This document provides information about glassmaking and the history of using glass. It discusses: - The origins of glassmaking dating back to 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia. - The development of different historic glass types like crown glass, cast glass, and plate or cylinder glass. - How glass is used in building construction, including as facades, roofing, flooring, and glass blocks. - The process of glass manufacturing including melting, forming, annealing, and finishing. - How glass is strengthened through tempering or toughening to make it safer and stronger.

1. GLASSMADE BY:
SEC-A
PRIYANSHI BHATT- 07
ASHISH DANGAR- 11
RAVI DIYORA- 14
SIDDHARTH MOHITE- 33
PRAKASH KUMAR- (15) 85
SEC-B
ARCHIE PATEL- 43
VISHWA PRAJAPATI- 58
PRIYAL RATHOD- 60
HETA SHAH- 67
PARTH THAKKAR- 78
ITM SAAD (VADODARA)

2. THE HISTORY OF GLASS-MAKING CAN BE TRACED BACK TO 3500 BCE IN
MESOPOTAMIA, HOWEVER, THEY MAY HAVE BEEN PRODUCING SECOND-
RATE COPIES OF GLASS OBJECTS FROM EGYPT, WHERE THIS COMPLEX
CRAFT ACTUALLY ORIGINATED.
OTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT THE FIRST TRUE
GLASS
WAS MADE IN COASTAL NORTH SYRIA, MESOPOTAMIA OR EGYPT.
GLASS PRODUCTS REMAINED A LUXURY UNTIL THE DISASTERS THAT
OVERTOOK THE LATE BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATIONS SEEMINGLY BROUGHT
GLASSMAKING TO A HALT.
HISTORY OF GLASS

3. GLASS IS A NON-CRYSTALLINE AMORPHOUS SOLID THAT IS OFTEN
TRANSPARENT AND HAS WIDESPREAD PRACTICAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, AND DECORATIVE USAGE
IN, FOR EXAMPLE, WINDOW PANES, TABLEWARE, AND
OPTOELECTRONICS.
TYPES OF HISTORIC GLASSES
CROWN GLASS - FIRST
RECORDED IN 1674
REMAINING
STANDARD UNTIL
1830S.
CAST GLASS - LATE 17TH
CENTURY, LARGE
SHEETS OF
GLASS MADE BY
POURING
MOLTEN GLASS INTO
FLAT
MOULDS.
PLATE OR CYLINDER
GLASS - FIRST MADE
IN
BRITAIN IN 1773
BECOMING MORE
WIDESPREAD IN THE
1830
FLOAT GLASS - THIS HAS
BEEN THE STANDARD
TECHNIQUE SINCE 1959

4. A BRIEF HISTORY OF GLASS IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRY
IN PREHISTORIC TIMES, OBSIDIAN (NATURALLY OCCURRING GLASS
FOUND NEAR VOLCANIC REGIONS) AND FULGURITE (GLASS FORMED
NATURALLY AFTER LIGHTNING STRIKES SAND) WERE USED TO MAKE
WEAPONS.
GLASS BLOWING WAS DISCOVERED IN THE 1ST CENTURY IN EUROPE,
THIS REVOLUTIONIZED THE GLASS MAKING INDUSTRY. THE TECHNIQUE
SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
PRODUCTION OF CLEAR GLASS, BY INTRODUCTION OF MANGANESE
DIOXIDE, SAW GLASS BEING USED FOR ARCHITECTURAL PURPOSES. CAST
GLASS WINDOWS BEGAN TO APPEAR IN THE MOST IMPORTANT BUILDINGS
AND VILLAS IN ROME AND POMPEII.
OVER THE NEXT 1,000 YEARS GLASS MAKING SPREAD THROUGH ALL OF
EUROPE AND MIDDLE EAST. IN 7TH CENTURY ANGLO SAXON GLASS
WAS USED IN CHURCHES AND CATHEDRALSBY 11TH CENTURY SHEET
GLASS WAS MADE BY THE CROWN GLASS PROCESS. IN THIS PROCESS, THE
GLASSBLOWER WOULD SPIN MOLTEN GLASS AT THE END OF A ROD UNTIL IT
FLATTENED INTO A DISK. THE DISK WOULD THEN BE CUT INTO PANES.

