The UF Emerging Pathogens Institute was created with $60 million in state funding to research human, animal, and plant pathogens. It has over 200 faculty members from various colleges focusing on pathogens. A study in Kolkata found that around 1/3 of diarrhea cases involved multiple pathogens. The GEMS study analyzed samples from over 3,600 children in Africa and Asia to identify pathogens using genetic techniques and found on average 3,900 sequences per sample. The distribution of pathogens differed by country. While pathogens clearly matter for public health impact, transmission pathways and prevention strategies also depend on the specific pathogen.
One Health for the Real World: partnerships and pragmatismNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Sarah Cleaveland of the University of Glasgow at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
The Real World: One Health - zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeingNaomi Marks
Opening keynote presentation by Professor Jeremy Farrar, Director, Wellcome Trust, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
The linkages between biodiversity and the transmission of emerging infectious...Alison Specht
The presentation of the CESAB group BIODIS at the 2016 french ecology conference in the FRB-CESAB session "Using a treasury of knowledge to tackle complex ecological questions." Presented by J.F Guégan.
One Health for the Real World: partnerships and pragmatismNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Sarah Cleaveland of the University of Glasgow at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
The Real World: One Health - zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeingNaomi Marks
Opening keynote presentation by Professor Jeremy Farrar, Director, Wellcome Trust, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
The linkages between biodiversity and the transmission of emerging infectious...Alison Specht
The presentation of the CESAB group BIODIS at the 2016 french ecology conference in the FRB-CESAB session "Using a treasury of knowledge to tackle complex ecological questions." Presented by J.F Guégan.
Seroprevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection in ...ILRI
Poster prepared by DK Mwololo, PM Kitala, SK Wanyoike and B Bett presented at the 3rd International One Health Congress, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 15-18 March 2015.
Understanding zoonotic impacts: the added value from One Health approachesNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Jakob Zinsstag of the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Dr. Jim Shelton of USAID discusses the long-acting reversible hormonal contraceptive DMPA (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) and addresses concerns about whether or not it increases the risk of HIV acquisition.
Powepoint On Epidemiological INDICES OF TB
Suitable For Community Medicine Students - KUHS
KERALA MEDICAL BOARD
Prepared By A Student from
Mount Zion Medical College , Chayalode Adoor
Seroprevalence, molecular detection and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii inf...ILRI
Poster prepared by Timothy Wachira, Joshua Onono, Amos Mwasi, Awo Ibrahim, Gabriel Aboge, Cristina Ballesteros and Pablo Alarcon for the Kenya One Health Online Conference, 6-8 December 2021
A critical social analysis of poverty and zoonotic disease riskNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Jo Sharp of the University of Glasgow at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Framework for assessing the economic costs and burdens of zoonotic diseaseILRI
Presented by Alexandra Shaw, Ian Scoones, Melissa Leach, Francis Wanyoike and Delia Grace at the EcoHealth 2014 conference, Montreal, Canada, 11-14 August 2014.
Land use, biodiversity changes and the risk of zoonotic diseases: Findings fr...ILRI
Presented by B. Bett, M. Said, R. Sang, S. Bukachi, J. Lindahl, S. Wanyoike, E. Ontiri, I. Njeru, J. Karanja, F. Wanyoike, D. Mbotha and D. Grace at the 49th Kenya Veterinary Association annual scientific conference, Busia, Kenya, 22-25 April 2015.
Epidermiologic pattern of viral hepatitis in afghanistanIslam Saeed
Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis in Afghanistan. The presentation is prepared by Dr. Islam Saeed, Director for Surveillance/DEWS at Afghan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI), MoPH
PrEP, or Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, is a once a day pill that can be taken by an HIV negative individual to prevent HIV infection. This presentation reviews current statistics, research and policy regarding PrEP.
A Retrospective Disease Surveillance Based Approach in the Investigation and ...Stephen Olubulyera
A Retrospective Disease Surveillance Based Approach in the Investigation and Linkage of Human Brucellosis to Animal Sources: One Health Approach Complementary Strategy Applicable in Nomadic Pastoralism, a Case Study of Turkana County, Kenya.
