Glass
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Glass is an amorphous solid made through melting sand, lime, and sodium oxide at high temperatures. Its irregular atomic structure results in varied fracture patterns when broken. Glass properties like density and refractive index are used in forensic investigations. Refractive index is measured by placing glass on a slide with a liquid of known refractive index under a microscope, where Becke lines indicate if the glass or liquid has a higher index.
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Glass as physical evidence
This document discusses glass as physical evidence. It describes the physical properties of glass such as density and refractive index. It explains how density and refractive index are measured in forensic laboratories to identify and compare different types of glass. The document also discusses how glass fractures can provide information in criminal cases and the different types of fractures. It concludes by outlining the proper protocols for collecting and preserving glass evidence.
Crystal Growth_Introduction
This document discusses various methods for crystal growth, including growing crystals from solution and vapor phase. It describes how crystallization occurs as atoms or molecules arrange in a repeating pattern. There are multiple techniques for obtaining crystals depending on the material, such as growing from molten solid, solution, or vapor phase. A common method is growing from solution, which involves precipitating crystals from a saturated solution by techniques like cooling or evaporation to reduce solubility in a controlled manner. Proper conditions like solvent choice, temperature control, and supersaturation levels are important for successful crystal growth.
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Glass forms important forensic evidence in many crimes. It can be analyzed physically and chemically to determine its properties such as density, refractive index, and elemental composition which allows examiners to determine if a crime-related glass fragment originated from a particular source. Glass fractures in characteristic patterns depending on the force applied. Physical matching of glass edges and measurement of physical properties like thickness and curvature also help determine if two glass fragments were once continuous.
GLASS INDUSTRY
Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use.
Chapter 7 glass & glass fragments
Glass forms radial cracks from the point of impact spreading outwards. Concentric cracks form perpendicular to the front surface where the blow lands. By examining the direction of stress lines on the cracks, one can determine which side the glass was broken from. Comparing glass fragments found at a crime scene to a vehicle can help identify hit and run vehicles or determine if glass was broken from inside or outside in robbery cases.
Crystal growth techniques
This document discusses and compares two techniques for growing single crystal silicon: the Bridgman technique and the Czochralski (CZ) technique. It states that while the Bridgman technique is simpler, involving a quartz ampoule, boat, heater and temperature profile, crystals grown with this method contain many dislocations. The CZ technique is more complex but can produce higher quality crystals. It involves controlling a furnace, crystal pulling rate, ambient conditions and system. The document concludes that the CZ technique is preferable for growing single crystal silicon due to producing crystals with fewer defects.
Examination of glass
Glass is a hard, brittle material produced by cooling molten silica, soda, and lime. There are several types of glass including float glass commonly used in windows, laminated glass used in windshields, and tempered safety glass used in car windows. Physical properties like density and refractive index can be used to analyze glass evidence. Examination methods include physical matching of broken edges, measuring density through flotation or using a density gradient column, and determining refractive index through immersion or hot stage methods. Chemical analysis like SEM-EDX can also identify elemental composition. Fracture patterns in glass can provide information about the force and direction that caused the break.
Presentation1-2
Glasses can be manufactured through mixing sand, sodium carbonate, limestone and metallic oxides at high temperatures. There are many types of glasses including soda glass, laminated glass, borosilicate glass and lead glass. Glasses have various applications in optics, household items, and fiberglass due to their high strength in compression and thermal/chemical resistance from additives. Glass ceramics are formed through controlled crystallization of glass, providing greater strength than regular glass and resistance to shock.
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Glass as physical evidence
This document discusses glass as physical evidence. It describes the physical properties of glass such as density and refractive index. It explains how density and refractive index are measured in forensic laboratories to identify and compare different types of glass. The document also discusses how glass fractures can provide information in criminal cases and the different types of fractures. It concludes by outlining the proper protocols for collecting and preserving glass evidence.
Crystal Growth_Introduction
This document discusses various methods for crystal growth, including growing crystals from solution and vapor phase. It describes how crystallization occurs as atoms or molecules arrange in a repeating pattern. There are multiple techniques for obtaining crystals depending on the material, such as growing from molten solid, solution, or vapor phase. A common method is growing from solution, which involves precipitating crystals from a saturated solution by techniques like cooling or evaporation to reduce solubility in a controlled manner. Proper conditions like solvent choice, temperature control, and supersaturation levels are important for successful crystal growth.
ppt
Glass forms important forensic evidence in many crimes. It can be analyzed physically and chemically to determine its properties such as density, refractive index, and elemental composition which allows examiners to determine if a crime-related glass fragment originated from a particular source. Glass fractures in characteristic patterns depending on the force applied. Physical matching of glass edges and measurement of physical properties like thickness and curvature also help determine if two glass fragments were once continuous.