5. BY 13TH CENTURY, THIS TECHNIQUE WAS PERFECTED IN VENICE. STAIN
GLASS WINDOWS WERE USED IN GOTHIC RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE
ARCHITECTURE FROM THE 11TH TO THE 18TH CENTURY. IN THE 19TH
CENTURY, FLAT / SHEET GLASS WINDOWS WERE USED IN MAKING
WINDOWS. THESE WERE COMPLETELY FLAT AND DID NOT HAVE ANY
OPTICAL DISTORTIONS.
IN 1958 PILKINGTON AND BICKERSTAFF INTRODUCED THE
REVOLUTIONARY FLOAT GLASS PROCESS TO THE WORLD. THIS METHOD
GAVE THE SHEET UNIFORM THICKNESS AND VERY FLAT SURFACES.
MODERN WINDOWS ARE MADE FROM FLOAT GLASS.
FROM THE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY MODERN ARCHITECTURE HAS
BEEN INSTRUMENTAL IN MASS PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE, GLASS AND
STEEL BUILDINGS IN THE FACTORIES WE CALL CITIES

6. HOW GLASS IS USED IN CONSTRUCTION

7. MANUFACTURING OF GLASS
FOR DOING THE MANUFACTURING OF GLASS FOLLOWING
STEPS ARE TO BE TAKEN:
1.MELTING
RAW MATERIALS IN PROPER PROPORTIONS ARE MIXED WITH CULLETS.
IT IS FINELY POWDERED AND INTIMATE MIXTURE CALLED BATCH IS
FUSED IN FURNACE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE OF 1800°C THIS CHARGE
MELTS AND FUSES INTO A VISCOUS FLUID.
HEATING IS CONTINUED TILL CLEAR MOLTEN MASS IS FREE FROM
BUBBLES IS OBTAINED AND IT IS THEN COOLED TO ABOUT 800°C.
2.FORMING AND SHAPING
THE VISCOUS MASS OBTAINED FROM MELTING IS POURED INTO MOULDS
TO GET DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARTICLES OF DESIRED SHAPE BY EITHER
BLOWING OR PRESSING BETWEEN THE ROLLERS.

8. 3.ANNEALING
GLASS ARTICLES ARE THEN ALLOWED TO COOL GRADUALLY AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE BY PASSING THROUGH DIFFERENT CHAMBERS WITH
DESCENDING TEMPERATURES. THIS REDUCES THE INTERNAL STRAIN IN
THE GLASS.
4.FINISHING
FINISHING IS THE LAST STEP IN GLASS MANUFACTURING. IT INVOLVES
FOLLOWING STEPS:
• CLEANING
•GRINDING
•POLISHING
•CUTTING

9. STAGE 1: ALL TOUGHENED GLASS BEGINS LIFE AS A FLOAT GLASS.
BEFORE IT UNDERGOES TEMPERING, THE GLASS IS EXAMINED FOR
IMPERFECTIONS. BUBBLES, INCLUSIONS, AND CRACKS MAY CAUSE THE
FLOAT GLASS TO BREAK DURING TOUGHENING. SO IF ANY SIGNS OF
SUCH FLAWS ARE FOUND, THE GLASS CAN’T BE TEMPERED.
TOUGHENING PROCESS
STAGE 2: PRIOR TO TOUGHENING, IT MUST FIRST BE CUT TO THE
DESIRED SHAPE AS IT WON’T BE POSSIBLE TO CUT OR ETCH THE
FINISHED PRODUCT IN ITS TOUGHENED STATE. ONCE CUT, THE
EDGES ARE SMOOTHED AND ANY BURRS PRODUCED DURING
ETCHING OR CUTTING ARE REMOVED.
STAGE 3: TO COMPLETELY REMOVE THE GRAINS OF GLASS
THAT WERE DEPOSITED DURING SANDING, THE FLOAT GLASS
IS THOROUGHLY WASHED. THIS ALSO ENSURES THAT DIRT AND
ANY OTHER TINY DEBRIS WON’T INTERFERE WITH THE
TEMPERING.