Seroprevalence and risk factors for Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection in ...ILRI
Poster prepared by DK Mwololo, PM Kitala, SK Wanyoike and B Bett presented at the 3rd International One Health Congress, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 15-18 March 2015.
Understanding zoonotic impacts: the added value from One Health approachesNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Jakob Zinsstag of the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Dr. Jim Shelton of USAID discusses the long-acting reversible hormonal contraceptive DMPA (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) and addresses concerns about whether or not it increases the risk of HIV acquisition.
Powepoint On Epidemiological INDICES OF TB
Suitable For Community Medicine Students - KUHS
KERALA MEDICAL BOARD
Prepared By A Student from
Mount Zion Medical College , Chayalode Adoor
Seroprevalence, molecular detection and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii inf...ILRI
Poster prepared by Timothy Wachira, Joshua Onono, Amos Mwasi, Awo Ibrahim, Gabriel Aboge, Cristina Ballesteros and Pablo Alarcon for the Kenya One Health Online Conference, 6-8 December 2021
A critical social analysis of poverty and zoonotic disease riskNaomi Marks
Presentation by Professor Jo Sharp of the University of Glasgow at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Framework for assessing the economic costs and burdens of zoonotic diseaseILRI
Presented by Alexandra Shaw, Ian Scoones, Melissa Leach, Francis Wanyoike and Delia Grace at the EcoHealth 2014 conference, Montreal, Canada, 11-14 August 2014.
Land use, biodiversity changes and the risk of zoonotic diseases: Findings fr...ILRI
Presented by B. Bett, M. Said, R. Sang, S. Bukachi, J. Lindahl, S. Wanyoike, E. Ontiri, I. Njeru, J. Karanja, F. Wanyoike, D. Mbotha and D. Grace at the 49th Kenya Veterinary Association annual scientific conference, Busia, Kenya, 22-25 April 2015.
Epidermiologic pattern of viral hepatitis in afghanistanIslam Saeed
Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis in Afghanistan. The presentation is prepared by Dr. Islam Saeed, Director for Surveillance/DEWS at Afghan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI), MoPH
PrEP, or Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis, is a once a day pill that can be taken by an HIV negative individual to prevent HIV infection. This presentation reviews current statistics, research and policy regarding PrEP.
A Retrospective Disease Surveillance Based Approach in the Investigation and ...Stephen Olubulyera
A Retrospective Disease Surveillance Based Approach in the Investigation and Linkage of Human Brucellosis to Animal Sources: One Health Approach Complementary Strategy Applicable in Nomadic Pastoralism, a Case Study of Turkana County, Kenya.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alri...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Patients Attended to Alribat University hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan, 2017 by Mohammed HMN in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Malaria parasitaemia and socioeconomic status of selected residents of Emohua...IOSRJPBS
In Nigeria, malaria consistently ranks among the five most common cause of death in children. This study investigated the prevalence of malaria and socioeconomic status of someresidents of Emohua Community, Rivers State, Nigeria.Following ethical clearance which was obtained from the University of Port Harcourt and the parents of the subjects who gave their written consents, blood samples were collected through vein puncture from 200 subjects within the age 0-17years, from July 2014-February 2015. Structured questionnaire were administered to the subjects and parents provided answers for younger children.Thick and Thin films were examined microscopically using oil immersion objective following the standardparasitological method. The thin films were fixed with methanol and all films were stained with 10% Giemsa stain diluted with 7.2 buffer water for 10 minutes. The demographic characteristics of 200 subjects examined in Emohua showed that 120(60%) were females and 60(40%) were males. Sex related prevalence showed that more females were infected with 66(62.3%) and had higher parasite density of 144720/ul than males with 40 (37.7%) and parasite density of 106160/ul though the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Out of the 200 subjects examined, 106(53.0%) were positive for Plasmodium falciparum. Age related prevalence showed that subjects within the age 0-3years and 4-6years had higher prevalence of 62 (31%) followed by those within the age 7-9years with 31(15.5%) and the least with zero prevalence was within the age 16-18 years. Those within the age of 4-6years had higher parasite density of 71680/ul followed by 0-3years of age with parasite density of 63360/ul while those within the age 16-18yrs had none (0). The difference in prevalence of malaria in relation to age was significant (P<0.05).