Sorghum yields in Africa are affected by both biotic and abiotic constraints. Improved crop management and new varieties with increased resistance to pests and diseases can significantly increase crop yields.
Improved technologies for jute cultivation in indiaSubhomay Sinha
This document provides information on two species of jute plants: Corchorus capsularis (white jute) and Corchorus olitorius (tossa jute). It discusses their differences, recommended varieties for different sowing times and conditions, soil and climate requirements, land preparation methods, seed treatment, and sowing methods. Specifically, it lists over 20 varieties of each species with their characteristics and suitability. It also outlines the ideal soil pH, rainfall, and temperature conditions for jute cultivation and describes land preparation, use of fertilizers and biofertilizers, seed rate, and advantages and disadvantages of line sowing versus broadcasting.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
seed production of Carrot (CSK HPKV) harmanjeet singhStudent
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Scientific Classification
Why Most Of Carrot In Orange Colour ???
Climate
Soil
Land Requirement
Seeds And Sowing
Sowing Time
Manures And Fertilization
Spacing
Carrot Varieties
Irrigation
Weed Control
Pollination Of Carrot
Isolation
Methods Of Seed Production
Plant Protection
Harvesting And Seed Yield
Seed Standards (%)
This document provides information on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), including its scientific name, origin in Africa, common uses, production statistics in India, recommended growing conditions, cultivation practices from land preparation to harvesting, pests and diseases, and standards for seed production. Cowpea is grown widely in central and peninsular India, with a production of 4.8 lakh tonnes annually on 5800 hectares.
Improved technologies for jute cultivation in indiaSubhomay Sinha
This document provides information on two species of jute plants: Corchorus capsularis (white jute) and Corchorus olitorius (tossa jute). It discusses their differences, recommended varieties for different sowing times and conditions, soil and climate requirements, land preparation methods, seed treatment, and sowing methods. Specifically, it lists over 20 varieties of each species with their characteristics and suitability. It also outlines the ideal soil pH, rainfall, and temperature conditions for jute cultivation and describes land preparation, use of fertilizers and biofertilizers, seed rate, and advantages and disadvantages of line sowing versus broadcasting.
This document discusses concepts and principles of intercropping and mixed cropping systems. Intercropping involves growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same land in a definite row pattern, while mixed cropping does not have a definite row arrangement. Principles for both systems include choosing crops with complementary growth habits and rooting depths to minimize competition. Relative yield total (RYT) and land equivalent ratio (LER) are described as ways to measure yield advantages of intercropping systems, with values above 1 indicating intercropping is more efficient than sole cropping. Factors influencing the success of both systems are also discussed.
This document discusses hybrid seed production techniques in cucurbits such as cucumber. It notes that most cucurbits are monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants must be isolated and hand-pollinated. The female flowers are bagged before opening and rubbed with pollen from the male variety. After pollination, the bags are replaced to prevent cross-pollination. Seeds are later harvested from mature fruits. Key production steps include isolation, rouging, harvesting at maturity, and seed extraction methods like fermentation.
seed production of Carrot (CSK HPKV) harmanjeet singhStudent
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Scientific Classification
Why Most Of Carrot In Orange Colour ???
Climate
Soil
Land Requirement
Seeds And Sowing
Sowing Time
Manures And Fertilization
Spacing
Carrot Varieties
Irrigation
Weed Control
Pollination Of Carrot
Isolation
Methods Of Seed Production
Plant Protection
Harvesting And Seed Yield
Seed Standards (%)
This document provides information on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), including its scientific name, origin in Africa, common uses, production statistics in India, recommended growing conditions, cultivation practices from land preparation to harvesting, pests and diseases, and standards for seed production. Cowpea is grown widely in central and peninsular India, with a production of 4.8 lakh tonnes annually on 5800 hectares.
The document discusses pulses production globally and in India. It notes that India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world. It then discusses several key aspects of pulses seed production including maintaining genetic purity, proper isolation distances, hybridity and varietal purity tests, seed enhancement techniques, and proper storage conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of quality seed for increasing pulses productivity through a formal seed supply system.
