn of Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence influenced most industries and their products. So does Automotive Industry. What is the Vehicle in terms of Mobility 4.0? What will be changed in the car with Robot technology? And the Vehicle experience? Since the announcement of Google’s autonomous car at 2010, the vehicle experience changed a lot. After the launching of Apple’s CarPlayTM at 2014, its Interface penetrated into car software industry.What can you expect the change of user’s life in the car when you live in industry 4.0? What is the difference between Car and Robot? What will be new services with the help of implementing sensors, radar, cameras, Lidar (a remote sensing system).Let’s discuss new Experience and Life based on Mobility 4.0
Car Experience, Vehicle Experience, Flying Vehicle, Drone UX
Automobile UX, Autonomous Vehicle, Driveless Car
Autonomous vehicles may provide mobility services by 2018 that could cost consumers near the total cost of owning a personal vehicle, which is under $1 per mile. An institute projects that autonomous vehicles could enter the market by 2018 at a cost that approaches the total cost of car ownership on a per-mile basis. Mobility services using autonomous vehicles may launch by 2018 at a competitive cost compared to personal vehicle ownership.
Futuristic driverless cars are here nowwebsolutionz
Driverless cars have been featured in futuristic, science fiction movies such as Demolition Man, I Robot, Minority Report, Total Recall and a host of others.
Driverless Car Technology: Patent Landscape AnalysisLexInnova
Driverless cars represent a disruptive technological change in transportation as we know it. These vehicles are capable of sensing, navigating, and communicating with their external surroundings without any human intervention. They leverage various technologies including imaging, radar, laser optics, and GPS to navigate through dynamically changing road environments.
In this report, we analyze the Intellectual Property (Patents) landscape of driverless car technology. Our analysis reveals key aspects relating to innovation in this technology, including filing trends, top assignees, their portfolio strength, and geographical coverage.
Powerpoint created for October 2019 Augmenting Reality Meetup hosted by Steve Dann, as well as the PARIS event organized by Vincent Trastour/Flamingo Filtershttps://flamingofilter.co/.(PARIS = Paris Augmented Reality Influencers Show)
The autonomous vehicle, driverless or self-driving car will be one of the greatest technological developments of the next decade (if not all time).
It will profoundly change life on earth.
For the past century our car-centric culture has shaped infrastructure and ideals, landscape and lifestyle, ethics and enterprise. We rely on the mobility that cars provide us more than ever, but the car’s purpose and meaning changes as the driver fades out.
When the car drives itself, what we do in our cars and with our cars is exponentially different. When the car is intelligent, intuitive and adaptive, our relationship to the car alters. When the car builds itself, environments and economies are reshaped.
This report looks at the players, technologies and trends in the autonomous vehicle space and paints a picture of probable futures for citizens, businesses and marketers.
Buckle up. Bumpy roads ahead.
ASIMO is an advanced android created by Honda that can walk upright at 6 km/h and recognize faces and sounds. It is 1.3 meters tall, weighs 54 kg, and can operate for 40-60 minutes on a lithium-ion battery. ASIMO can greet people, follow basic gestures, climb stairs, access the internet for weather and news, and participate in special events. While ASIMOs cost less than $1 million to produce, some have concerns about humans losing control of advanced androids in the future.
this is a short description of google's new project self driving cars . self driving car or a driver less car is a car which do not need any driver to work. This project is carried out by google as well as other companies to like nissan.
Uber is a car service startup valued at $18.2 billion that allows users to request black car, luxury, or economy car services through a mobile app. It has received over $1.2 billion in funding and has seen revenue double every 6 months, with over $1 billion in gross bookings in 2013. Founded in 2008, Uber launched in NYC and SF in 2010 but soon faced regulatory issues, and now competes with services like Lyft while continuing to expand its product offerings and global footprint exponentially.
The document is a seminar presentation on autonomous cars presented by three students to professors at Khulna University. The presentation outlines the history and development of autonomous vehicle technology, how autonomous cars work using sensors and software, and recent advances in the field such as testing of driverless cars. However, full implementation of autonomous cars faces challenges such as how to program ethical decision making in accidents, ensuring cybersecurity, and enabling the technology to handle unexpected situations and poor driving conditions.
This document discusses recent trends in autonomous vehicle technology, including increasing investment and progress towards fully autonomous vehicles. It covers the role of enabling technologies like sensors and mapping. It also analyzes how electric vehicles, machine learning, and the rise of transportation services could shape the future of autonomous vehicles and vehicle ownership models. Key companies and players in this space, including Tesla, Google, Apple, Uber and automakers, are assessed in terms of their approaches and relative strengths/weaknesses in pursuing autonomous vehicle technology and business models.
The car rally in Mumbai was scheduled for January 31st, 2010. A link was provided to view videos of the Orange Racer Car and Batmobile that would be participating in the rally. The document advertised an upcoming car rally in Mumbai and provided a link to view videos of some of the featured cars.
On August 25, Singapore launched the world's first public driverless taxi trial run by nuTonomy, an American company. The initial trial involved 6 driverless taxis operating in a 2.5 square mile area, carrying specially selected passengers at no cost. While engineers currently sit in the driver's seat to take over if needed, nuTonomy aims to operate a large fleet of driverless taxis in Singapore by the end of 2018. Singapore is considered ideal for driverless vehicles due to its efficient public transportation systems, expensive car ownership, and minimal traffic issues.
