GLASS MARKET
SURVEY AT NOIDA
FOR THREE TYPES
OF GLASSES:
1]MIRROR
2]LAMINATED
3]PATTERNED
with what is glass and its properties.
MADE BY:DEVAGYA GANDHI,SAUHARD KUKRETI AND SHUBHAM SHARMA ONLY.
hello! find the details about composite climate and aurabindo ashramam here. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
This presentation gives complete detail about the production, construction and applications with examples of different types of glass and polymers used in buildings
Glass is manufactured through a process of melting raw materials at high temperatures, floating the molten glass on a bed of tin, and gradually cooling and annealing the glass to remove internal stresses. The main types of glass are float glass, shatterproof laminated glass, and toughened glass. Glass has properties of hardness, transparency, and electric insulation and is used widely in construction for windows, doors, and glazing due to its ability to transmit light while being weather resistant. However, glass is also brittle and prone to breaking, making it a somewhat hazardous and expensive material.
The document provides information on structural glazing and curtain walls. It discusses the history and types of structural glazing, including bolted glazing, fin supported glazing, cable supported glazing, and two-sided and four-sided structural glazing. The differences between structural glazing and curtain walls are outlined. Curtain walls are described as non-structural outer walls, while structural glazing involves bonding glass to the building structure. Common curtain wall types like stick systems, semi-unitized systems and unitized systems are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of domes and vaults used in architecture. It defines a dome as a rounded vault resembling half of a sphere, which can be supported by columns transitioning to the dome. The main types of domes discussed are geodesic, hemispherical, umbrella, onion, and oval domes. Geodesic domes use a network of triangles to create a self-bracing structure. Vaults are ceilings built on arch principles, with common types being barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Barrel vaults are semi-circular, while groin vaults are formed by intersecting barrel vaults. Rib vaults use reinforcing ribs.
The document discusses strategies for architecture in hot and dry climates. It defines hot and dry climates as having average monthly temperatures over 30°C and relative humidity under 55%. Key strategies mentioned include compact building forms, minimizing sun exposure through orientation and shading, maximizing ventilation, using heat-storing wall materials, and incorporating courtyards to provide cross ventilation and natural cooling.
Structural glazing provides energy and daylight balance for a 4mm glass pane. A 4mm glass pane was analyzed for its energy transmission and daylighting potential when used in structural glazing applications. The analysis found that a 4mm thick glass pane in a structural glazing system achieves an optimal balance of energy transmission and daylighting.
hello! find the details about composite climate and aurabindo ashramam here. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
This presentation gives complete detail about the production, construction and applications with examples of different types of glass and polymers used in buildings
Glass is manufactured through a process of melting raw materials at high temperatures, floating the molten glass on a bed of tin, and gradually cooling and annealing the glass to remove internal stresses. The main types of glass are float glass, shatterproof laminated glass, and toughened glass. Glass has properties of hardness, transparency, and electric insulation and is used widely in construction for windows, doors, and glazing due to its ability to transmit light while being weather resistant. However, glass is also brittle and prone to breaking, making it a somewhat hazardous and expensive material.
The document provides information on structural glazing and curtain walls. It discusses the history and types of structural glazing, including bolted glazing, fin supported glazing, cable supported glazing, and two-sided and four-sided structural glazing. The differences between structural glazing and curtain walls are outlined. Curtain walls are described as non-structural outer walls, while structural glazing involves bonding glass to the building structure. Common curtain wall types like stick systems, semi-unitized systems and unitized systems are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of domes and vaults used in architecture. It defines a dome as a rounded vault resembling half of a sphere, which can be supported by columns transitioning to the dome. The main types of domes discussed are geodesic, hemispherical, umbrella, onion, and oval domes. Geodesic domes use a network of triangles to create a self-bracing structure. Vaults are ceilings built on arch principles, with common types being barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Barrel vaults are semi-circular, while groin vaults are formed by intersecting barrel vaults. Rib vaults use reinforcing ribs.
The document discusses strategies for architecture in hot and dry climates. It defines hot and dry climates as having average monthly temperatures over 30°C and relative humidity under 55%. Key strategies mentioned include compact building forms, minimizing sun exposure through orientation and shading, maximizing ventilation, using heat-storing wall materials, and incorporating courtyards to provide cross ventilation and natural cooling.
Structural glazing provides energy and daylight balance for a 4mm glass pane. A 4mm glass pane was analyzed for its energy transmission and daylighting potential when used in structural glazing applications. The analysis found that a 4mm thick glass pane in a structural glazing system achieves an optimal balance of energy transmission and daylighting.
Wooden cladding offers several advantages for building exteriors, including design freedom, ease of installation, and ability to withstand stresses. Proper installation is important to prevent moisture damage - cladding should be sealed and finished before installation, with flashing added at joints and openings. Regular maintenance of finishes helps protect the cladding from swelling, shrinking, and discoloration over time.