10. STAGE 4: IN THE TEMPERING PROCESS, THE SURFACE OF
THE FLOAT GLASS IS HEATED AT OVER 600 DEGREES
CELSIUS AS IT TRAVELS THROUGH A FURNACE. SOME
MANUFACTURERS HEAT THE GLASS ABOVE ITS ANNEALING
POINT OF APPROXIMATELY 720 DEGREES CELSIUS.
STAGE 5: THE SCORCHING GLASS IS THEN RAPIDLY COOLED
THROUGH QUENCHING BY A HIGH-PRESSURE BLAST OF AIR
FOR A PERIOD OF THREE TO 10 SECONDS AT VARIOUS ANGLES.
AS IT COOLS AND BEGINS TO SHRINK, TENSILE STRESSES
TEMPORARILY BUILD-UP IN THE INTERIOR ZONE OF THE GLASS
WHILE ITS SURFACE CONSEQUENTLY DEVELOPS SURFACE
STRESSES. THESE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES EVENTUALLY
ENHANCE THE STRENGTH OF THE GLASS, MAKING IT TOUGHER
TO BREAK.

11. TOUGHENING/TEMPERING PROCESS OF GLASS
GLASS IS A NATURALLY FRAGILE MATERIAL. TO BOOST ITS
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND ENHANCE ITS OPERATIONAL
SAFETY, IT UNDERGOES THE PROCESS OF TEMPERING.
TEMPERING OR TOUGHENING IS A PROCESS WHERE THE GLASS
IS HEATED AT HIGH TEMPERATURES TO MAKE IT STRONGER AND
MORE RESISTANT TO BREAKAGE. THIS PROCESS CREATES A BALANCE
IN THE PRODUCT’S INTERNAL STRESSES, SO THAT WHEN THE GLASS
IS BROKEN, IT WOULD CRUMBLE INTO TINY GRANULAR CHUNKS
INSTEAD OF BREAKING INTO SHARP, JAGGED PIECES.
BECAUSE OF ITS INCREASED STRENGTH AND SAFETY, BUILDERS
AND ARCHITECTS UTILISE THEM IN A MULTITUDE OF DEMANDING
APPLICATIONS. THIS INCLUDES SHOWERS, VEHICLE WINDOWS,
REFRIGERATOR TRAYS, GLASS TABLES, DIVING MASKS,
GLASSWARE, COOKWARE, FIREPLACE GRATES, BULLETPROOF
WINDOWS, ARCHITECTURAL GLASS DOORS AND VIRTUALLY
ANYWHERE ELSE THAT NEEDS SAFE AND STRONG GLASS

13. GLASS IS USED IN THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS:
1.FACADES
2.ROOFING
3.FLOORING
4.GLASS BLOCKS

14. GLAZING TYPES FOR FACADES
1. FOUR SIDED FRAMED GLAZING
2. TWO SIDEDE ERAMED GLAZING
3. FRAMELESS GLAZING
4. CABLE SUPPORTED GLAZING
1. FOUR SIDED FRAMED GLAZING:
• IN FOUR SIDED FRAMED GLAZING A FRAME IS FABRICATED ON ALL FOUR
SIDES OF THE GLASS TO SUPPORT IT. DURING INSTALLATION THE
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL SUPPORT MEMBERS ARE FRAMED THE
BUILDING. GLASS IS USED AS A TRANSPARENT INFILL PANEL.

15. 2 TWO SIDED FRAMED GLAZING
•IN A TWO SIDED FRAMED GLAZING THE SUPPORT FOR GLASS IS ONLY ON
TWO SIDES. IT IS EITHER FABRICATED IN THE HORIZONTAL OR IN THE
VERTICAL DIRECTION. THE GLASS IS
THEN FIXED IN THE MULLIONS.
•TWO OPPOSITE GLASS EDGES ARE BONDED TO THE LOAD BEARING
HOMEWORK. THE TWO OTHER EDGES ARE FIXED MECHANICALLY BY
SECURING PROFILES. THE BNDING CAN OCCURE VERTICALLY AS WELL AS
HORIZONTALLY. THE DYNAMICLOADS WILL BE ABSORBED FROM THE
STRUCTURAL GLAZING SILICONE WHETEAS THE DEAD LOAD WILL BE
TRANSFERRED TO THE SECURING PROFILES.
VERTICAL SIDE AND HORIZONTAL
SIDE SECTIONS
VERTICALLY GLAZING