Autonomous cars self-driving cars-driverless cars market 2020 to 2030Chandan Chaudhary
The Autonomous cars/Self-Driving Cars/Driverless Cars Market report offers a deep analysis of the Market Research Industry. It demonstrates a rapid summary of industry data and a key catalog of the market. The report highlights well-known performers from the Autonomous cars/Self-Driving Cars/Driverless Cars Market beside contribution to the market vocation progress within the estimated time. KACSK Market Research Report covers recent improvements while predicting the expansion of the players of the market.
Below is the detailed list of some of the major investments in the run of driverless technology
1. Ford $1 billion investment in Argo AI
2. Toyota Research Institute $1 billion
3. Uber purchased Otto for $680 million
4. GM acquired CRUZE AUTOMATION for $580 million
5. Intel to buy Mobileye for $15.3 billion
6. GM invests $500 million in LYFT- drive sharing startup
7. VOLVO and Uber $300 million JV
8. Hyundai $1.7 billion R & D
9. Intel $250 million in driverless AI tech.
The document discusses trends related to the future of cars, including how concepts of freedom and ownership are changing for younger generations. It notes that while freedom was once associated with the ability to drive wherever one wanted, it is now more about not having the burden of car ownership. Various companies and concepts are mentioned like Rent the Runway, which allows renting dresses instead of buying; Relay Rides, which allows renting out your personal car to others; and the idea of self-driving cars providing freedom through the ability to do other activities rather than focus on driving. The document suggests ways for Fiat to adapt, such as representing the new freedom of not being tied to one car, offering self-driving cars, and
Problems in Autonomous Driving System of Smart Cities in IoTijtsrd
This paper focuses on the problems and challenges during self driving. In the modern era, technologies are getting advanced day by day. The field of smart city has introduced a new technology called ""Autonomous Driving"". Autonomous driving can be defined as Self Driving, Automated Vehicle. Google has started working on this type of system since 2010 and still in the phase of making changes in this technology to take it to a higher level. Any technology can reach up to an advanced level but it cannot provide a full fledged result. This paper facilitates the researchers to understand the problems, challenges and issues related to this technology. Shweta S. Darekar | Dr. Anandhi Giri ""Problems in Autonomous Driving System of Smart Cities in IoT"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30079.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/30079/problems-in-autonomous-driving-system-of-smart-cities-in-iot/shweta-s-darekar
The document discusses the history and development of autonomous vehicles. It notes that experiments began in the 1920s and the first semi-automated car was developed in 1977 in Japan. Waymo began the first commercial self-driving service in Phoenix in 2018. An autonomous car can sense its environment and operate with little human input using sensors, software, and 5G networks. Challenges for autonomous cars include perception of the environment and predicting behaviors of other vehicles and actors on the road.
5 Autonomous Cars Trends Everyone Should Know About In 2019Bernard Marr
Autonomous cars are coming. Even if we might not have completely self-driving cars on all our roads by 2019, there are some important trends that map out the path of autonomous driving. Here we look at the key ones.
This document provides an overview of self-driving cars, autonomous vehicles, and shared mobility. It discusses the major players in this emerging field such as Google, Tesla, Uber, and automotive manufacturers. The vision for autonomous vehicles is described as mobility over ownership where people will summon driverless vehicles via smartphone apps for on-demand transportation. Significant benefits include reduced traffic, increased road safety, and mobility for all groups. Currently, Google leads in developing fully autonomous vehicles while automakers focus on incremental self-driving features and plan to introduce them first in luxury models.
WHAT IS THE MOBILITY 4.0 ALIGNED WITH INDUSTRY 4.0?
WHAT IS THE VEHICLE? AND ITS PARADIGM SHIFT BASED ON AI?
WHAT IS THE NEW EXPERIENCE WHAT AI INFLUENCE CAR LIFE?
In the dawn of Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence influenced most industries and their products. So does Automotive Industry. What is the Vehicle in terms of Mobility 4.0? What will be changed in the car with Robot technology? And the Vehicle experience? Since the announcement of Google’s autonomous car at 2010, the vehicle experience changed a lot. After the launching of Apple’s CarPlayTM at 2014, its Interface penetrated into car software industry.What can you expect the change of user’s life in the car when you live in industry 4.0? What is the difference between Car and Robot? What will be new services with the help of implementing sensors, radar, cameras, Lidar (a remote sensing system).Let’s discuss new Experience and Life based on Mobility 4.0
Car Experience, Vehicle Experience, Flying Vehicle, Drone UX
Automobile UX, Autonomous Vehicle, Driveless Car
Autonomous vehicles may provide mobility services by 2018 that could cost consumers near the total cost of owning a personal vehicle, which is under $1 per mile. An institute projects that autonomous vehicles could enter the market by 2018 at a cost that approaches the total cost of car ownership on a per-mile basis. Mobility services using autonomous vehicles may launch by 2018 at a competitive cost compared to personal vehicle ownership.
Futuristic driverless cars are here nowwebsolutionz
Driverless cars have been featured in futuristic, science fiction movies such as Demolition Man, I Robot, Minority Report, Total Recall and a host of others.
Driverless Car Technology: Patent Landscape AnalysisLexInnova
Driverless cars represent a disruptive technological change in transportation as we know it. These vehicles are capable of sensing, navigating, and communicating with their external surroundings without any human intervention. They leverage various technologies including imaging, radar, laser optics, and GPS to navigate through dynamically changing road environments.
In this report, we analyze the Intellectual Property (Patents) landscape of driverless car technology. Our analysis reveals key aspects relating to innovation in this technology, including filing trends, top assignees, their portfolio strength, and geographical coverage.