This document provides information on the advance production technology of walnuts. It discusses the botanical details, nutritional value, varieties, propagation, climate requirements, soil type, training, pruning, flowering, bearing, and pest and disease management of walnuts. The key points covered are that walnuts are best propagated through grafting or budding, require well-drained soil and a moderate climate, and mature grafted plants will bear nuts within 4-5 years whereas seedlings take 10-15 years to fruit. Management practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pruning and pest control are important to maximize yield and quality of the walnut crop.
Lucerne, also known as alfalfa, is a perennial legume crop that is known as the "Queen of forage crops" as it is highly nutritious, productive, and tolerant of drought and frost. It is cultivated primarily for hay and can be grown in various climates, with optimal growth occurring in loamy soils with adequate drainage. Lucerne fixes atmospheric nitrogen, is highly palatable and digestible for livestock, and can yield between 35-40 tons per acre in Punjab when harvested up to 6 times per year.
This document outlines the process for producing cucurbit seed crops. It discusses climate and soil requirements, flower morphology, sex expression, planting, cultural practices, irrigation, field standards, rouging, pest and disease management, harvesting, seed maturity, extraction, drying, storage, yield, packaging, and standards. The key steps include selecting the proper climate and well-drained soil, applying plant growth regulators to control sex expression, maintaining isolation distances of 500-1000m for cross-pollinated species, rouging off-type plants, harvesting fruits at maturity, extracting seeds when fully developed, drying seeds to 6-7% moisture, and meeting certification standards for seed quality.
Rejuvenation techniques like pruning, manuring, thinning shoots, and controlling pests and diseases can help restore productivity and vitality to old orchards. Top working methods such as cleft grafting and wedge grafting involve grafting desirable scions or shoots onto the branches or trunks of existing trees to convert them to more profitable varieties. Bridge grafting can repair tree injuries by grafting scions between the damaged section and healthy crown to restore nutrient transport.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that infect crucifer crops like cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. The major pests described in detail include the cabbage butterfly, diamond back moth, flea beetle, mustard sawfly, and cabbage aphid. For each pest, the document outlines their physical description, life cycle, damage caused, and potential management strategies. Minor pests that are also briefly mentioned include tobacco caterpillar, soybean hairy caterpillar, and various bugs and beetles. The document provides important information on identifying and controlling key insect threats to crucifer vegetable production.
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemP.K. Mani
Crop residue has important effects on soil quality in rice-based cropping systems. When crop residues are removed, it leads to decreased soil fertility and lower crop production. Incorporating crop residue into the soil improves various indicators of soil quality, including physical properties like aggregation and porosity, chemical properties like soil organic matter and nutrient levels, and biological properties like microbial population and enzyme activity. Proper crop residue management can help sustain soil quality and fertility in rice fields over the long term.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
1. The document provides information on the protected cultivation of cucumbers under polyhouse conditions. It discusses the botanical details, economic importance, varieties used, cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, nursery preparation, planting, training, fertilizer management, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting and post-harvest handling.
2. Key aspects covered include the use of parthenocarpic varieties for polyhouse cultivation, drip irrigation, fertilizer scheduling, training of cucumber vines, and management of major pests like fruit flies. Yields of 150-180 tonnes per hectare can be achieved with proper cultivation practices.
3. Post-harvest, cucumbers require cooling storage between 10
Floral Biology and Seed Production of Green gramMahendra Reddy
This document provides information on the floral biology and seed production of greengram. It discusses the plant's taxonomic classification, origin in India, nutritional value, uses, and botanical description. Key aspects of greengram's floral biology covered include its inflorescence, floral parts, self-pollination during the bud stage, and techniques for artificial hybridization. Objectives of greengram breeding and important varieties are also summarized. The document concludes with details on seed production, including ideal agro-climatic conditions, isolation requirements, and steps involved from land preparation to seed treatment.
This document discusses how high density planting (HDP) can help double farmer's income in India. It notes that traditionally, banana farms plant 2000-4000 plants per hectare, but with HDP, 4000-6000 plants can be accommodated per hectare. HDP increases banana yields from 40-60 tons per hectare traditionally to 80-120 tons per hectare. HDP reduces labor costs and allows for mechanization, improving farm efficiency and profits. While lack of dwarf varieties and disease incidence pose limitations, case studies show that HDP can increase net returns over traditional methods from Rs. 135,000 to Rs. 413,333 per hectare for banana farmers.