>0.05). Subjects that used treated net were more with 117(58.5%), followed by those that do not use net at all with 54(27%) and those whose nets were untreated with 28(14%). Only 1(0.5%) person believed in the potency of prayer as a preventive measure against malaria while none trusted environmental sanitation. Subjects that are non- net users had higher prevalence of 46(85.2%) and more parasite density of 98080/ul followed by the untreated net users with 22(78.6%) and parasite density of 77280/ul while the least prevalence was recorded among the treated net users with 38(32.5%) and parasite density of 75520/ul. The differences in prevalence of infection in relation to preventive measures was significant (P<0.05).more><0.05).There is need to improve socio-economic status and awareness for total compliance to preventive measures among the subjects so as to reduce the malaria prevalence rate to the desired zero level
Fluoroquinolone resistant rectal colonization predicts risk of infectious com...TC İÜ İTF Üroloji AD
Fluoroquinolone resistant rectal colonization predicts risk of infectious complications after transrectal prostate biopsy. Evidence based on journal club by Samed Verep
The interconnections between human, animal and environmental healthUniversity of Calgary
One Health is an initiative that looks at how people, animals and the environment interact, and the health impacts that each has on the others. Researcher Dr. Baljit Singh provides a deeper insight into how One Health could improve our understanding of complex problems such as food safety, water safety, infection and disease transmission through a cross-disciplinary approach.
Co-presenter Dr. Susan Cork looks at three different case studies on vector borne diseases in Canada to illustrate the need to take a One Health approach in the face of climate change and other factors affecting in how diseases are distributed. To watch the webinar recording, go to http://www.ucalgary.ca/explore/interconnections-between-human-animal-and-environmental-health
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 1
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION 2
Outbreak Investigation
Introduction
Epidemiology deals with the study of the determinants and distribution of disability or disease in the population groups (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Epidemiology is one of the core areas in public health study and is essential for the evaluation of the efficacy of the new therapeutic and preventive modalities as well in the new organizational health care delivery patterns. I have for a long time developed a lot of interest in the area towards learning more on finding the causes of diseases and health outcomes in populations. Epidemiology views the individuals collectively, and the community is considered to be patient. The area of public health study is systematic, scientific, and data-driven in analyzing the pattern or frequency of the distributions and the risk factors or causes of specific diseases in the neighborhood, city, school, country, and global levels. Epidemiology handles various areas including environmental exposures, infectious diseases, injuries, non-infectious diseases, natural disasters and terrorism (Szklo & Nieto, 2014). Specifically, this paper explores epidemiology in addressing infectious disease, food-borne illness in the community. Also, the paper examines outbreak investigations as an intervention towards addressing the foodborne illness in the society. Further, an evaluation of the intervention and the expected results are discussed to examine or analyze the contributions of the intervention.
Foodborne Illness
Foodborne illness is any illness that results from food spoilage of the contaminated food. Food can be contaminated by the pathogenic bacteria, contaminated food, parasites, or viruses, as well as natural or chemical toxins including several species of beans, and poisonous mushrooms. In the United States, food-borne illness is estimated to impact negatively over 76 million people annually (Jones, McMillian, Scallan et al., 2007). This is translated to 5,2000 deaths, and 325,000 hospitalizations. However, the true incidence of food-borne illness is unknown. The majority of food-borne illness and most of the deaths are linked to “unknown agents” following the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis a foodborne disease. An estimated $7 billion is lost regarding productivity and medical expenses and is attributed to the most prevalent but diagnosable foodborne illnesses. Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: Reference needed for this statement Comment by Vetter-Smith, Molly J: References needed for these statements
The under diagnosis in foodborne illnesses is further contributed by the majority who has the symptoms and signs of the disease but totally fail to seek medical attention. This circumstance coupled with the global and national distribution of foo.