GLASS INDUSTRY
Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use.
Chapter 7 glass & glass fragments
Glass forms radial cracks from the point of impact spreading outwards. Concentric cracks form perpendicular to the front surface where the blow lands. By examining the direction of stress lines on the cracks, one can determine which side the glass was broken from. Comparing glass fragments found at a crime scene to a vehicle can help identify hit and run vehicles or determine if glass was broken from inside or outside in robbery cases.
Crystal growth techniques
This document discusses and compares two techniques for growing single crystal silicon: the Bridgman technique and the Czochralski (CZ) technique. It states that while the Bridgman technique is simpler, involving a quartz ampoule, boat, heater and temperature profile, crystals grown with this method contain many dislocations. The CZ technique is more complex but can produce higher quality crystals. It involves controlling a furnace, crystal pulling rate, ambient conditions and system. The document concludes that the CZ technique is preferable for growing single crystal silicon due to producing crystals with fewer defects.
Examination of glass
Glass is a hard, brittle material produced by cooling molten silica, soda, and lime. There are several types of glass including float glass commonly used in windows, laminated glass used in windshields, and tempered safety glass used in car windows. Physical properties like density and refractive index can be used to analyze glass evidence. Examination methods include physical matching of broken edges, measuring density through flotation or using a density gradient column, and determining refractive index through immersion or hot stage methods. Chemical analysis like SEM-EDX can also identify elemental composition. Fracture patterns in glass can provide information about the force and direction that caused the break.
Presentation1-2
Glasses can be manufactured through mixing sand, sodium carbonate, limestone and metallic oxides at high temperatures. There are many types of glasses including soda glass, laminated glass, borosilicate glass and lead glass. Glasses have various applications in optics, household items, and fiberglass due to their high strength in compression and thermal/chemical resistance from additives. Glass ceramics are formed through controlled crystallization of glass, providing greater strength than regular glass and resistance to shock.
Glass fracture
This document provides an overview of glass examination in forensic science. It defines glass and describes its amorphous internal structure. The document outlines the major types of glass based on manufacturing process and composition, and notes the most common uses. It discusses how glass fragments can be found at crime scenes and their evidentiary value. The document details how glass is collected and preserved as evidence. It explains methods for physical and chemical matching of glass, including examining refractive index, density, and fracture markings. It provides examples of common fracture patterns like radial and concentric fractures. In summary, the document serves as an introduction to the forensic analysis of glass evidence.
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This document discusses glass and soil analysis in forensic science. It provides details on different types of glass, how glass fractures and can be analyzed, and how properties like refractive index can be used to classify glass samples. Soil is also discussed, noting the difficulties in using it for evidence due to its variable nature, though footwear impressions in soil can be analyzed. Various techniques for analyzing glass, like determining fracture sequence and direction of force, are covered.
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This document describes an experiment to determine which type of steel nail will rust first when exposed to different conditions. The experiment involves placing individual nails in glasses containing water, salty water, or leaving one nail in an empty glass. Observations are made over several days, with the conclusion being that the nail submerged in salty water rusted first, followed by the nail in plain water, while the nail in the empty glass did not rust at all.
Glass Kosmaj Serbia
1. Ion beam techniques were used to analyze Roman imperial vessel and window glass samples from Mt. Kosmaj in Serbia. Three distinct compositional groups were identified.
2. Group K1 consisted of window glass with unusually high manganese levels of around 1%, likely due to impurities and inexperienced local glassworkers. Group K2 included vessel glass and colorless/colored glass with manganese around 0.3% and antimony around 0.2% as decolorants. Group K3 was a small amount of pale green glass with natural manganese impurity levels of around 0.2%.