Powerpoint created for October 2019 Augmenting Reality Meetup hosted by Steve Dann, as well as the PARIS event organized by Vincent Trastour/Flamingo Filtershttps://flamingofilter.co/.(PARIS = Paris Augmented Reality Influencers Show)
The autonomous vehicle, driverless or self-driving car will be one of the greatest technological developments of the next decade (if not all time).
It will profoundly change life on earth.
For the past century our car-centric culture has shaped infrastructure and ideals, landscape and lifestyle, ethics and enterprise. We rely on the mobility that cars provide us more than ever, but the car’s purpose and meaning changes as the driver fades out.
When the car drives itself, what we do in our cars and with our cars is exponentially different. When the car is intelligent, intuitive and adaptive, our relationship to the car alters. When the car builds itself, environments and economies are reshaped.
This report looks at the players, technologies and trends in the autonomous vehicle space and paints a picture of probable futures for citizens, businesses and marketers.
Buckle up. Bumpy roads ahead.
ASIMO is an advanced android created by Honda that can walk upright at 6 km/h and recognize faces and sounds. It is 1.3 meters tall, weighs 54 kg, and can operate for 40-60 minutes on a lithium-ion battery. ASIMO can greet people, follow basic gestures, climb stairs, access the internet for weather and news, and participate in special events. While ASIMOs cost less than $1 million to produce, some have concerns about humans losing control of advanced androids in the future.
this is a short description of google's new project self driving cars . self driving car or a driver less car is a car which do not need any driver to work. This project is carried out by google as well as other companies to like nissan.
Uber is a car service startup valued at $18.2 billion that allows users to request black car, luxury, or economy car services through a mobile app. It has received over $1.2 billion in funding and has seen revenue double every 6 months, with over $1 billion in gross bookings in 2013. Founded in 2008, Uber launched in NYC and SF in 2010 but soon faced regulatory issues, and now competes with services like Lyft while continuing to expand its product offerings and global footprint exponentially.
The document is a seminar presentation on autonomous cars presented by three students to professors at Khulna University. The presentation outlines the history and development of autonomous vehicle technology, how autonomous cars work using sensors and software, and recent advances in the field such as testing of driverless cars. However, full implementation of autonomous cars faces challenges such as how to program ethical decision making in accidents, ensuring cybersecurity, and enabling the technology to handle unexpected situations and poor driving conditions.
This document discusses recent trends in autonomous vehicle technology, including increasing investment and progress towards fully autonomous vehicles. It covers the role of enabling technologies like sensors and mapping. It also analyzes how electric vehicles, machine learning, and the rise of transportation services could shape the future of autonomous vehicles and vehicle ownership models. Key companies and players in this space, including Tesla, Google, Apple, Uber and automakers, are assessed in terms of their approaches and relative strengths/weaknesses in pursuing autonomous vehicle technology and business models.
The car rally in Mumbai was scheduled for January 31st, 2010. A link was provided to view videos of the Orange Racer Car and Batmobile that would be participating in the rally. The document advertised an upcoming car rally in Mumbai and provided a link to view videos of some of the featured cars.
On August 25, Singapore launched the world's first public driverless taxi trial run by nuTonomy, an American company. The initial trial involved 6 driverless taxis operating in a 2.5 square mile area, carrying specially selected passengers at no cost. While engineers currently sit in the driver's seat to take over if needed, nuTonomy aims to operate a large fleet of driverless taxis in Singapore by the end of 2018. Singapore is considered ideal for driverless vehicles due to its efficient public transportation systems, expensive car ownership, and minimal traffic issues.
Autonomous cars self-driving cars-driverless cars market 2020 to 2030Chandan Chaudhary
The Autonomous cars/Self-Driving Cars/Driverless Cars Market report offers a deep analysis of the Market Research Industry. It demonstrates a rapid summary of industry data and a key catalog of the market. The report highlights well-known performers from the Autonomous cars/Self-Driving Cars/Driverless Cars Market beside contribution to the market vocation progress within the estimated time. KACSK Market Research Report covers recent improvements while predicting the expansion of the players of the market.
Below is the detailed list of some of the major investments in the run of driverless technology
1. Ford $1 billion investment in Argo AI
2. Toyota Research Institute $1 billion
3. Uber purchased Otto for $680 million
4. GM acquired CRUZE AUTOMATION for $580 million
5. Intel to buy Mobileye for $15.3 billion
6. GM invests $500 million in LYFT- drive sharing startup
7. VOLVO and Uber $300 million JV
8. Hyundai $1.7 billion R & D
9. Intel $250 million in driverless AI tech.
The document discusses trends related to the future of cars, including how concepts of freedom and ownership are changing for younger generations. It notes that while freedom was once associated with the ability to drive wherever one wanted, it is now more about not having the burden of car ownership. Various companies and concepts are mentioned like Rent the Runway, which allows renting dresses instead of buying; Relay Rides, which allows renting out your personal car to others; and the idea of self-driving cars providing freedom through the ability to do other activities rather than focus on driving. The document suggests ways for Fiat to adapt, such as representing the new freedom of not being tied to one car, offering self-driving cars, and
Problems in Autonomous Driving System of Smart Cities in IoTijtsrd
This paper focuses on the problems and challenges during self driving. In the modern era, technologies are getting advanced day by day. The field of smart city has introduced a new technology called ""Autonomous Driving"". Autonomous driving can be defined as Self Driving, Automated Vehicle. Google has started working on this type of system since 2010 and still in the phase of making changes in this technology to take it to a higher level. Any technology can reach up to an advanced level but it cannot provide a full fledged result. This paper facilitates the researchers to understand the problems, challenges and issues related to this technology. Shweta S. Darekar | Dr. Anandhi Giri ""Problems in Autonomous Driving System of Smart Cities in IoT"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30079.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/30079/problems-in-autonomous-driving-system-of-smart-cities-in-iot/shweta-s-darekar
The document discusses the history and development of autonomous vehicles. It notes that experiments began in the 1920s and the first semi-automated car was developed in 1977 in Japan. Waymo began the first commercial self-driving service in Phoenix in 2018. An autonomous car can sense its environment and operate with little human input using sensors, software, and 5G networks. Challenges for autonomous cars include perception of the environment and predicting behaviors of other vehicles and actors on the road.