The document discusses glass partition walls and hollow glass blocks. It describes that glass partition walls use a wooden frame with glass sheets fixed into panels divided by horizontal and vertical posts. Glass blocks are translucent square or rectangular glass units that are laid using mortar and sometimes metal reinforcement. Glass partition walls and blocks provide architectural effects while being light, soundproof, fireproof and heatproof. Proper installation following guidelines is important due to the expansion and contraction of glass.
Metal Cladding has provided coating applications to industries since 1943. The document discusses different types of cladding materials like wood, concrete, stone, and metals. It focuses on metal cladding, noting that metals provide strong and durable protection for buildings while also allowing for aesthetic versatility. Specific metals discussed include aluminum, steel, and copper, outlining their common uses, benefits, and drawbacks for cladding.
Structural glazing is a system using flat panels consisting of a thermoplastic core bonded between two aluminum sheets. It is used in architectural applications on clear and tinted glass. Structural glazing offers flexibility in designs and sections while improving building thermal efficiency. It has various applications such as rooflights, facades, and canopies. Though more expensive initially than other options, structural glazing provides benefits like modern appearance, light weight, sound and pollution insulation, and resistance to weathering.
Curtain walls are non-load bearing exterior walls that hang from the building structure. They allow for larger windows and more open floor plans compared to load bearing walls. Common materials for curtain walls are glass and aluminum due to their strength, light weight, and ability to limit heat transfer. Curtain walls are classified based on their method of construction, with common types being stick wall, unitized wall, and window wall systems. Proper design of curtain wall systems is important to handle loads, transfers stresses to the building structure, and prevents air and water infiltration.
Glass blocks are a unique building material developed in the 1900s to provide natural light. They come in various sizes, styles, and colors and can be used as non-load bearing walls, windows, or partitions. Glass blocks allow natural light to pass through while providing privacy, security, durability, and insulation. They have numerous advantages for both residential and commercial buildings.
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
The document discusses the traditional vernacular architecture of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. It is characterized by the use of local materials like golden sandstone, which is soft and easily carved. Houses are constructed without mortar by cutting "scissors" into the stone. Traditional houses feature courtyards, thick insulating walls, small windows for light and ventilation, and textured surfaces to minimize heat gain. Local plants are used for construction, and mud, sand, cow dung and plant fibers form insulated roofs and walls. The architecture is adapted to the hot, arid climate with dense forms, orientation according to wind patterns, and other passive cooling techniques.
This document discusses different types of cladding materials used in construction. It describes stone, timber, brick, metal, glass, and rainscreen cladding. Stone cladding uses thin stone layers attached to buildings for aesthetics. Timber cladding uses horizontal wood boards or shingles for a rustic look. Brick and metal cladding provide protection from weather elements while glass cladding allows light transmission and a sense of openness. Rainscreen cladding features an outer ventilated layer and inner insulating layer to manage moisture and energy efficiency.
Glass has been used in architecture for windows and other features for centuries. The document discusses the history of glassmaking, including how glass blowing began in Europe in the 1st century and the crown glass process developed in the 11th century. It also summarizes the types of glass used today like insulating glass and laminated glass, and discusses the advantages like allowing views and natural light indoors, and disadvantages like high costs and security/ventilation challenges. The document provides details on the iconic Crystal Palace built in London in 1851 that pioneered the large-scale use of glass in construction.
Aluminum sliding folding doors are stackable folding doors made of multiple aluminum panels. They slide and stack neatly to one or two sides, allowing for an unobstructed transition between indoor and outdoor areas. With up to 10 or 12 panels, large openings of multiple combinations can be easily managed. The doors are made of robust aluminum profiles for strength and rigidity, and use high-quality stainless steel and nylon rollers for easy gliding.
Cladding is a material applied over another to provide weather protection or aesthetic appeal for buildings. It controls infiltration, observes vapor egress, and provides durable and aesthetically pleasing appearances. Cladding materials include timber, PVC, stone, glass, and ceramics for interiors and terra cotta, metal, fiber cement, and brick for exteriors. Cladding serves primary roles of weather protection and secondary roles of insulation, fire resistance, and ease of cleaning.
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
False ceiling is constructed below the roof to control temperature, install lights, and conceal wiring. It has suspended supports and components like panels, grids, and moldings. False ceilings come in various materials like gypsum, plaster of Paris, fiber, wood, glass, and metal. Gypsum and plaster of Paris ceilings are lightweight and insulated while fiber ceilings are inexpensive and easy to install. False ceilings provide benefits like a smooth surface, fire protection, and hiding of building elements, but can trap pests and reduce ceiling height.