3. The glass was determined to be of the common Roman natron-lime-silica variety
Glass analysis
Glass evidence can provide important clues in criminal investigations. Glass fragments found at a crime scene or on a suspect's clothing may match glass from a broken window or vehicle. The number of glass fragments transferred depends on several factors like distance from the break and type of clothing. Glass is an inorganic, non-crystalline solid made through the quick cooling of molten materials like silica sand, soda, and lime. Common types of glass include float glass, tempered glass, and borosilicate glass. The patterns of cracks in broken glass can indicate whether it was broken from the inside or outside.
Glass ceramics
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This document discusses two common types of crystals - traditional float glass and extra-clear float glass. The main difference between the two is transparency, with extra-clear float glass allowing higher light transmission of up to 91% compared to 84-87% for traditional float glass. Both crystals are commonly used for internal and external installations where simple transparency is required. Extra-clear float glass is optimal for uses like furniture and showcases due to its higher transparency and light transmission properties, though it is around 30% more expensive than traditional float glass.
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Glass
This document discusses the properties of glass that are analyzed in forensic investigations. It describes how glass is made and its amorphous structure. Key properties examined include density, refractive index, and fracture patterns. Radial and concentric fractures are discussed in relation to determining the direction of impact. Methods for analyzing refractive index microscopically and information derived from Becke lines are presented. Bullet impacts on glass are also summarized, including how exit and entry holes can indicate angle of firing. Proper handling of crime scene glass is emphasized.
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Fire and arson
This document discusses definitions related to fire investigation, including the definitions of fire, activation energy, and arson. It then covers the chemistry of fire and the tetrahedron model. The rest of the document outlines the process of investigating a potential arson scene, including identifying the point of origin, presence of accelerants, and analytical methods like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to detect accelerants in fire debris.
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This document discusses fibers and hair analysis in forensic science. It provides details on different types of fibers like natural, synthetic and mineral fibers. It also discusses characteristics used in fiber analysis like size, cross section, color, crimp. Methods of fiber analysis like microscopy, diameter measurement, studying delusterants, refractive index measurement, color analysis using spectroscopy are presented. Chemical analysis methods of fibers like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography are also summarized. The document also provides details on structure, types, growth cycle and racial differences in human hair. Methods used in forensic hair analysis like microscopic investigation, neutron activation analysis and DNA analysis from hair follicles are described.
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The document discusses different types of explosives including deflagration, detonation, low explosives, high explosives, initiating explosives, non-initiating explosives, and improvised explosive devices. It provides examples for each type such as black powder for low explosives, TNT for high explosives, lead azide for initiating explosives, and vehicular bombs for improvised explosive devices. Detection methods for explosives include metal detectors, millimeter wave scanners, and puffer machines.
Glass Analysis in Forensic Science
Glass can be analyzed and compared based on its physical and chemical properties. The refractive index and density are often used to determine if two glass samples could have originated from the same source. Refractive index is the most discriminating property and can be measured using the Becke line method. Other properties like thickness, curvature, fluorescence, and elemental composition through techniques like SEM-EDS can also be analyzed, but require larger sample sizes. The pattern of radial and concentric cracks from a fracture can provide information about the direction of impact.
Glass
Glass evidence can provide important clues at crime scenes. Glass fragments may contain fibers, blood, or be transferred to a suspect's clothes or shoes, linking them to the scene. The density, refractive index, thickness, and fracture patterns of glass fragments can be analyzed and compared to determine if two pieces were once part of the same object. Snell's law describes how light bends as it passes through materials with different refractive indices, allowing examination of glass fragments through various techniques. Careful analysis of glass evidence can help reconstruct events and connect suspects to crimes.
Ophthalmic lens manufacturing
The document discusses the history and process of manufacturing glass and lenses. It provides details on:
1) Glassmaking has been traced back to 3500 BC based on the oldest glass beads, though its discovery is unknown. Glass was initially used for jewelry before being made into art objects in 16th century BC.
2) When heated to high temperatures, sand melts and becomes glass through a molecular structure change.
3) Lens manufacturing involves measuring a patient's prescription, selecting frames, grinding lenses to the correct optical power, and fitting lenses into frames through processes like cutting, edging and mounting.
4) Resin and glass are the two main materials used for ophthalmic lenses.
2.2--POWERPOINT--Forensic_Analysis_of_Glass_2.pptx
1) The document discusses scientific techniques for analyzing physical evidence like glass, including determining density through flotation and refractive index through immersion.