5 Autonomous Cars Trends Everyone Should Know About In 2019Bernard Marr
Autonomous cars are coming. Even if we might not have completely self-driving cars on all our roads by 2019, there are some important trends that map out the path of autonomous driving. Here we look at the key ones.
The document discusses the history and future of intelligent vehicles. It describes how early prototypes in the 1950s began exploring object detection capabilities. Major advances included Google's self-driving car in the 2000s, which uses sensors and cameras to navigate. The document outlines five levels of vehicle automation according to their ability to operate without human involvement. It predicts that future intelligent vehicles will offer advanced safety technologies, integrated mobile devices, and fully autonomous capabilities without a human driver.
The document discusses Google's driverless car technology. It describes how the cars use sensors like LIDAR, RADAR, cameras and position sensors along with software to operate without a driver. The purpose is to study this technology and how it could provide more efficient, balanced and safer transportation through autonomous systems. The scope focuses on using current technology as a stepping stone towards fully autonomous vehicles in the future that could communicate with each other to avoid accidents and congestion.
The document discusses Google's self-driving car project. It describes how the cars can steer, accelerate, and stop autonomously using sensors like LIDAR and cameras to detect obstacles and artificial intelligence to process sensor data and determine driving actions. The cars have driven over 1 million miles with only minor accidents. While driverless cars could help avoid accidents and manage traffic, cybersecurity risks would need to be addressed to prevent hackers from interfering with vehicle control systems.
This document provides an overview of self-driving cars, including their evolution, levels of autonomy, key companies, and future outlook. It begins with a brief history of self-driving cars from early prototypes in the 1920s controlled by external inputs. The document then outlines the 6 levels of autonomy established by NHTSA, from driver assistance features to fully driverless vehicles. Key companies developing self-driving car technology are also listed. In conclusions, the document notes that while self-driving cars remain a new topic closer to science fiction, companies are working to solve challenges around computer control and cybersecurity.
ALKATAN 1Google CarAs we know the trends are being influence.docxgalerussel59292
ALKATAN 1
Google Car
As we know the trends are being influenced in our modern world with respect to the advancement of technology in our society accordingly. The perceptions of consumers related to cars are widely influenced because of the continuous increase of our daily life expense. This paper is about the Google self driving car which is a project by Google that engages rising technology for self driving cars. The cars exploit a blend of technologies, together with radar sensors on the front side, movie cameras intended at the adjacent area, a variety of other sensors and synthetic intellect software that aids in guiding. There have been no mishaps while the cars were managed by the computer. The system makes at the speed boundary, it has stored in its ways and keeps its space from other automobiles by means of its system of sensors. The system offers an override that permits a human driver to keep control of the vehicle by moving on the brake or rotating the wheel. As the thought of a Google Car was initiated, the appraisals have been polarized. Here is abundance of optimistic remarks about Google Car. Google’s firm and huge database, particularly data on maps is very much praised and trusted to be practical and necessary in advancement of the self driving car. In this paper, the discussions have been made about testing and troubleshooting, finalizing and Users' manual about the Google driverless car project.
It has been produced prototypes of a self driving car already by Google. However, actually advertising them and locating them on the way is another story. The organization recognizes that at the present time, mobile networks are not prepared to deal vehicles. The major carriers hardly have sufficient ranges to serve their human clients, however work is in progress to get used to the white space range for machine-to-machine associations. In the United States of America, Google is a manager of a database of white space, meaning that it adds to list tools that is to be employed on the white space range. On the other hand, Google may have to discover other alternatives for its associated cars. The white space range is most excellently matched for signals that have extended range and inferior frequency than those that convey voice and facts over mobile networks. The majority M2M signals do not require to be conveyed constant at increase speeds. However, those of a self driving car might be a significant immunity. The car also contains other sensors, which comprise: four radars, located on the face and back bumpers, that facilitate the car to "observe" distant enough to be intelligent to take care of fast traffic on freeways; a movie camera, placed close to the back-view mirror, that senses traffic luminosities and a GPS, inertial calculation unit, and wheel encoder, that find out the car's position and keep follow on its activities (Martha DeGrasse, 2013).
For Road testing, the project team has prepared a test task force of ten cars at .
KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Embracing the Autonomous Supply Chain and Rethinking InnovationLora Cecere
Presentation given at the 2016 Supply Chain Insights Global Summit - 7-9 SEP 2016 at The Phoenician in Scottsdale, AZ
KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Embracing the Autonomous Supply Chain and Rethinking Innovation
• Jeremiah Owyang – Founder and CEO, Crowd Companies
The Autonomous supply chain lies before us, but we cannot be effective unless we rethink innovation. While many companies think of innovation as product innovation, Jeremiah outlines the future path for the autonomous supply chain and the implications while challenging the audience to think harder about the need for process innovation.
