The document summarizes information presented on vaccines during a webinar series. It discusses the history of vaccines from ancient practices of variolation to modern vaccines. It provides an overview of common vaccines, the vaccine development and approval process, and how vaccines work. It also summarizes information specific to HPV vaccines, including prevalence of HPV strains, how the vaccines were designed to generate an immune response, and recommendations for their use.

1. National Press Foundation Vaccines Webinar Series 15 November 2011 David R. Curry, MS Executive Director Center for Vaccine Ethics and Policy Associate Fellow, Center for Bioethics University of Pennsylvania [email_address]

2. Mission: Contribute to global public health as the leading independent, academically-based center focused on immunization and vaccine ethics and policy www.centerforvaccineethicsandpolicy.org

8. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011 Vaccines: How They Work [Live Attenuated] History of Vaccines website: http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/types-vaccines

9. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011 Vaccines: How They Work [Inactivated] History of Vaccines website: http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/types-vaccines

10. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011 Vaccines: How They Work [Subunit/Conjugate] History of Vaccines website: http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/types-vaccines

11. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011 Formulating Immunization Recommendations for New Vaccines: Can – and How – Should ‘Values’ be Added to the Process? Glen Nowak, Ph.D., Senior Advisor, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Washington, D.C., May 25, 2011.

12. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011 Formulating Immunization Recommendations for New Vaccines: Can – and How – Should ‘Values’ be Added to the Process? Glen Nowak, Ph.D., Senior Advisor, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. Washington, D.C., May 25, 2011.

14. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011

15. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011 http://www.gardasil.com/hpv/hpv-types/hpv-transmission/ http://www.cervarix.com/ How do HPV vaccines work? The HPV vaccines work like other immunizations that guard against viral infections. The investigators hypothesized that the unique surface components of HPV might create an antibody response that is capable of protecting the body against infection, and that these components could be used to form the basis of a vaccine. The HPV surface components can interact with one another to form virus-like particles (VLP) that are not infectious, because they lack DNA. However, these VLPs can attach to cells and stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that can prevent the complete papillomavirus, in future encounters, from infecting cells.

16. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011 David R. Curry, MS Executive Director Center for Vaccine Ethics and Policy Associate Fellow, Center for Bioethics University of Pennsylvania [email_address] Vaccines: Public Health Deployment (U.S.)

19. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011

20. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011

21. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011

22. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011

23. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011

24. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011

25. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011 David R. Curry, MS Executive Director Center for Vaccine Ethics and Policy Associate Fellow, Center for Bioethics University of Pennsylvania [email_address] Vaccines: Public Health Deployment (U.S.)

26. Adapted from: Jason L. Schwartz, MBE, AM, Center for Bioethics; Department of History & Sociology of Science University of Pennsylvania NVAC Health Care Personnel Influenza Vaccination Subgroup 31 May 2011 Questions/Discussion