16. 3 FRAMELESS GLAZING:
• THE FRAMELESS GLAZING IMPARTS A SEAMLESS LOOK TO THE GLASS.
THE GLASS IS FIT TOGETHER WITH DIFFEREN KINDS OF HARDWARE. A
HAEDWARE MOST COMMANALLY USED IS FOUR WAY SPIDER JOINT.
SPIDER BOLT
4 CABLE GLAZING
•CABLE BOLTED GLAZING THE BOLTED STRUCTURAL SYSTEM IS THE LESS
OBTRUSIVE, ALTERNATIVE TO STRUCTURAL GLAZING, WHICH HOLDS THE
GLASS BY MEANS OF VISIBLE METAL PARTS AND COVERS A SMALL PART
OF THE GLASS SURFACE.
• IN SOME CASES, THE FIXING HOLES CAN BE DRILLED AND
COUNTERSUNK, SO THAT THE BOLTS ARE EMBEDDED IN THE THICKNESS
OF THE GLASS ITSELF.

17. CABLE GLAZING

18. GLASS ROOFING
GLASS ROOFING REPRESENTS THE MOST EXCITING WAY TO MAXIMIZE
THE VERTICAL POTENTIAL OF URBAN PROPERTY.
GLASS ROOFS AND SKYLIGHTS CAN BE DESIGNED WITH EITHER
CONVENTIONAL FRAMEWORK OR CUSTOM MADE FRAMING.
THE EXTERNAL SURFACES ARE FLUSH FOR STYLISH APPEARANCE AND
FOR EASY MAINTENANCE.
TEMPERED OR HEAT STRENGTHENED SINGLE GLAZED OR DOUBLE
GLAZED GLASSES WITH PVB LAMINATED GLASS ON THE INNER LAYER
ARE USED FOR GLAZING.
CUSTOM MADE EPDM GASKETS ARE USED FOR FIXING THE GLASS
WHICH ACTS AS A DRAINAGE SYSTEM THAT DRAINS CONDENSATION
WATER PENETRATION THROUGH ANY JOINTS.

19. THE FRAMES CAN BE OF MILD STEEL IN PAINTED FINISH OR POWDER
COATED.
TENSION CABLES AND RODS ARE USED FOR INCREASING THE
AMBIANCE AND STRENGTH WHICH GIVES TRANSPARENCY IN DESIGN
WITH MINIMUM FRAMING.
CANOPIES CAN BE MADE WITH GLASS AND STEEL OR STEEL AND
MEMBRANE.
FRAMED AND FRAMELESS ROOFINGFRAMELESS ROOFING

20. ROOFS CAN BE MADE OF GLASS AND STEEL OR A STEEL AND TENSILE
MEMBRANE.
CANOPY AND SKYLIGHT SYSTEMS PERFORM A HEADLINE ACT
COMBINING CUSTOM METAL WORK WITH OUR SPECTACULAR
LAMINATED GLASS STRUCTURES.
THESE SYSTEMS OFFER A POINT-SUPPORTED METHOD OF FIXING
GLASS PANELS. CANOPY SYSTEMS PROVIDE THE PRACTICALITY OF
SUN AND WEATHER PROTECTION, IN ADDITION TO THE BEAUTY OF AN
EYE-CATCHING ARCHITECTURAL. EXTENSION OF THE BUILDING
FACADE.
CANOPIES IS A COMBINATION OF GLASS, STAINLESS STEEL OR MILD
STEEL WORK AND ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF CONTEMPORARY
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN.
SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED STRUCTURE ARE PRE FABRICATED THAT
CAN BE CONNECTED AT SITE USING NORMAL TOOLS.
FRAMED AND FRAMELESS ROOFING