Maize seed production technology involves land preparation, climate requirements, planting methods, and harvesting procedures. Maize is grown widely and is the highest yielding cereal crop. It requires fertile, well-drained soil between pH 6.5-7. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants are separated and manual pollination is done to ensure purity. Pests like smut and borers are controlled with fungicides and insects are removed by hand. Seed is harvested when husks dry, shelled, dried, graded and treated before storage. Standards specify minimum genetic and physical purity levels for quality seed. New varieties released include composites and hybrids suited to different growing conditions.
The seed plot technique is used to produce healthy potato seed with low virus incidence. It involves selecting virus-free plants and storing their tubers separately to plant in isolated seed plots during periods of low aphid activity. This technique produces 2600 tons of breeder seed annually in India, saving $484 million by reducing seed imports. Studies show seed plot systems yield 6-15% higher than normal cultivation practices in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia.
This document provides information on the production technology of sesame. It discusses the scientific name, history, economics importance, land preparation, sowing time and methods, irrigation, varieties, pest attack, fertilizers, diseases, harvesting, yield, and storage of sesame. Key details include that sesame is considered the oldest oilseed crop known to humanity, originating in India approximately 5500 years ago. It is used to produce oil, soap, pharmaceuticals, and other products. Proper land preparation, sowing methods, irrigation, use of recommended varieties and fertilizers can result in yields of 370-440 kg per acre.
Single seed descent (SSD) is a method of rapidly inbreeding plant populations by advancing generations through growing individual seeds from each plant in isolation. It separates the inbreeding and selection phases of plant breeding to speed up the process. With SSD, a single seed is harvested from each F2 plant and bulked, then the bulk is planted to produce the F3 generation. This continues for several generations until homozygosity is achieved, at which point lines can be tested. SSD allows for faster generation advancement than pedigree breeding methods while maintaining genetic diversity from the original cross. Some disadvantages are the inability to track superior early generation plants and reduced ability to select through progeny performance.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
High density orcharding in fruit crops.Mahtab Rashid
This document discusses high density orcharding techniques for fruit crops. High density orcharding involves planting fruit trees or plants at closer spacing than traditional methods to increase yields. Key aspects of high density orcharding include using dwarfing rootstocks, specific training and pruning methods, and growth regulators to control vegetative growth and maximize productivity per plant. Examples show yields can increase by 200-250% using high density spacing for crops like mango, citrus, banana and guava. Studies on apple orcharding found the highest cumulative yields and leaf area index using a spacing of 2.5m x 2.5m. Severe pruning in alternate rows every three years is proposed as a strategy for high density orchards.
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
1. The document provides information about seed production techniques for cauliflower, including the selection of varieties, land requirements, cultural practices, pest and disease management.
2. It describes cauliflower botany, including its flowering nature and pollination, and lists important varieties such as Snowball, Pusa Synthetic and Giant Snowball.
3. Seed production methods like the seed-to-seed (in-situ) method are recommended, with steps like selection of healthy curds, sterilization, and providing nursing after curd removal.
This document provides information on seed production technology for cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. It discusses topics like seasonality, land requirements, isolation distances, seed rates, seed treatment, nursery practices, transplanting, manuring, rouging, staking, spraying, and harvesting. Disease and pest management is also covered. Seed production methods for cabbage and cauliflower include maintaining head/curd integrity, the stump method, and vernalization. Pollination is mainly by bees and flies and special techniques like emasculation and bud pollination are used.
The document discusses pulses production globally and in India. It notes that India is the largest producer and consumer of pulses in the world. It then discusses several key aspects of pulses seed production including maintaining genetic purity, proper isolation distances, hybridity and varietal purity tests, seed enhancement techniques, and proper storage conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of quality seed for increasing pulses productivity through a formal seed supply system.
This document provides information on the advance production technology of walnuts. It discusses the botanical details, nutritional value, varieties, propagation, climate requirements, soil type, training, pruning, flowering, bearing, and pest and disease management of walnuts. The key points covered are that walnuts are best propagated through grafting or budding, require well-drained soil and a moderate climate, and mature grafted plants will bear nuts within 4-5 years whereas seedlings take 10-15 years to fruit. Management practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pruning and pest control are important to maximize yield and quality of the walnut crop.