To see the video go to http://supplychaininsightsglobalsummit.com/2016-summit-presentations/
Driverless vehicles offer advantages like increased mobility and safety, as they are not subject to human errors like distraction or impairment. Several companies are developing autonomous vehicle technologies, with Google and Mercedes-Benz being leaders. Google uses laser sensors and detailed maps to guide its vehicles, while Mercedes offers some self-driving features now and aims to incrementally increase capabilities. Fully autonomous vehicles will need to safely navigate using sensors to identify lanes, traffic signs/lights, other vehicles and objects. Significant software development is still required to achieve full autonomy and address issues like sensor failures or software bugs.
I delivered an updated and expanded version of "The Autonomous Revolution of Vehicles and Transportation" to the Cloud Security Alliance Southwest Chapter & (ISC)2 Phoenix Chapter Joint Event on 10/16/18 in Tempe, Arizona.
A detailed overview of the transformation of transportation through autonomous vehicles and the advent of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) including enabling sensor and communication technologies as well as why Arizona is a hot bed for development and deployment plus a forward-looking view of markets and opportunities.
The document provides an overview of Google's driverless car technology. It describes the various sensors used in the car, including LIDAR, RADAR, video cameras, and a position estimator. The sensors gather information about the vehicle's environment and location. Artificial intelligence software integrates this sensor data and helps operate the vehicle without human assistance. The document discusses the history and development of driverless cars. It examines the components, working, advantages, disadvantages, and potential future applications and predictions for this emerging technology.
Google began developing self-driving car technology in 2009. Their self-driving cars use sensors like video cameras, radar, and laser rangefinders along with detailed maps to navigate roads without human intervention. The software processes sensor data in real-time to detect objects and safely maneuver the vehicle. Google's cars have driven over 200,000 miles with only one minor accident caused by a human driver. While self-driving cars could significantly reduce accidents, challenges remain regarding costs, regulations, and educating people.
The Google driverless car project involves developing technology for autonomous vehicles. The Google cars can steer, accelerate, brake and obey traffic laws without human input using sensors and software. Over 1 million miles have been driven accident-free. While driverless cars promise benefits like increased safety, traffic and environmental issues remain regarding regulations, liability, public acceptance, and infrastructure changes needed for full adoption of the technology.
>DESCRIPTION:
Google Self-driving Cars are developed by Google [X] as part of its project to develop technology for mainly electric cars.
A Self-driving car (driver-less car, unmanned car, autonomous car, robotic car) is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human supervision or input. These modern cars are incorporated with finest features which allow them to operate autonomously.
Autonomous and unmanned technology is emerging gradually but continually, with new opportunities for its employment likely to follow in almost every industry which are involve in vehicle manufacturing like Ford, BMW, Audi etc.
Despite of the fact that this technology is emerging but autonomous and unmanned vehicles involve a transfer of control from direct human input to automated or self-control. This has implications for the determination of liability in the event of an incident, and will be a key factor in the pricing and risk transfer.
>MISSION:
According to Jennifer Haroon (Head of Business Operations - Google[X]):
“Our mission is to improve people’s life by transforming ability, and when we talk about transforming ability, one of the main part of that is “Safety”
>HISTORY:
The vision behind the Google Autonomous Cars was began as early as the 1939 New York World’s Fair where visitors were presented a vision of automated cars.
Another concept behind the “Google Driver-less Car” is the advertise from 1950’s showing a family on route trip.
>BEGINNING:
Numerous major companies and research organizations have developed working prototype autonomous vehicles, including Mercedes-Benz, General Motors, Continental Automotive Systems, IAV, Autoliv Inc., Bosch, Nissan, Renault, Toyota, Audi, Volvo, Tesla Motors, Peugeot, AKKA Technologies, Vislab from University of Parma, Oxford University and Google.
The reason behind the popularity of “Google Autonomous Vehicle” is because in May 2014, Google presented a new concept for their driver-less car that had neither a steering wheel nor pedals, and unveiled a fully functioning prototype in December of that year that they planned to test on San Francisco Bay Area roads beginning in 2015.
>TECHNOLOGY:
Google's robotic cars have about $150,000 in equipment. The software installed in Google's cars is named Google Chauffeur as well as including Lasers, Cameras, Radars, and Computing System that makes it into a “Self Driving Vehicle”
>SURVEY:
Expert members of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have determined that driver-less vehicles will be the most viable form of intelligent transportation. They estimate that up to 75% of all vehicles will be autonomous by 2040.
The document discusses future advancements in automobile technology. It describes several types of cars that may become more prevalent such as electric cars, which use electric motors and batteries; hybrid cars, which combine gas and electric power; and hydrogen cars, which use hydrogen fuel instead of gas. Flying cars and autonomous cars are also mentioned as potential future technologies. The document outlines some of the sensor and computer systems that could enable autonomous driving capabilities and hands-free operation. It provides examples of companies currently testing self-driving car prototypes like Google. In conclusion, the document presents visions for the future of driving from BMW and Mercedes that envision more personalized in-car experiences and advanced electric vehicle designs.
How Jaguar Land Rover Is Getting Ready For The 4th Industrial Revolution: Ar...Bernard Marr
Jaguar Land Rover, the UK’s largest automobile manufacturer, is investing and innovating with artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies to create vehicles and autonomous capabilities that will respond to the demands of the consumer in the future while still maintaining core brand attributes the company is known for.
The Autonomous Revolution of Vehicles and TransportationMark Goldstein
This presentation to the Greater Phoenix Mensa Regional Gathering on November 29, 2019 is a detailed overview of the transformation of transportation through autonomous vehicles and the advent of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) on the ground and in the air, including why Arizona is a hotbed for development and deployment, insight into the enabling sensor and communication technologies, and a forward-looking view of societal impact, markets and opportunities. Waves of change will roll through the transportation industry and practices as autonomy ramps up in personal and mass transportation, as well as in logistics/delivery segments. We examine how autonomous vehicles will be developed, deployed and monetized, creating new business models across the transportation sector. Explore autonomous vehicles roadblocks and operational challenges, emerging standards and protocols, connected services and their associated big data strategies and opportunities.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. Overview
What is Google Driverless car?