21. GLASS FLOORING
GLASS FLOORS ARE MADE WITH TRANSPARENT GLASS WHEN IT IS
USEFUL TO VIEW SOMETHING FROM ABOVE OR BELOW; WHEREAS
TRANSLUCENT GLASS IS USED WHEN THERE IS NO NEED TO VIEW
THROUGH.
IN EITHER CASE, TOUGHENED GLASS IS
USUALLY CHOSEN, FOR ITS DURABILITY
AND RESISTANCE TO BREAKAGE.
GLASS AS A FLOORING MATERIAL IS USED
IN BOTH RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL
STRUCTURES. SPECIAL HOLLOW GLASS
BLOCKS KNOWN AS '"GLASS PAVERS“
ARE OFTEN USED IN COMBINATION
WITH A METAL FRAME. GLASS FLOORS ARE
OFTEN LIT FROM BELOW WITH NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL LIGHT, OR MAY BE
TREATED AS ORDINARY FLOOR SURFACES ILLUMINATED FROM ABOVE.

22. FLOOR PANELS ARE CONSTRUCTED OF LAMINATED LAYERS OF
TEMPERED, ANNEALED, OR HEAT- STRENGTHENED GLASS.
LAMINATED GLASS FLOORING REQUIRES A RIGID SUPPORT WITH A
DEFLECTION.
MINIMUM SUPPORT DEPTH SHOULD BE 20- 30MM.JOINTS SHOULD
BE MORE THAN 4MM.WIDE JOINTS USED OF 6MM.

23. INSTALLATION
GLASS FLOORING IS VERY EXPENSIVE TO REPLACE ONCE
INSTALLED.
TO MAINTAIN THE AESTHETIC BEAUTY OF GLASS
FLOORING, IT IS IMPORTANT TO KEEP THE PANEL
CLEAN. A SOFT, CLEAN, NON-ABRASIVE CLOTH
AND A MILD DETERGENT, OR NON-ABRASIVE GLASS CLEANING
SOLUTION IS SUITABLE FOR CLEANING.
AFTER CLEANING, RINSE IMMEDIATELY
WITH CLEAN WATER AND REMOVE ANY EXCESS
WATER FROM THE PANEL SURFACE.
DO NOT USE ABRASIVE CLEANERS, BLEACH, SCOURING POWDER
OR PADS WHICH CAN SCRATCH AND DAMAGE GLASS FLOORING.
HEAT STRENGTHENED GLASS IS APPROXIMATELY TWICE AS
“STRONG” AS ANNEALED OR ORDINARY FLOAT GLASS, AND FULLY
TOUGHENED GLASS IS ROUGHLY FOUR TO FIVE TIMES AS STRONG.
USING FULLY TOUGHENED GLASS WOULD DRAMATICALLY REDUCE
THE THICKNESS OF THE GLASS TO BE USED IN GLASS FLOORING
LAMINATES.

24. GLASS BLOCKS
GLASS BRICK, ALSO KNOWN AS GLASS BLOCK, IS AN
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT MADE FROM GLASS. GLASS BRICKS
PROVIDE VISUAL OBSCURATION WHILE ADMITTING LIGHT.
THE GLASS BLOCK WAS ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED TO PROVIDE
NATURAL LIGHT IN MANUFACTURING PLANTS

25. GLASS BRICKS ARE PRODUCED FOR BOTH WALL AND FLOOR
APPLICATIONS.
GLASS BLOCKS FOR USE IN FLOORS ARE NORMALLY MANUFACTURED
AS A SINGLE SOLID PIECE, OR AS A HOLLOW GLASS BLOCK WITH THICKER
SIDE WALLS THAN THE STANDARD WALL BLOCKS.
THESE BLOCKS ARE NORMALLY CAST INTO A REINFORCED
CONCRETE GRIDWORK OR SET INTO A METAL FRAME, ALLOWING
MULTIPLE UNITS TO BE COMBINED TO SPAN OVER OPENINGS IN
BASEMENTS AND ROOFS.
FIXING DETAILS