Lucerne, also known as alfalfa, is a perennial legume crop that is known as the "Queen of forage crops" as it is highly nutritious, productive, and tolerant of drought and frost. It is cultivated primarily for hay and can be grown in various climates, with optimal growth occurring in loamy soils with adequate drainage. Lucerne fixes atmospheric nitrogen, is highly palatable and digestible for livestock, and can yield between 35-40 tons per acre in Punjab when harvested up to 6 times per year.
This document outlines the process for producing cucurbit seed crops. It discusses climate and soil requirements, flower morphology, sex expression, planting, cultural practices, irrigation, field standards, rouging, pest and disease management, harvesting, seed maturity, extraction, drying, storage, yield, packaging, and standards. The key steps include selecting the proper climate and well-drained soil, applying plant growth regulators to control sex expression, maintaining isolation distances of 500-1000m for cross-pollinated species, rouging off-type plants, harvesting fruits at maturity, extracting seeds when fully developed, drying seeds to 6-7% moisture, and meeting certification standards for seed quality.
Rejuvenation techniques like pruning, manuring, thinning shoots, and controlling pests and diseases can help restore productivity and vitality to old orchards. Top working methods such as cleft grafting and wedge grafting involve grafting desirable scions or shoots onto the branches or trunks of existing trees to convert them to more profitable varieties. Bridge grafting can repair tree injuries by grafting scions between the damaged section and healthy crown to restore nutrient transport.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that infect crucifer crops like cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. The major pests described in detail include the cabbage butterfly, diamond back moth, flea beetle, mustard sawfly, and cabbage aphid. For each pest, the document outlines their physical description, life cycle, damage caused, and potential management strategies. Minor pests that are also briefly mentioned include tobacco caterpillar, soybean hairy caterpillar, and various bugs and beetles. The document provides important information on identifying and controlling key insect threats to crucifer vegetable production.
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemP.K. Mani
Crop residue has important effects on soil quality in rice-based cropping systems. When crop residues are removed, it leads to decreased soil fertility and lower crop production. Incorporating crop residue into the soil improves various indicators of soil quality, including physical properties like aggregation and porosity, chemical properties like soil organic matter and nutrient levels, and biological properties like microbial population and enzyme activity. Proper crop residue management can help sustain soil quality and fertility in rice fields over the long term.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
1. The document provides information on the protected cultivation of cucumbers under polyhouse conditions. It discusses the botanical details, economic importance, varieties used, cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, nursery preparation, planting, training, fertilizer management, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting and post-harvest handling.
2. Key aspects covered include the use of parthenocarpic varieties for polyhouse cultivation, drip irrigation, fertilizer scheduling, training of cucumber vines, and management of major pests like fruit flies. Yields of 150-180 tonnes per hectare can be achieved with proper cultivation practices.
3. Post-harvest, cucumbers require cooling storage between 10
Floral Biology and Seed Production of Green gramMahendra Reddy
This document provides information on the floral biology and seed production of greengram. It discusses the plant's taxonomic classification, origin in India, nutritional value, uses, and botanical description. Key aspects of greengram's floral biology covered include its inflorescence, floral parts, self-pollination during the bud stage, and techniques for artificial hybridization. Objectives of greengram breeding and important varieties are also summarized. The document concludes with details on seed production, including ideal agro-climatic conditions, isolation requirements, and steps involved from land preparation to seed treatment.
This document discusses how high density planting (HDP) can help double farmer's income in India. It notes that traditionally, banana farms plant 2000-4000 plants per hectare, but with HDP, 4000-6000 plants can be accommodated per hectare. HDP increases banana yields from 40-60 tons per hectare traditionally to 80-120 tons per hectare. HDP reduces labor costs and allows for mechanization, improving farm efficiency and profits. While lack of dwarf varieties and disease incidence pose limitations, case studies show that HDP can increase net returns over traditional methods from Rs. 135,000 to Rs. 413,333 per hectare for banana farmers.