2) It describes how glass fractures can provide information about the force and direction of impact, with radial cracks forming opposite the impact and concentric cracks on the impact side.
3) Examining the shape of holes and stress markings on cracks can help determine which side of a window was broken.
Forensic science soil and glass final
Glass evidence can be found at many crime scenes.
Automobile accident sites may be littered with broken headlight or windshield glass.
The site of a store break-in may contain shards of window glass with fibers or blood on them.
If shots are fired into a window, the sequence and direction of the bullets can often be determined by examining the glass.
Minute particles of glass may be transferred to a suspect’s shoes or clothing and can provide a source of trace evidence linking a suspect to a crime.
Glass as building material by Anas Khan
Glass as building material covered all the glasses with best and suitable examples
Please like share and subscribe to my Youtube channel
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Photonic crystals by self assembly
This document summarizes various methods for self-assembly of photonic crystals, including opals and inverse opals. It discusses how self-assembly provides an alternative to top-down fabrication for creating 3D periodic structures. Specifically, it describes how sedimentation, centrifugation, and physical confinement can be used to assemble colloidal spheres into crystalline structures. It also introduces methods like vertical deposition and floating assembly that rely on capillary forces and evaporation. The document concludes by presenting examples of using atomic layer deposition of TiO2 to infiltrate opal templates and coat ZnO nanorod arrays, creating novel 2D and 3D photonic crystal structures through self-assembly approaches.
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Glass fracture
This document provides an overview of glass examination in forensic science. It defines glass and describes its amorphous internal structure. The document outlines the major types of glass based on manufacturing process and composition, and notes the most common uses. It discusses how glass fragments can be found at crime scenes and their evidentiary value. The document details how glass is collected and preserved as evidence. It explains methods for physical and chemical matching of glass, including examining refractive index, density, and fracture markings. It provides examples of common fracture patterns like radial and concentric fractures. In summary, the document serves as an introduction to the forensic analysis of glass evidence.
Chapter 19 glass soil_new design
This document discusses glass and soil analysis in forensic science. It provides details on different types of glass, how glass fractures and can be analyzed, and how properties like refractive index can be used to classify glass samples. Soil is also discussed, noting the difficulties in using it for evidence due to its variable nature, though footwear impressions in soil can be analyzed. Various techniques for analyzing glass, like determining fracture sequence and direction of force, are covered.
Rusting experiment
This document describes an experiment to determine which type of steel nail will rust first when exposed to different conditions. The experiment involves placing individual nails in glasses containing water, salty water, or leaving one nail in an empty glass. Observations are made over several days, with the conclusion being that the nail submerged in salty water rusted first, followed by the nail in plain water, while the nail in the empty glass did not rust at all.
Glass Kosmaj Serbia
1. Ion beam techniques were used to analyze Roman imperial vessel and window glass samples from Mt. Kosmaj in Serbia. Three distinct compositional groups were identified.
2. Group K1 consisted of window glass with unusually high manganese levels of around 1%, likely due to impurities and inexperienced local glassworkers. Group K2 included vessel glass and colorless/colored glass with manganese around 0.3% and antimony around 0.2% as decolorants. Group K3 was a small amount of pale green glass with natural manganese impurity levels of around 0.2%.
3. The glass was determined to be of the common Roman natron-lime-silica variety
Glass analysis
Glass evidence can provide important clues in criminal investigations. Glass fragments found at a crime scene or on a suspect's clothing may match glass from a broken window or vehicle. The number of glass fragments transferred depends on several factors like distance from the break and type of clothing. Glass is an inorganic, non-crystalline solid made through the quick cooling of molten materials like silica sand, soda, and lime. Common types of glass include float glass, tempered glass, and borosilicate glass. The patterns of cracks in broken glass can indicate whether it was broken from the inside or outside.
Glass ceramics
Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline materials produced by controlled crystallization of specific glass compositions during heat treatment. They typically contain 50-95% crystalline phases with the remainder being residual glass. The crystallization process involves nucleation of small crystalline volumes followed by crystal growth. Several processing routes can be used, including conventional two-stage and single-stage heat treatments, petrurgic cooling, powder methods, and using sol-gel precursor glass. Glass-ceramics find applications in biomedical fields.
types of Cristall in interior architecture
This document discusses two common types of crystals - traditional float glass and extra-clear float glass. The main difference between the two is transparency, with extra-clear float glass allowing higher light transmission of up to 91% compared to 84-87% for traditional float glass. Both crystals are commonly used for internal and external installations where simple transparency is required. Extra-clear float glass is optimal for uses like furniture and showcases due to its higher transparency and light transmission properties, though it is around 30% more expensive than traditional float glass.