26. TYPES OF GLASS BRICKS
CLEARLY SECURE
SIZE-7.75”X7.75”X3.12”
ICE PATTERN GLASS
BLOCK
TAFCO WINDOWS
SIZE-8”X8”X3.18”
WAVE PATTERN GLASS BLOCK
SEVES
11.75”X11.75”X3.87”
CROSS RIBBED PATTERN
GLASS BLOCK

27. DOUBLE GLAZING
DOUBLE GLAZING IS THE GLAZING PROCESS IN WHICH A WINDOW IS
MADE WITH TWO PANES OF GLASS WITH A SPACE BETWEEN THEM.
WINDOWS OF THIS TYPE MUST BE AIR TIGHT.
IF CONDENSATION APPEARS BETWEEN THE PANES, IT INDICATES THAT
THERE IS A LEAK SOMEWHERE. THESE WINDOWS CANNOT BE
REPAIRED; IF CONDENSATION APPEARS, THE UNIT MUST BE
REPLACED.
AROUND 60% OF HEAT LOSS IN THE HOME OCCURS THROUGH
STANDARD, SINGLE PANE WINDOWS. DOUBLE GLAZING
SUBSTANTIALLY STOPS HEAT LOSS, AND THE COST OF THE WINDOWS
WILL OFTEN PAY FOR ITSELF VERY QUICKLY IN THE MONEY
HOMEOWNERS SAVE FROM HEATING BILLS.
DOUBLE GLAZING IS ALSO VERY FRIENDLY TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
HOMES CAUSE.
WINDOWS HELPS TO REDUCE THESE EMISSIONS AND COMBAT
ENERGY LOSS. AS WELL AS SAVING ON HEATING BILLS, THESE
WINDOWS ARE VERY GOOD AT CUTTING DOWN ON
NOISE POLLUTION AND INTERNAL CONDENSATION.

28. THE BENEFITS OF DOUBLE GLAZING
DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWS ARE AN IDEAL ENERGY EFFICIENT CHOICE
WITH THE ADDED BENEFIT OF MINIMISING NOISE. THE SEALED AIR GAP
BETWEEN THE TWO PANES ACTS AS AN ADDED LAYER OF INSULATION.
THIS ADDED THERMAL RESISTANCE REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF HEAT
ESCAPING IN WINTER AND KEEPS YOUR HOME AT A MORE
COMFORTABLE TEMPERATURE.
DOUBLE GLAZING HAS THE REVERSE EFFECT IN SUMMER,
PREVENTING UNWANTED HEAT FROM COMING INTO THE HOME. THIS
EXTRA INSULATION LESSENS YOUR RELIANCE ON ARTIFICIAL HEATERS
AND AIR CONDITIONERS AND CAN ULTIMATELY REDUCE YOUR ENERGY
COSTS.

29. WHEN YOU ARE CLOSE TO A WINDOW, YOUR COMFORT IS ALSO
AFFECTED BY THE TEMPERATURE OF THE GLASS. WITH DOUBLE
GLAZING IT’S HARDER FOR THE UNWANTED OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE TO
TRANSFER THROUGH, LEAVING THE INSIDE PANE CLOSE TO ROOM
TEMPERATURE. DOUBLE GLAZING ALSO REDUCES CONDENSATION
WHICH CAN RESULT IN THE UNHEALTHY FORMATION OF MOULD.
SEALED DOUBLE GLAZING IS EFFECTIVE AT REDUCING MEDIUM TO
HIGH FREQUENCY NOISE SUCH AS THE HUMAN VOICE. A DIFFERENCE IN
GLASS THICKNESS BETWEEN THE INNER AND OUTER PANES WILL
IMPROVE SOUND REDUCTION EVEN FURTHER.
DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWS ARE CONSIDERED A SAFER OPTION WHEN
COMPARED TO STANDARD SINGLE PANE WINDOWS. TWO SHEETS OF
GLASS ARE A LOT HARDER TO BREAK THAN ONE AND FOR EVEN
GREATER SECURITY YOU CAN SPECIFY TOUGHENED OR LAMINATED
GLASS.
DOUBLE GLAZING WINDOW