History
How self car works?
What is Waymo?
Why this matters?
Technology
Cars with self-driving features
Levels of autonomy in self-driving cars
The pros and cons of self-driving cars
Self-driving car safety and challenges
Making cars smarter
Crashes
Limitations
References
3. What is Google Driverless car?
A self-driving car (sometimes called an autonomous car or driverless car) is a vehicle that uses a
combination of sensors, cameras, radar and artificial intelligence (AI) to travel between destinations
without a human operator. To qualify as fully autonomous, a vehicle must be able to navigate without
human intervention to a predetermined destination over roads that have not been adapted for its use.
4. History
Google's development of self-driving technology began in January 17, 2009, at the company's secretive
X lab run by co-founder Sergey Brin. The project was originally led by Sebastian Thrun, the former
director of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and co-inventor of Google Street View.
Thrun's team at Stanford created the robotic vehicle Stanley, which won the 2005 DARPA Grand
Challenge and its US$2 million prize from the United States Department of Defense. His team consisted
of 15 Google engineers, including Chris Urmson, Dmitri Dolgov, Mike Montemerlo, and Anthony
Levandowski, who had worked on the DARPA Grand and Urban Challenges.
Starting in 2010, lawmakers in various states expressed concerns over how to regulate the emerging
technology. Nevada passed a law in June 2011 concerning the operation of autonomous cars in
Nevada, which went into effect on March 1, 2012. A Toyota Prius modified with Google's experimental
driverless technology was licensed by the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in May 2012.
This was the first license issued in the United States for a self-driven car.
Continue..
5. History
In late May 2014, Google revealed a new prototype of its driverless car, which had no steering wheel,
gas pedal, or brake pedal, being 100% autonomous, and unveiled a fully functioning prototype in
December of that year that they planned to test on San Francisco Bay Area roads beginning in 2015.
Called the Firefly, the car was intended to serve as a platform for experimentation and learning, not
mass production.
In 2015, Google provided "the world's first fully driverless ride on public roads" to a legally blind friend
of principal engineer Nathaniel Fairfield. The ride was taken by Steve Mahan, former CEO of the Santa
Clara Valley Blind Center, in Austin, Texas. It was the first driverless ride that was on a public road and
was not accompanied by a test driver or police escort. The car had no steering wheel or floor pedals.
In December 2016, the unit was renamed Waymo, and made into its own separate division in Alphabet.
The name Waymo is derived from its mission, "a new way forward in mobility". Waymo moved to
further test its cars on public roads after becoming its own subsidiary.
Continue..
6. History
In 2017, Waymo sued Uber for allegedly stealing trade secrets. A court filing in lawsuit revealed Google
has spent over $1.1 billion on the project between 2009 and 2015, to be compared with the $1 billion
acquisition of Cruise Automation by General Motors in March 2016, a similar investment by Ford in a
joint venture with Argo AI in February 2017, or the $680 million for Otto's acquisition by Uber in
August 2016. Waymo and Uber settled in February 2018, with Uber granting Waymo $245 million
worth of Uber stock.
Waymo began testing autonomous minivans without a safety driver on public roads in Chandler,
Arizona, in October 2017. The company announced in January 2018 that it would begin its ride-hailing
services in the Phoenix, Arizona, area later in the year.
In April 2019, Waymo announced plans for vehicle assembly in Detroit at the former American Axle &
Manufacturing plant, bringing between 100 and 400 jobs to the area. Waymo will use vehicle
assembler Magna to turn Jaguar I-PACE and Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid minivans into Waymo Level 4
autonomous vehicles. Waymo subsequently decided to continue retrofitting existing car models rather
than manufacturing a new design like the Firefly.
7. How self car works?
AI technologies power self-driving car systems. Developers of self-driving cars use vast amounts of
data from image recognition systems, along with machine learning and neural networks, to build
systems that can drive autonomously.
The neural networks identify patterns in the data, which is fed to the machine learning algorithms. That
data includes images from cameras on self-driving cars from which the neural network learns to
identify traffic lights, trees, curbs, pedestrians, street signs and other parts of any given driving
environment.
8. What is Waymo?
Waymo LLC is a self-driving technology development company. John Krafcik is the CEO
of Waymo. Waymo is a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Waymo originated as a project of
Google before it became a stand-alone subsidiary in December 2016.
In April 2017, Waymo started a limited trial of a self-driving taxi service in Phoenix,
Arizona. On December 5, 2018, the service launched a commercial self-driving car service
called "Waymo One"; users in the Phoenix metropolitan area use an app to request a pick-
up.
9. Mission: Waymo
Waymo’s mission is to make it safe and easy for people and
things to move around. We aim to bring fully self-driving
technology to the world that can improve mobility by
giving people the freedom to get around, and save
thousands of lives now lost to traffic crashes.
10. Why this matters?
Driving today is not as safe or enjoyable as it should be.
• 1.35 million deaths worldwide due to vehicle crashes in 2016.
• 2.4 million injuries in 2015 due to vehicle crashes
• 2 out of 3 people will be involved in a drunk driving crash in their lifetime
• 6% increase in traffic fatalities in 2016, reaching the highest point in nearly a decade
There’s a clear theme to the vast majority of these incidents: human error and inattention.
94% of crashes involve human choice or error in the US.