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Introduction to Forensic Science
This document provides an overview of forensic science. It begins by defining forensic science as the application of science to matters of criminal and civil law. It discusses Locard's principle of exchange and how physical evidence is crucial. Examples of various types of physical evidence are given. The history and development of forensic science is then outlined, including early contributions from China, Orfila, Bertillon, Galton and others. Finally, the organization and units of a typical forensic science laboratory in India are described.
Glass
This document discusses the properties of glass that are analyzed in forensic investigations. It describes how glass is made and its amorphous structure. Key properties examined include density, refractive index, and fracture patterns. Radial and concentric fractures are discussed in relation to determining the direction of impact. Methods for analyzing refractive index microscopically and information derived from Becke lines are presented. Bullet impacts on glass are also summarized, including how exit and entry holes can indicate angle of firing. Proper handling of crime scene glass is emphasized.
Body fluids
This document discusses various body fluids and the presumptive and confirmatory tests used to identify them at a crime scene. It outlines tests for blood, saliva, urine, semen, fecal stains, and sweat. For blood, tests detect hemoglobin or heme compounds, including the luminol, fluorescein, phenolphthalein, Teichmann, and Takayama tests. Saliva tests identify the enzyme amylase, including using Phadebas tablets. Urine tests detect creatinine or urea. Semen tests identify acid phosphatase or prostate antigens. Fecal tests detect bilirubin breakdown products. And sweat can be identified using crystal violet dye interaction.
Fire and arson
This document discusses definitions related to fire investigation, including the definitions of fire, activation energy, and arson. It then covers the chemistry of fire and the tetrahedron model. The rest of the document outlines the process of investigating a potential arson scene, including identifying the point of origin, presence of accelerants, and analytical methods like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to detect accelerants in fire debris.
Fibers and hairs
This document discusses fibers and hair analysis in forensic science. It provides details on different types of fibers like natural, synthetic and mineral fibers. It also discusses characteristics used in fiber analysis like size, cross section, color, crimp. Methods of fiber analysis like microscopy, diameter measurement, studying delusterants, refractive index measurement, color analysis using spectroscopy are presented. Chemical analysis methods of fibers like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and pyrolysis gas chromatography are also summarized. The document also provides details on structure, types, growth cycle and racial differences in human hair. Methods used in forensic hair analysis like microscopic investigation, neutron activation analysis and DNA analysis from hair follicles are described.
Explosives
The document discusses different types of explosives including deflagration, detonation, low explosives, high explosives, initiating explosives, non-initiating explosives, and improvised explosive devices. It provides examples for each type such as black powder for low explosives, TNT for high explosives, lead azide for initiating explosives, and vehicular bombs for improvised explosive devices. Detection methods for explosives include metal detectors, millimeter wave scanners, and puffer machines.
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Glass can be analyzed and compared based on its physical and chemical properties. The refractive index and density are often used to determine if two glass samples could have originated from the same source. Refractive index is the most discriminating property and can be measured using the Becke line method. Other properties like thickness, curvature, fluorescence, and elemental composition through techniques like SEM-EDS can also be analyzed, but require larger sample sizes. The pattern of radial and concentric cracks from a fracture can provide information about the direction of impact.
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Glass evidence can provide important clues at crime scenes. Glass fragments may contain fibers, blood, or be transferred to a suspect's clothes or shoes, linking them to the scene. The density, refractive index, thickness, and fracture patterns of glass fragments can be analyzed and compared to determine if two pieces were once part of the same object. Snell's law describes how light bends as it passes through materials with different refractive indices, allowing examination of glass fragments through various techniques. Careful analysis of glass evidence can help reconstruct events and connect suspects to crimes.
Ophthalmic lens manufacturing
The document discusses the history and process of manufacturing glass and lenses. It provides details on:
1) Glassmaking has been traced back to 3500 BC based on the oldest glass beads, though its discovery is unknown. Glass was initially used for jewelry before being made into art objects in 16th century BC.
2) When heated to high temperatures, sand melts and becomes glass through a molecular structure change.