31. TYPES OF GLASSES
FLOAT GLASS
THICKNESS - 2MM TO 20M
MADE OF SODIUM SILICATE
AND CALCIUM SILICATE SO,
IT IS ALSO CALLED AS SODA
LIME GLASS.
USED AS SHOP FRONTS,
PUBLIC PLACES ETC.
SHATTERPROOF GLASS
MADE OF SAME PROCESS BUT SOME
TYPE OF PLASTIC POLYVINYL BUTYRAL IS
ADDED IN ITS MAKING PROCESS. SO, IT
CANNOT FORM SHARP EDGED PIECES
WHEN IT BREAKS.
USED FOR WINDOWS, SKYLIGHTS,
FLOORS ETC.

32. LAMINATED GLASS
LAMINATED GLASS IS
THE COMBINATION OF
LAYERS OF NORMAL
GLASS. SO, IT HAS MORE
WEIGHT THAN NORMAL
GLASS.
USED FOR AQUARIUMS,
BRIDGES ETC.
EXTRA CLEAN GLASS
THICKNESS - 2MM TO 20MM
CHROMATIC GLASS
USED IN ICU’S, MEETING ROOMS ETC. IT
CAN CONTROL THE TRANSPARENT
EFFICIENCY OF GLASS AND PROTECTS
THE INTERIOR FROM DAYLIGHT.

33. TINTED GLASS
A COLOR PRODUCING
INGREDIENTS IS MIXED TO
THE NORMAL GLASS MIX TO
PRODUCE COLORED GLASS
WHICH DOES NOT AFFECT
OTHER PROPERTIES OF
GLASS.
USED FOR WINDOWS IN
BUILDINGS AND FOR CARS.
TOUGHENED GLASS
THICKNESS - 4MM TO 20MM
MADE FROM ANNEALED
GLASS VIA A THERMAL
TEMPERING PROCESS.
USED FOR FIRE RESISTANT
DOORS, MOBILE SCREEN
PROTECTORS ETC

34. FLOAT GLASS
•FLOAT GLASS USES COMMON GLASS-MAKING RAW MATERIALS,
TYPICALLY CONSISTING OF SAND,SODA ASH ,DOLOMITE, LIMESTONE, AND
SALT CAKE (SODIUM SULFATE) ETC.
•OTHER MATERIALS MAY BE USED AS COLOURANTS,
REFINING AGENTS OR TO ADJUST THE PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GLASS.
•THE RAW MATERIALS ARE MIXED IN A BATCH
PROCESS, THEN FED TOGETHER WITH SUITABLE
CULLET (WASTE GLASS), IN A CONTROLLED RATIO,
INTO A FURNACE WHERE IT IS HEATED TO APPROXIMATELY 1500 °C.
•COMMON FLAT GLASS FURNACES ARE 9 M WIDE, 45 M LONG, AND
CONTAIN MORE THAN 1200 TONS OF GLASS. ONCE MOLTEN, THE
TEMPERATURE OF THE GLASS IS STABILISED TO APPROXIMATELY 1200 °C
TO ENSURE A HOMOGENEOUS SPECIFIC GRAVITY.
•TIN IS SUITABLE FOR THE FLOAT GLASS PROCESS BECAUSE IT HAS A
HIGH SPECIFIC GRAVITY, IS COHESIVE, AND IS IMMISCIBLE WITH MOLTEN
GLASS.

35. ADVANTAGES:
1 THE GLASS THAT ABSORB, REFRACTS OR TRANSMITS LIGHT
2 GLASS TRANSMITS UP TO 80% OF R RESISTANCE.
3 GLASS HAS A SMOOTH GLOSSY AVAILABLE NATURAL DAY LIGHT.
4 GLASS IS DUST PROOF AND CAN BE EASILY CLEANED.
5 IT IS AN EXCELLENT INSULATOR AGAINST ELECTRICITY.
6 AVAILABLE IN VARIETIES OF COLOURS AND GIVES GREAT APPEARANCE.
7 THE GLASS IS STABLE OVER A WIDE RANGE OF
TEMPERATURE.
8 THE GLASS IS UV STABLE
DISADVANTAGES:
1 MANUFACTURING OF GLASS IS HIGH ENERGY CONSUMING PROCESS.
2 THE GLASS IS VERY RIGID AND BRITTLE MATERIAL.
3 BROKEN PIECES OF GLASS MAY BE SHARP AND CHANCES OF INJURY
ARE VERY HIGH.
4 USE OF GLASS ALSO ENHANCES THE COST OF SECURITY.
5 THE GLASS IS ALSO UNSAFE FOR EARTHQUAKE PROVEN AREA.