11. Technology
In 2017, Waymo unveiled new sensors and chips that are less expensive to manufacture, cameras that
improve visibility, and wipers to clear the lidar system. Waymo manufactures a suite of self-driving
hardware developed in-house. These sensors and hardware—enhanced vision system, improved radar,
and laser-based lidar—reduce Waymo's dependence on suppliers. The in-house production system
allows Waymo to efficiently integrate its technology to the hardware. In the beginning of the self-
driving car program, the company spent $75,000 for each lidar system from Velodyne. As of 2017, that
cost was down approximately 90 percent, due to Waymo designing its own version of lidar.[
Waymo officials said the cars the company uses are built for full autonomy with sensors that give 360
degree views and lasers that detect objects up to 300 meters away. Short-range lasers detect and focus
on objects near the vehicle, while radar is used to see around vehicles and track objects in motion. The
interior of these cars include buttons for riders to control certain functions: "Help", "Lock", "Pull over",
and "Start ride"
Continue..
12. Technology
Waymo engineers have also created a program called Carcraft, a virtual world where Waymo can
simulate driving conditions. The simulator is named after the video game World of Warcraft. With
Carcraft, 25,000 virtual self-driving cars navigate through models of Austin, Texas, Mountain View,
California, Phoenix, Arizona, and other cities. As of 2018, Waymo has driven more than 5 billion miles in
the virtual world.
Waymo has created partnerships with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Lyft, AutoNation, Avis, Intel, and
Jaguar Land Rover.
The Waymo project team has equipped various types of cars with the self-driving equipment, including
the Toyota Prius, Audi TT, Fiat Chrysler Pacifica, and Lexus RX450h. Google also developed their own
custom vehicle, about 100 of which were assembled by Roush Enterprises with equipment from Bosch,
ZF Lenksysteme, LG, and Continental.
Continue..
13. Technology
In May 2016, Google and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced an order of 100 Chrysler Pacifica hybrid
minivans to test the self-driving technology. Waymo ordered an additional 500 Pacifica hybrids in 2017
and in late May 2018, Alphabet announced plans to add up to 62,000 Pacifica Hybrid minivans to the
fleet. In March 2018, Jaguar Land Rover announced that Waymo had ordered up to 20,000 of its
planned electric I-Pace cars, at an estimated cost more than $1 billion. Jaguar is to deliver the first I-
Pace prototype later in the year, and the cars are to become part of Waymo's ride-hailing service in
2020.
Waymo partnered with Intel to use Intel technologies, such as processors, inside Waymo vehicles. It has
deals with Avis and AutoNation for vehicle maintenance. With Lyft, Waymo is partnering on pilot
projects and product development.
14. Cars with self-driving features
Google's Waymo project is an example of a self-driving car that is almost entirely autonomous. It still
requires a human driver to be present but only to override the system when necessary. It is not self-
driving in the purest sense, but it can drive itself in ideal conditions. It has a high level of autonomy.
Many of the cars available to consumers today have a lower level of autonomy but still have some self-
driving features. The self-driving features that are available in many production cars as of 2019 include
the following:
Hands-free steering centers the car without the driver's hands on the wheel. The driver is still required
to pay attention.
Adaptive cruise control (ACC) down to a stop automatically maintains a selectable distance between
the driver's car and the car in front.
Lane-centering steering intervenes when the driver crosses lane markings by automatically nudging
the vehicle toward the opposite lane marking.
15. Levels of autonomy in self-driving cars
The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) lays out six levels of automation,
beginning with Level 0, where humans do the driving, through driver assistance technologies up to
fully autonomous cars. Here are the five levels that follow Level 0 automation:
Level 1: An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) aid the human driver with steering, braking or
accelerating, though not simultaneously. An ADAS includes rearview cameras and features like a
vibrating seat warning to alert drivers when they drift out of the traveling lane.
Level 2: An ADAS that can steer and either brake or accelerate simultaneously while the driver remains
fully aware behind the wheel and continues to act as the driver.
Level 3: An automated driving system (ADS) can perform all driving tasks under certain circumstances,
such as parking the car. In these circumstances, the human driver must be ready to retake control and
is still required to be the main driver of the vehicle.
Continue..
16. Levels of autonomy in self-driving cars
Level 4: An ADS can perform all driving tasks and monitor the driving environment in certain
circumstances. In those circumstances, the ADS is reliable enough that the human driver needn't pay
attention.
Level 5: The vehicle's ADS acts as a virtual chauffeur and does all the driving in all circumstances. The
human occupants are passengers and are never expected to drive the vehicle.
17. The pros and cons of self-driving cars
The top benefit touted by autonomous vehicle proponents is safety. A U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT) and NHTSA statistical projection of traffic fatalities for 2017 estimated that 37,150
people died in motor vehicle traffic accidents that year. NHTSA estimated that 94% of serious crashes
are due to human error or poor choices, such as drunk or distracted driving. Autonomous cars remove
those risk factors from the equation -- though self-driving cars are still vulnerable to other factors, such
as mechanical issues, that cause crashes.
If autonomous cars can significantly reduce the number of crashes, the economic benefits could be
enormous. Injuries impact economic activity, including $57.6 billion in lost workplace productivity and
$594 billion due to loss of life and decreased quality of life due to injuries, according to NHTSA.
Continue..
18. The pros and cons of self-driving cars
In theory, if the roads were mostly occupied by autonomous cars, traffic would flow smoothly, and
there would be less traffic congestion. In fully automated cars, the occupants could do productive
activities while commuting to work. People who aren't able to drive due to physical limitations could
find new independence through autonomous vehicles and would have the opportunity to work in fields
that require driving.