3) Lens manufacturing involves measuring a patient's prescription, selecting frames, grinding lenses to the correct optical power, and fitting lenses into frames through processes like cutting, edging and mounting.
4) Resin and glass are the two main materials used for ophthalmic lenses.
2.2--POWERPOINT--Forensic_Analysis_of_Glass_2.pptx
1) The document discusses scientific techniques for analyzing physical evidence like glass, including determining density through flotation and refractive index through immersion.
2) It describes how glass fractures can provide information about the force and direction of impact, with radial cracks forming opposite the impact and concentric cracks on the impact side.
3) Examining the shape of holes and stress markings on cracks can help determine which side of a window was broken.
Forensic science soil and glass final
Glass evidence can be found at many crime scenes.
Automobile accident sites may be littered with broken headlight or windshield glass.
The site of a store break-in may contain shards of window glass with fibers or blood on them.
If shots are fired into a window, the sequence and direction of the bullets can often be determined by examining the glass.
Minute particles of glass may be transferred to a suspect’s shoes or clothing and can provide a source of trace evidence linking a suspect to a crime.
Glass as building material by Anas Khan
Glass as building material covered all the glasses with best and suitable examples
Please like share and subscribe to my Youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaUEYWPKaJItDDLpc-ZOl4w
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This document summarizes various methods for self-assembly of photonic crystals, including opals and inverse opals. It discusses how self-assembly provides an alternative to top-down fabrication for creating 3D periodic structures. Specifically, it describes how sedimentation, centrifugation, and physical confinement can be used to assemble colloidal spheres into crystalline structures. It also introduces methods like vertical deposition and floating assembly that rely on capillary forces and evaporation. The document concludes by presenting examples of using atomic layer deposition of TiO2 to infiltrate opal templates and coat ZnO nanorod arrays, creating novel 2D and 3D photonic crystal structures through self-assembly approaches.
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Glass is a hard, brittle substance composed of sand mixed with metal oxides that is melted and cooled without crystallizing. It is formed by mixing sand with ingredients like soda and lime, then melting the mixture at high temperatures. There are different types of glass like float glass, borosilicate glass, tempered glass, and laminated glass, each with different chemical compositions and properties. Glass evidence can be analyzed based on its density, refractive index, and fracture patterns to potentially match glass fragments from a crime scene to a source.
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3. There are many types of glass including soda lime glass, flint glass, Pyrex glass, and laminated glass, each with different optical and safety properties used for windows, containers, and other applications.
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Glass
- 1. Dr. Sangeetha Balakrishnan PG Department of Chemistry Women’s Christian College Chennai – 600 006 Glass 13 January, 2017 Forensic Science PCH/NM/01
- 2. What is Glass? • Glass is a hard, amorphous material made by melting sand (silicon dioxide), lime (Calcium oxide) and sodium oxide at very high temperatures. • Sodium oxide is added to reduce the melting point of sand. • Calcium oxide is added to prevent glass from being soluble in water. SiO2 + CaO + Na2O (melt, high temp) Glass
- 3. Glass is called an amorphous solid because its atoms are arranged in a random fashion. Because of its irregular atomic structure, when glass is broken, it produces a variety of fracture patterns.
- 4. Properties of glass that are used in forensic investigations • Density Density = mass/volume Unit: g/mL
- 5. • Refractive Index (µ): It is a measure of how light bends as it passes from one medium to another. µ = speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium (medium = glass)
- 6. Microscopic Determination of Refractive Index of Glass • Place the glass on a slide surrounded by a liquid of known refractive index. • Place the slide on the microscopic stage and focus the lens. i) If the glass seems to disappear, then the glass and the liquid have the same refractive index. ii) If the glass seems visible, then the glass and the surrounding medium have different refractive indices. • Look for Becke Lines.
- 8. • Becke Lines: When the refractive index of the glass is different from the refractive index of the medium, then a halo-like ring appears on the edge of the glass. This halo-like effect is called a Becke Line. The Becke Line is located in the medium that has a higher refractive index.
- 9. Info obtained from Becke Line • If the Becke Line is located inside the perimeter of the glass, then the refractive index of the glass is higher than the refractive index of the surrounding medium. • If the Becke Line is located on the outside the perimeter of the glass, then the refractive index of the surrounding medium is higher than the refractive index of glass.