36. TRANSPARENCY
STRENGTH
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
WORKABILITY
RECYCLABLE
SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT
VISIBLE TRANSMITTANCE
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ACOUSTIC CONTROL
IT HAS HIGHLY SHINING APPEARANCE AND TAKES GOOD POLISH.
IT IS NOT AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE EXCEPT IN SOME EXCEPTIONAL
CASES.
IT IS FIRE RETARDANT.
IT PROVIDES HEAT INSULATION.
IT ALSO ENSURES TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT.
IT IS AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS VARIETIES.
IT TRANSMITS LIGHT BUT ALSO PROVIDE PRIVACY BY OBSTRUCTING
VISION.
GLASS BLOCKS PROVIDE HEAT AND SOUND PROOF PROPERTIES.
PROPERTIES OF GLASS

37. GLASS MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN INDIA
1. ASAHI INDIA GLASS LIMITED
ESTABLISHED IN 1984 BY BM LABROO Ÿ PRIMARILY FAMOUS FOR
AUTOMOBILE GLASS OWING TO A MASSIVE 77% SHARE IN THE INDIAN
AUTOMOBILE GLASS MARKET. ASAHI IS ALSO POPULAR FOR ITS
ARCHITECTURAL GLASS AND SOLAR GLASS VARIANTS AS WELL.
2. BORORSIL GLASSWORK
BOROSIL WAS FOUNDED BY PK KHERUKA IN THE YEAR 1962 AND IS BAS
KNOWN FOR THEIR LOW IRON SOLAR GLASS, SCIENTIC AND INDUSTRIAL
GLASS VARIANTS.ED OUT OF MUMBAI.

38. 3. SAINT GOBAIN SEKURIT PVT
A CORE BUSINESS COMPRISING MAINLY OF FLOAT GLASS, AUTOMOTIVE
GLASS AND GLASS CONTAINERS, THIS COMPANY HAS A WORLDWIDE
PRESENCE IN 67 COUNTRIES AND ESTABLISHED IT’S PRESENCE IN INDIA
WAY BACK IN THE YEAR 1996.
4. GUJARAT GUARDIAN LIMITED ( MODIGUARD )
FOUNDED BY MR.VINAY KUMAR MODI. ONE OF THE WORLD’S LEADING
MANUFACTURERS OF OAT AND FABRICATED GLASS AND GUJARAT-BASED
MODI GROUP. IT’S CLEAR OAT GLASS IS USED FOR ARCHITECTURAL
PURPOSES IN BUILDINGS, MALLS, AND TOUGHENED GLASS FOR MIRROR
MAKING.

39. GLASS MANUFACTURING COMPANIES AROUND THE WORLD
•AGC GROUP
•CORNING INC.
•SCHOTT AG
•NSG GROUP…….AND MANY MORE…..

40. 1. WINDOW PLAIN GLASS
RATE- RS 45/ SQUARE FEET ONWARDS
THICKNESS- 4 TO 12MM.
2. TRANSPARENT GLASS
4MM- RS 35 SQ.FT.
5MM- RS 43 SQ.FT.
6MM- RS 52 SQ.FT.
8MM- RS 75 SQ.FT.
10MM-RS 95 SQ.FT.
12MM-RS 110 SQ.FT.
3. TINTED GLASS (SUNGLASS)
3.5MM - RS 40
5 MM - RS 60
4. REFLECTIVE GLASS
3.5MM- RS 40 SQ.FT.
4 MM- RS 44 SQ.FT.
COLOURS AVAILABLE- LIGHT GOLD, GOLDEN BRONZE, AQUA BLUE
5. TOUGHENED GLASS
12MM- RS 165 SQ.FT.
RATES