Maize seed production technology involves land preparation, climate requirements, planting methods, and harvesting procedures. Maize is grown widely and is the highest yielding cereal crop. It requires fertile, well-drained soil between pH 6.5-7. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants are separated and manual pollination is done to ensure purity. Pests like smut and borers are controlled with fungicides and insects are removed by hand. Seed is harvested when husks dry, shelled, dried, graded and treated before storage. Standards specify minimum genetic and physical purity levels for quality seed. New varieties released include composites and hybrids suited to different growing conditions.
The seed plot technique is used to produce healthy potato seed with low virus incidence. It involves selecting virus-free plants and storing their tubers separately to plant in isolated seed plots during periods of low aphid activity. This technique produces 2600 tons of breeder seed annually in India, saving $484 million by reducing seed imports. Studies show seed plot systems yield 6-15% higher than normal cultivation practices in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopia.
This document provides information on the production technology of sesame. It discusses the scientific name, history, economics importance, land preparation, sowing time and methods, irrigation, varieties, pest attack, fertilizers, diseases, harvesting, yield, and storage of sesame. Key details include that sesame is considered the oldest oilseed crop known to humanity, originating in India approximately 5500 years ago. It is used to produce oil, soap, pharmaceuticals, and other products. Proper land preparation, sowing methods, irrigation, use of recommended varieties and fertilizers can result in yields of 370-440 kg per acre.
Single seed descent (SSD) is a method of rapidly inbreeding plant populations by advancing generations through growing individual seeds from each plant in isolation. It separates the inbreeding and selection phases of plant breeding to speed up the process. With SSD, a single seed is harvested from each F2 plant and bulked, then the bulk is planted to produce the F3 generation. This continues for several generations until homozygosity is achieved, at which point lines can be tested. SSD allows for faster generation advancement than pedigree breeding methods while maintaining genetic diversity from the original cross. Some disadvantages are the inability to track superior early generation plants and reduced ability to select through progeny performance.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
High density orcharding in fruit crops.Mahtab Rashid
This document discusses high density orcharding techniques for fruit crops. High density orcharding involves planting fruit trees or plants at closer spacing than traditional methods to increase yields. Key aspects of high density orcharding include using dwarfing rootstocks, specific training and pruning methods, and growth regulators to control vegetative growth and maximize productivity per plant. Examples show yields can increase by 200-250% using high density spacing for crops like mango, citrus, banana and guava. Studies on apple orcharding found the highest cumulative yields and leaf area index using a spacing of 2.5m x 2.5m. Severe pruning in alternate rows every three years is proposed as a strategy for high density orchards.
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
1. The document provides information about seed production techniques for cauliflower, including the selection of varieties, land requirements, cultural practices, pest and disease management.
2. It describes cauliflower botany, including its flowering nature and pollination, and lists important varieties such as Snowball, Pusa Synthetic and Giant Snowball.
3. Seed production methods like the seed-to-seed (in-situ) method are recommended, with steps like selection of healthy curds, sterilization, and providing nursing after curd removal.
This document provides information on seed production technology for cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. It discusses topics like seasonality, land requirements, isolation distances, seed rates, seed treatment, nursery practices, transplanting, manuring, rouging, staking, spraying, and harvesting. Disease and pest management is also covered. Seed production methods for cabbage and cauliflower include maintaining head/curd integrity, the stump method, and vernalization. Pollination is mainly by bees and flies and special techniques like emasculation and bud pollination are used.
1. Mung bean, also known as green gram, is a warm season crop originating from India and Central Asia. It is commonly grown during the summer and kharif seasons in India.
2. Proper land preparation and sowing during the last week of June to mid-July is important for good crop establishment and yield. Seed rate is 12-15 kg/ha in kharif and 18-20 kg/ha in summer.
3. Fertilizer application of 15-20 kg nitrogen and 30-40 kg phosphorus per hectare along with seed treatment with rhizobium and fungicide helps ensure healthy crop growth. Two weedings and irrigation before flowering and at pod filling
1. The document provides information on seed production techniques for cauliflower, including varietal selection, land preparation, spacing, fertilizer use, cultural practices, and pest and disease management.
2. Key steps in seed production include selecting healthy plants, removing curds to induce bolting, roguing to remove off-type plants, and disbudding and staking bolted plants to ensure proper seed development.
3. Major pests of cauliflower include cut worms and aphids, while common diseases are club root, leaf spot, leaf rot, black leg, and black rot. Proper cultural practices and following integrated pest management is important for effective seed production.