Risk factors of chronic liver disease amongst patients receiving care in a Ga...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
LATHERSVETERINARY MEDICINE IN PUBLIC HEALTHCOMMENTARY COMMENTA.docxcroysierkathey
LATHERSVETERINARY MEDICINE IN PUBLIC HEALTHCOMMENTARY COMMENTARY
Role of Veterinary Medicine in Public Health:
Antibiotic Use in Food Animals and Humans
and the Effect on Evolution of
Antibacterial Resistance
Claire M. Lathers, PhD, FCP
VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH: A FRONTIER IN
THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN DISEASE
Veterinary public health is another frontier in the fight
against human disease.1 The veterinary public health
scope includes the control and eradication of zoonoses,
diseases that are naturally transmitted between verte-
brate animals and man. These diseases pose a continu-
ous hazard to the health and welfare of the public.
There are more than 100 diseases categorized as
zoonoses, including salmonellosis. For example, ap-
proximately 20% of U.S. broiler chickens are contami-
nated with Salmonella, while more that 80% are con-
taminated with Campylobacter.2 The veterinary public
health scope, in addition to the control and eradication
of zoonoses, also includes the development and super-
vision of food hygiene practices, laboratory and re-
search activities, and education of the public.
ANTIBIOTIC USE IN FOOD ANIMALS AND
HUMANS AND THE EFFECT ON EVOLUTION
OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE
Antibiotic Use in Food Animals:
Therapeutic and Subtherapeutic
It is important to understand how antibiotics are used
in humans and in food animals and how these uses af-
J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:595-599 595
From the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary
Medicine, Rockville, Maryland. This commentary represents the opinion of
the author and does not reflect policy of the FDA or the U.S. government.
Presented at the American College of Clinical Pharmacology Teaching Fo-
rum, chaired by David M. Benjamin, “Educational Issues in Clinical Phar-
macology: Updating the Curriculum for the New Millennium: Who Are Our
Audiences and What Are Their Specialized Needs? One Specialized
Need: Understanding the Role of Veterinary Medicine in Public Health,”
September 19, 2000. Address for reprints: Claire M. Lathers, PhD, FCP,
Director, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary
Medicine, Room 390, HFV-100, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD
Veterinary public health is another frontier in the fight
against human disease. The veterinary public health scope
includes the control and eradication of zoonoses, diseases
that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals
and man. These diseases pose a continuous hazard to the
health and welfare of the public. More than 100 diseases are
categorized as zoonoses, including salmonellosis. It is im-
portant to understand how antibiotics are used in humans
and in food animals and how these uses affect the evolution
of antibacterial resistance. Appropriate use of antibiotics for
food animals will preserve the long-term efficacy of existing
antibiotics, support animal health and welfare, and limit the
risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans. An under-
standing of the ep ...
Carol Devamani describes her study of bacterial recontamination after handwashing with soap. The findings from her research project - conducted as part of her studies at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine - show that rural India is a highly contaminated environment.
Economist Sophie Trémolet gave an overview of small-scale finance in the water and sanitation sector at a seminar co-convened by the SHARE research consortium and the EU Water Initiative Finance Working Group at World Water Week 2011 in Stockholm.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
UNC Water and Health Conference 2011: Professor Glenn Morris, University of Florida
1. New Frontiers, Old Obstacles Pathogens, Genetics, Models, and Public Health J. Glenn Morris, Jr., MD, MPH&TM Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida
2. UF Emerging Pathogens Institute Created with $60 million appropriation from Florida state legislature, focusing on human, animal, and plant pathogens Over 200 faculty members, from 9 UF colleges (including medicine, public health, veterinary medicine, and agriculture) Strong global emphasis, reflecting Florida’s sub-tropical location
