The document discusses various concepts related to global marketing, including different approaches to entering international markets, adapting marketing mixes for other countries, and the three major forms of international marketing organization. It also provides examples of how companies like Coca-Cola have successfully expanded globally by balancing standardization with local adaptation. The overall roadmap previews how international trade systems, economic, political-legal, and cultural factors influence global marketing decisions.

1. The
Global
Marketplace

2. Roadmap: Previewing the Concepts
 Discuss how the international trade system,
economic, political-legal, and cultural
environments affect a company’s
international marketing decisions.
 Describe three key approaches to entering
international markets.
 Explain how companies adapt their marketing
mixes for international markets.
 Identify the three major forms of international
marketing organization.

3. COCA-COLA – Successfully Going Global
Background How They Did It
 Established in 1893 in  Balances brand building
Atlanta pharmacy. and global standardization
 1900: Coke was available with local adaptation.
in foreign countries.  Consistent positioning,
 1940s: built bottling plants packaging, and taste.
abroad to supply soldiers.  Brands, flavors, ads, price,
 Growth fueled by strong distribution and promotions
marketing: “I’d like to buy are adapted to local
the world a Coke” TV ad. markets.
 Now in emerging markets.  Sprite: a global success.

4. Global Marketing in the 21 st Century
 The world is shrinking rapidly with the
advent of faster communication,
transportation, and financial flows.
 International trade is booming and
accounts for 20 percent of GDP
worldwide.
 Global competition is intensifying.
 Higher risks with globalization.

5. Marketing in Action
Globalization by U.S. Firms
Coca-Cola has been a leader in globalization.

6. Global Firms
A global firm is one that, by
operating in more than one country,
gains marketing, production, R&D,
and financial advantages that are
not available to purely domestic
competitors.

7. Major International Marketing
Decisions

8. Key Influences in the Global
Marketing Environment
 The International  Political-Legal
Trade System Environment
 Economic  Cultural
Environment Environment

9. Looking at the Global Marketing
Environment
 The International Trade System:
– Restrictions—tariffs, quotas, embargos,
exchange controls, and nontariff trade barriers.
 The World Trade Organization and GATT:
– Helps trade—reduces tariffs and other
international trade barriers.
 Regional Free Trade Zones:
– Groups of nations organized to work toward
common goals in the regulation of international
trade.

10. Let’s Talk!
What types of U.S.
companies would
like to see higher
tariffs and what
types would like to
see lower tariffs or
no tariffs?
Why is this the GATT promotes international trade
case? by reducing tariffs.

11. Marketing in Action
Explore the European Union!
Regional free trade zones
such as the European
Union help to simplify the
process of going global.
Explore their Web site for
information that could be
helpful to a marketer
wishing to go global.
Map of the European Union
as of March 2006
http://europa.eu.int/index_en.htm

12. Economic Environment
 Industrial Structure:
– Shapes a country’s product and service
needs, income levels, and employment
levels.
 Four types:
– Subsistence economies
– Raw material exporting economies
– Industrializing economies
– Industrial economies

13. Political-Legal Environment
 Attitudes toward international buying
 Government bureaucracy
 Political stability
 Monetary regulations
– Countertrade
 Barter
 Compensation
 Counterpurchase

14. Cultural Environment
 Sellers must examine the ways consumers
in different countries think about and use
products before planning a marketing
program.
 Business norms and behavior vary from
country to country.
 Companies that understand cultural nuances
can use them to advantage when positioning
products internationally.

15. Marketing in Action
The Importance of Culture
Ignoring cultural
differences can result
in strong consumer
backlash. Nike was
forced to pull these
shoes from distribution
after learning that the
stylized shoe logo
resembled “Allah”
when written in Arabic.

16. Impact of Marketing on Culture
 A common criticism
of globalization is
that it promotes the
“Americanization” of
foreign countries, and
a loss of cultural
identity.
 Globalization proponents argue that the
cultural exchange of ideas and values
works both ways.

17. Deciding Whether to Go International
 Reason to consider going global:
– Foreign attacks on domestic markets.
– Foreign markets with higher profit
opportunities.
– Stagnant or shrinking domestic markets.
– Need larger customer base to achieve
economies of scale.
– Reduce dependency on single market.
– Follow customers who are expanding.

18. Deciding Which Markets to Enter
 Before going abroad, the company
should try to define its international
marketing objectives and policies.
– What volume of foreign sales is desired?
– How many countries to market in?
– What types of countries to enter?