Dolichos lablab, commonly known as Indian bean or lablab bean, is an important pulse crop grown for its pods, dry seeds, and as a green manure crop. It is a warm season crop native to India that can grow in a variety of soils. There are two main types - a bush variety grown for its pods and seeds, and a climbing variety used as a forage crop. The document provides details on varieties, cultivation practices like sowing, irrigation, nutrition and plant protection, and harvesting of this nutritious legume crop.
Cowpea, also known as black eyed pea, is grown for its tender pods and dry seeds. It is high in protein, vitamins, and minerals. Cowpea is adapted to a wide range of climates and soil types, and thrives between 21-35°C. Popular varieties include Pusa Phalguni, Pusa Barasati, and Pusa Sukomal. Cowpea is grown as an intercrop and for its ability to fix nitrogen in the soil. Proper spacing, weed control, and irrigation are important for optimal yields.
Cluster bean (guar) is a drought resistant legume crop grown for its green pods, dry seeds, and gum. It is native to India and has a chromosome number of 2n=14. The plant is cultivated for its green pods, dry seeds, as a forage crop, and for guar gum extraction. Varieties include Pusa Mausami, Pusa Sadabahar, and Pusa Navbhar.
Cotton seed production in hybrids & varietiesBaskar Selvam
For production of seeds for cultivation or developing new varieties or hybrids, certain standards should be followed to get good quality and pure seeds.
This document provides information on the organic production of brinjal/eggplant. Some key points:
- Brinjal requires warm weather between 13-21°C and sandy or sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.5-6.0 for maximum production.
- Organic matter like FYM or compost should be added to the soil during preparation at a rate of 20-25 tons per hectare.
- Seeds are treated with microbes like azospirillum and trichoderma before sowing or transplanting. During growth, vermicompost, neem cake, and fermented mixtures are applied.
- Common pests include shoot borers
1. Mature leaves of the sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) can be used for transient gene expression through agroinfiltration. The leaves easily absorbed Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a GUS reporter gene and quickly diffused it through the leaf tissue.
2. Compared to other cucurbit leaves, Luffa cylindrica leaves have large air spaces in the mesophyll that allow for better absorption and diffusion. Stomata structure is similar across cucurbit leaves but Luffa has larger sub-stomatal air spaces.
3. Following agroinfiltration, GUS expression was detected in Luffa leaf extracts and ph
BERSEEM Trifolium alexandriannium is an annual leguminous fodder crop.
One of the most suitable fodder crops for areas below 1700 m altitude with irrigation facilities.
Remains soft and succulent at all stages of growth.
It can be grown without irrigation in areas with high water table and under water-logged conditions.
Indigenous to Egypt.
The document provides guidance on rice production for farmers to ensure a successful harvest. It discusses important considerations for food security including availability through production. Key aspects of rice production covered include soil and seed selection, land preparation techniques, weed control, soil fertility management, and integrated pest management. Selecting the right variety of seeds suited to the soil conditions and climate is important. Proper spacing, timing of land preparation and weed control are also emphasized.
Pigeon pea is a perennial legume that has been cultivated in India for at least 3,500 years and is now a common food grain in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It is an important crop for rainfed agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions. The document discusses the climatic requirements, suitable soil types, methods for land preparation and sowing, nutrient management, irrigation, and weed control for cultivating pigeon peas. It notes the plot number allotted for cultivation and provides details on spacing, seed treatment, fertilizer amounts, and irrigation schedule for the plot area of 25 square meters.
This document provides information on banana production. It discusses the botany and classification of banana, describing it as a perennial herb in the order Zingiberales. It details banana's origin in Southeast Asia and lists its major varieties. The document also outlines banana's ecological requirements, cultivation practices including planting materials, spacing, fertilization, and pest and disease management. It notes banana's status as the fourth most important global crop and lists India as a major producer. In conclusion, it identifies constraints to banana production such as availability of quality planting materials and pest and disease problems.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a protective capsule around cotton plant seeds. The document discusses the English, scientific and local names of cotton. It details cotton's uses including clothing, threads, absorbent cotton and stuffing. Cotton fibers are hollow tubes made of cellulose. India is a major producer of cotton globally. The document outlines cotton cultivation methods including variety selection, field preparation, sowing, irrigation, pest management and harvesting. It also discusses cotton fiber characteristics, diseases that affect cotton and major cotton producing countries.