3. How do you guide optimal allocation of limited public health resources for prevention of diarrheal disease?
4. Why do kids in the developing world get symptomatic diarrhea? Driven by specific pathogens, but with occurrence of illness dependent on a complex set of interactions that include: Prior exposure to the pathogen /vaccination (immunity) Inoculum size Nutritional status Intestinal microenvironment, driven by local exposures
5. Lindsey et al, EID 2011;17:608-611 Sample of 2,748 patients with diarrheal disease in Kolkata; samples screened for 26 pathogens using standard microbiological techniques Approximately 1/3 had multiple pathogens Likelihood of infection with another specific pathogen among patients culture-positive for V. cholerae
6. Global Enterics Multi-Center Study (GEMS)(Levine et al, funded by Gates Foundation) 3609 samples from children with and without diarrhea, collected at 7 sites in Africa and Southern Asia Samples screened for pathogens using standard microbiological techniques Sub-Study: Comprehensive genetic analysis/ identification of all microorganisms in samples Data to date: analysis of 16S sequence data from samples from 1007 cases (514 children with diarrhea, 493 control children) Average of 3,900 sequences per sample
7. Bacterial Identification and Classification by 16S rRNA Permits screening of “total community DNA,” and identification of all “OTU” in sample Stool samples Environmental samples
8. Percentage of Case and Control Samples with Specific Pathogens, as Identified by Genetic vs. Microbiologic Techniques
9. Underlying intestinal flora did not differ by case/control status (although further analysis does suggest that risk can be influenced by flora composition) Patterns of intestinal flora (and pathogen distribution) did differ by country RedControl BlackCase Blue – Bangladesh Green -Kenya Black - Gambia
10. So does pathogen really matter? Yes: may be striking differences in public health impact, depending on pathogen Report released: April 28, 2011 Funded by: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Available: epi.ufl.edu
13. So does pathogen really matter? Yes: may be striking differences in public health impact, depending on pathogen Yes: transmission pathways (and optimal prevention strategies) may differ dramatically, depending on pathogen
14. Environmental Parameters V. cholerae in environment including plankton Cholera infections in humans Cholera Transmission Pathways “Slow” transmission: through fecal contamination of environment/water sources “Fast” transmission: driven by genetically-induced hyperinfectious state, occurring within a time window of a few hours after passage of stool. Transmission generally occurs within household or immediate environment of patient
15. Zimbabwe Spatial Models SIR model Calculation of R0 Average number of secondary infections that occur when one infective is introduced into a completely susceptible host population Estimation of relative contributions of: human/human transmission (short cycle, increased infectivity) vs. human/environment/human (long cycle, decreased infectivity) Use of these estimates to assess utility of intervention strategies such as vaccination
16. R0 by ProvinceZimbabwe Cholera Epidemic, 2008-9 Mukandavire et al, PNAS 2011;108:8767-72
17. Mapping ℛ0 values: Haiti Cholera Epidemic, 2010
18. Relative Contribution of “Slow” (Environmental) vs. “Fast” (Human) Sources to Cholera Transmission Zimbabwe RE (slow cycle) = 0.20 (17%) RH (fast cycle) = 0.95 (83% R0 = 1.15 Vaccine coverage to stop epidemic: 17% Haiti RE(slow cycle) = 0.84 (54%) RH (fast cycle) = 0.70 (46%) R0 = 1.54 Vaccination coverage to stop epidemic: 45%
19. How do you guide optimal allocation of limited public health resources for prevention of diarrheal disease? Systems are complex Mix of pathogens Mix of factors driving occurrence of symptomatic infection (disease) in individual patients Varying outcomes dependent on pathogen Mix of transmission routes, varying by pathogen, country, and region Variety of potential interventions, including water systems, sanitation, improved protection of water and food in households, vaccination…..
20. How do you guide optimal allocation of limited public health resources for prevention of diarrheal disease? Need for geographically-targeted, data-driven risk analysis, to define optimal approaches to disease prevention