19. Deciding Which Markets to Enter
 Identify a list of possible countries.
 Rank each with respect to market size,
market growth, cost of doing business,
competitive advantage, and risk.
 Goal is to estimate market potential,
using these factors as well as
demographic and geographic
characteristics, and sociocultural,
economic, and legal-political factors.

20. Marketing in Action
Marketing to China
Many marketers are
attracted to the
Chinese market due
to its substantial
population size and
potential for growth.
Colgate’s efforts
have expanded their
market share from
7% to 35% in less
than a decade.

21. Market Entry Strategies

22. Market Entry Strategies
 Exporting:
– Indirect:
 Working via
independent
international
marketing
intermediaries.
– Direct:
 Company handles its own exports.

23. Market Entry Strategies
 Joint Venturing:
– Joining with foreign
companies to produce
or market products
or services.
 Approaches:
– Licensing
– Contract manufacturing
– Management contracting Toyoko’s Disneyland
Resort is operated under
– Joint ownership a licensing agreement.

24. Marketing in Action
Joint Ownership
KFC entered Japan through a joint ownership
agreement with Japanese conglomerate Mitsubishi.

25. Market Entry Strategies
 Direct Investment:
– The development of foreign-based
assembly or manufacturing facilities.
– This approach has both advantages and
disadvantages which must be carefully
evaluated before making a decision.

26. Deciding on the Global Marketing
Program
 Standardized Marketing Mix:
– Selling largely the same products and
using the same marketing approaches
worldwide.
 Adapted Marketing Mix:
– Producer adjusts the marketing mix
elements to each target market, bearing
more costs but hoping for a larger market
share and return.

27. Marketing in Action
Marketing Mix Adaptation
In India, McDonald’s serves chicken, fish, and veggie
burgers, but no beef. Check out the Maharaja Mac!

28. Global Product and Communication
Strategies

29. Global Product Strategies
 Straight Product Extension:
– Marketing a product in a foreign market
without any change.
 Product Adaptation:
– Adapting a product to meet local
conditions or wants in foreign markets.
 Product Invention:
– Creating new products or services for
foreign markets.

30. Marketing in Action
Global Product Strategy
Coca-Cola’s
virtual
vendor
allows the
curious to
learn about
Coca-Cola’s
global
product
strategy.
http://www2.coca-cola.com/

31. Global Promotion Strategies
 Can use a standardized theme globally, but
may have to make adjustments for language
or cultural differences.
– Communication Adaptation:
 Fully adapting an
advertising Video Snippet
message for Learn how the people
local markets. at NIVEA approach
– Changes may creating a global
have to be made communication
due to media availability. strategy for the
firm’s brands.

32. Marketing in Action
Promotion Adaptation
Guy Larouche uses similar ads in European and
Arabian countries, but tones down the sensuality.

33. Marketing in Action
Brand Name Blunders
OOPS!!! Not all brand
names translate well
into English, or from
English into a
different language.
Other Classic Blunders
“Coke” translated into Chevy used the “Nova”
Chinese characters was name verbatim, only to
interpreted by the find out that no va
Chinese to mean “Bite means “It doesn’t go”
the wax tadpole.” in Spanish.

34. Global Pricing Strategies
 Companies face many problems in
setting their international prices.
– Standard pricing methods such as
uniform pricing, standard markup of
costs everywhere, or charging what the
market will bear ignores cost
differentials and local market conditions.

35. Global Pricing Challenges
 International prices tend to be higher than
domestic prices because of price escalation.
 Companies may become guilty of dumping
when a foreign subsidiary charges less than
its costs or less than it charges in its home
market.
 The Internet makes global price differences
obvious and the euro has reduced the
amount of price differentiation.

36. Marketing in Action
Economic Impact of Global
Pricing
The adoption of the euro as a common currency by
several nations has created a “pricing transparency”
that is forcing companies to harmonize their prices
throughout Europe.

37. Whole-Channel Concept for
International Marketing

38. Global Distribution
 International firms must take a whole-
channel view of distributing products
to final consumers.
 Differences in the numbers and types
of intermediaries serving each foreign
market require time and money to
navigate.
 Size and character of retail units differ
as well, presenting challenges.

39. Deciding on the Global Marketing
Organization
 Organize an export department
 Create international divisions
– Geographical organizations
– World product groups
– International subsidiaries
 Become a global organization