Pigeon pea is an important pulse crop grown in India. It is rich in protein and iron. The major producing states are Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka. Pigeon pea grows best in sandy loam to clayey loam soils and requires temperatures between 15-35°C during different stages. Varieties recommended include Prabhat, Co1, and Co2. It is usually grown with sowing in June and harvesting after seeds mature. Fertilizer and weed management are important. Pests include pod borer and diseases include wilt. Seed yield averages 20-25 quintals per hectare.
1) Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a rich source of nutrients and thrives in hot, humid climates between 25-30°C. It grows best in loose, well-draining loamy soil with a pH of 6.0-6.8.
2) Varieties recommended for Jammu conditions include Jammu Okra-05, Pusa Sawani, Pusa A-4, Arka Anamika, Varsha Uphar, and Hisar Unnat.
3) Pests that affect okra include jassids, aphids, shoot and fruit borers, red cotton bugs, and whiteflies. Diseases include
This document provides information about tapioca (cassava), including its origin in North-Eastern Brazil, major growing countries, and cultivation in India. It describes cassava's economic roots/tubers, which are high in starch. Varieties developed in India like Sree Sahya, Sree Prakash and Sree Harsha are summarized. The document also covers cassava's climate needs, soil preferences, planting methods, fertilizer use, pests/diseases and their management strategies.
Chili is an important solanaceous vegetable crop cultivated in the mid hills of Nepal. It has the scientific name Capsicum fruitescens and belongs to the Solanaceae family. The pungency of chili comes from its capsaicin content. Dalle Khursani chili variety fetches higher prices in Nepal. Chili is used widely in cooking for its spice and also provides health benefits. It is grown from seed sown directly or through nursery transplanting with proper soil preparation, manure application, irrigation, and pest and disease management. Harvesting begins 60-70 days after transplanting and can continue over multiple pickings.
Spinach can be grown throughout the year, but grows best in winter. Seeds are sown directly in raised beds or containers with a soil mixture of garden soil, organic manure, coco-peat, and vermicompost. Seeds are planted in shallow holes 6 inches apart and watered daily. Spinach matures within 30 days and can be harvested by cutting mature leaves while leaving the growing base. The instructions provide guidance on sunlight, watering, manuring, plant care, and harvesting spinach over multiple cycles. Microgreens can also be grown by sowing seeds indoors and harvesting the baby plants within 10-15 days.
Similar to Good Agronomic Practices in Sorghum Production (20)
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Food safety, prepare for the unexpected - So what can be done in order to be ready to address food safety, food Consumers, food producers and manufacturers, food transporters, food businesses, food retailers can ...
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Good Agronomic Practices in Sorghum Production
1. ....
GOOD AGRONOMIC PRACTICES IN SORGHUM PRODUCTION
the previous season
Choose a level and well-drained fertile
land that has been left fallow for two or
more years or cropped with legumes in
the previous season
Clear the land, incorporate 2-5t/ha of farm
yard manure (FYM).Make ridges manually
or mechanically at 60-75cm apart
Sow seeds manually or mechanically on a row
healthy seedlings during thinning.
Sow seeds manually or mechanically on a row
at 25 to 30cm spacing and 4 to 5 seeds per hole.
Thin to 2 vigorous plants per hill 3 weeks after
sowing. Fill the missing stands with good and
healthy seedlings during thinning.
Weed manually 2 to 3 times or
found.
Weed manually 2 to 3 times or
chemically using selective post
emergence herbicides and occasionally
remove striga plants within the field if
found.
Bury 2 cork stopper full of NPK 15:15:15 in a
5cm deep hole 5 to 10 days after emergence.
Top-dress with 1 cork stopper full of Urea 4 to
5 weeks after sowing.
Harvest mechanically or manually when the
.
Harvest mechanically or manually when the
crop is fully mature either by severing the
panicle while the stalk is standing or by
cutting down the whole plant.
For more information
Contact: Dr. Hakeem A Ajeigbe
Sorghum Commodity Specialist(ATASP-
1)
H.Ajeigbe@cgiar.org