Autonomous trucks have been tested in the U.S. and Europe to enable drivers to use autopilot over
long distances, freeing the driver to rest or complete tasks and improving driver safety and fuel
efficiency. This initiative, called truck platooning, is powered by ACC, collision avoidance systems
and vehicle-to-vehicle communications for cooperative ACC (CACC).
Continue..
19. The pros and cons of self-driving cars
The downsides of self-driving technology could be that riding in a vehicle without a driver behind the
steering wheel may be unnerving -- at least at first. But, as self-driving capabilities become
commonplace, human drivers may become overly reliant on the autopilot technology and leave their
safety in the hands of automation, even when they should act as backup drivers in case of software
failures or mechanical issues.
In one example from March 2018, Tesla's Model X sport utility vehicle (SUV) was on autopilot when it
crashed into a highway lane divider. The driver's hands were not on the wheel, despite visual warnings
and an audible warning to put his hands back on the steering wheel, according to the company.
Another crash occurred when a Tesla's AI mistook the side of a truck's shiny reflection for the sky.
20. Self-driving car safety and challenges
Autonomous cars must learn to identify countless objects in the vehicle's path, from branches and litter
to animals and people. Other challenges on the road are tunnels that interfere with the Global
Positioning System (GPS), construction projects that cause lane changes or complex decisions, like
where to stop to allow emergency vehicles to pass.
The systems need to make instantaneous decisions on when to slow down, swerve or continue
acceleration normally. This is a continuing challenge for developers, and there are reports of self-
driving cars hesitating and swerving unnecessarily when objects are detected in or near the roadways.
Continue..
21. Self-driving car safety and challenges
This problem was evident in a fatal accident in March 2018, which involved an autonomous car
operated by Uber. The company reported that the vehicle's software identified a pedestrian but
deemed it a false positive and failed to swerve to avoid hitting her. This crash caused Toyota to
temporarily cease its testing of self-driving cars on public roads, but its testing will continue elsewhere.
The Toyota Research Institute is constructing a test facility on a 60-acre site in Michigan to further
develop automated vehicle technology.
With crashes also comes the question of liability, and lawmakers have yet to define who is liable when
an autonomous car is involved in an accident. There are also serious concerns that the software used to
operate autonomous vehicles can be hacked, and automotive companies are working to
address cybersecurity risks.
Continue..
22. Self-driving car safety and challenges
Car makers are subject to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), and NHTSA reported that
more work must be done for vehicles to meet those standards.
In China, carmakers and regulators are adopting a different strategy to meet standards and make self-
driving cars an everyday reality. The Chinese government is beginning to redesign urban landscapes,
policy and infrastructure to make the environment more self-driving car-friendly. This includes writing
rules about how humans move around and recruiting mobile network operators to take on a portion of
the processing required to give self-driving vehicles the data they need to navigate. "National Test
Roads" would be implemented. The autocratic nature of the Chinese government makes this possible,
which bypasses the litigious democracy that tests are funneled through in America.
23. Making cars smarter
According to automotive trade journal Ward's Auto, there are over 1.2 billion vehicles on the road
today, with the total likely to cross over 2 billion by 2035. With all these vehicles on the road, it's no
surprise that the number fatal accidents is high. According to the World Health Organization, over 1.25
million people die each year as a result traffic accidents. Automotive manufacturers, technology
companies, and regulatory bodies are looking to AI and machine learning to help change that statistic.
24. Crashes
In June 2015, Google confirmed that there had been 12 collisions as of that time, eight of which
involved being rear-ended by another driver at a stop sign or traffic light, two in which the vehicle was
side-swiped by another driver, one of which involved another driver rolling through a stop sign, and
one where a Google employee was manually driving the car. As of July 2015, Google's 23 self-driving
cars have been involved in 14 minor collisions on public roads, but Google maintains that, in all cases
other than the February 2016 incident, the vehicle itself was not at fault because the cars were either
being manually driven or the driver of another vehicle was at fault. On February 14, 2016 while
creeping forward to a stoplight, a Google self-driving car attempted to avoid sandbags blocking its
path. During the maneuver it struck the side of a bus. Google addressed the crash, saying "In this case,
we clearly bear some responsibility, because if our car hadn't moved there wouldn't have been a
collision". Some incomplete video footage of the crash is available. Google characterized the crash as a
misunderstanding and a learning experience. The company also stated "This type of misunderstanding
happens between human drivers on the road every day"
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25. Crashes
Google initially maintained monthly reports that include any traffic incidents that their self-driving cars
have been involved in. Waymo now publishes its own safety reports.
Waymo and other companies are required by the California DMV to report the number of incidents
during testing where the human driver took control for safety reasons. Some of these incidents were
not reported by Google when simulations indicate the car would have coped on its own. There is some
controversy concerning this distinction between driver-initiated disengagements that Google reports
and those that it does not report
26. Limitations
Waymo operates in some of its testing markets, such as Chandler, Arizona, at level 4 autonomy with no
one sitting behind the steering wheel, sharing roadways with other drivers and pedestrians. However,
more testing is needed. Waymo's earlier testing has focused on areas without harsh weather, extreme
density or complicated road systems, but it has moved on to test under new conditions. As a result,
Waymo has begun testing in areas with harsher conditions, such as its winter testing in Michigan.
In 2014, a critic wrote in the MIT Technology Review that unmapped stopped lights would cause
problems with Waymo's technology and the self-driving technology could not detect potholes.
Additionally, the lidar technology cannot spot some potholes or discern when humans, such as a police
officer, are signaling the car to stop, the critic wrote. Waymo has worked to improve how its
technology responds in construction zones