Timber - Types of Woods, Plywood, Veneer, Laminate, Blockboard with Market Su...Uma Pandey
Presentation for Interior Students. Market survey on Timber (Plywood, Veneer, Laminate etc) with their prices, thickness and Sizes available in the market
This document provides case studies on several buildings that utilize passive cooling and heating systems to reduce energy usage. It summarizes the sustainable features of the Druk White Lotus School in Ladakh, India which uses passive solar heating and natural ventilation. It also describes the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in Delhi which saves 40% energy and 55% water usage through passive design strategies like optimal building orientation and integration with nature. Finally, it discusses the passive cooling techniques used at the TERI campus in Bangalore like good cross ventilation and utilizing thick southern walls.
Building cladding refers to the exterior materials used to cover the outside of a building. It serves both a decorative and protective purpose, shielding the building from weather elements while also complementing its architectural style. There are different types of cladding materials like timber, stone, metal, and glass, as well as various installation systems like attached, curtain wall, and infill panels. Cladding provides insulation and protection for the building while allowing for various aesthetic designs.
The document discusses curtain wall systems. It begins with an introduction defining a curtain wall system as a non-structural outer covering that keeps weather and occupants in/out. The history notes that curtain walls emerged as exterior walls became non-load bearing. It describes the components of curtain walls including mullions, transoms, glass, and other materials. Functions are listed as protecting interiors from the environment while providing lighting and occupant comfort. The document also covers installation systems, loads, maintenance, and provides case studies of curtain wall implementations.
The document discusses the history and types of sliding doors. It notes that sliding doors were used as early as the 1st century CE in Roman houses, as evidenced by archaeological finds in Pompeii, Italy. There are two standard types of mechanisms used to operate sliding doors - top hung and bottom rolling. In a top hung system, the door is hung from two trolley hangers at the top that run in a concealed track, taking all the weight, while bottom guides prevent sideways swinging. A bottom rolling system uses two rollers at the bottom running on a track with two top guides, with all the weight on the bottom wheels and more force needed to move the door.
Glass evidence can provide important clues at crime scenes. Glass fragments may contain fibers, blood, or be transferred to a suspect's clothes or shoes, linking them to the scene. The density, refractive index, thickness, and fracture patterns of glass fragments can be analyzed and compared to determine if two pieces were once part of the same object. Snell's law describes how light bends as it passes through materials with different refractive indices, allowing examination of glass fragments through various techniques. Careful analysis of glass evidence can help reconstruct events and connect suspects to crimes.
This document provides an overview of glass, including its composition, properties, production methods, types, uses, and recycling. It discusses how glass is made by melting raw materials like sand at high temperatures and shaping it through blowing. Different types of glass like soda-lime, lead-alkali, and borosilicate vary in their properties, costs, and applications. The document also outlines how glass is used in architecture, art, medical devices, and its growing use in home construction. It concludes with a brief discussion of glass recycling.
Wooden cladding offers several advantages for building exteriors, including design freedom, ease of installation, and ability to withstand stresses. Proper installation is important to prevent moisture damage - cladding should be sealed and finished before installation, with flashing added at joints and openings. Regular maintenance of finishes helps protect the cladding from swelling, shrinking, and discoloration over time.
The document discusses glass partition walls and hollow glass blocks. It describes that glass partition walls use a wooden frame with glass sheets fixed into panels divided by horizontal and vertical posts. Glass blocks are translucent square or rectangular glass units that are laid using mortar and sometimes metal reinforcement. Glass partition walls and blocks provide architectural effects while being light, soundproof, fireproof and heatproof. Proper installation following guidelines is important due to the expansion and contraction of glass.
Metal Cladding has provided coating applications to industries since 1943. The document discusses different types of cladding materials like wood, concrete, stone, and metals. It focuses on metal cladding, noting that metals provide strong and durable protection for buildings while also allowing for aesthetic versatility. Specific metals discussed include aluminum, steel, and copper, outlining their common uses, benefits, and drawbacks for cladding.
Structural glazing is a system using flat panels consisting of a thermoplastic core bonded between two aluminum sheets. It is used in architectural applications on clear and tinted glass. Structural glazing offers flexibility in designs and sections while improving building thermal efficiency. It has various applications such as rooflights, facades, and canopies. Though more expensive initially than other options, structural glazing provides benefits like modern appearance, light weight, sound and pollution insulation, and resistance to weathering.
Curtain walls are non-load bearing exterior walls that hang from the building structure. They allow for larger windows and more open floor plans compared to load bearing walls. Common materials for curtain walls are glass and aluminum due to their strength, light weight, and ability to limit heat transfer. Curtain walls are classified based on their method of construction, with common types being stick wall, unitized wall, and window wall systems. Proper design of curtain wall systems is important to handle loads, transfers stresses to the building structure, and prevents air and water infiltration.
Glass blocks are a unique building material developed in the 1900s to provide natural light. They come in various sizes, styles, and colors and can be used as non-load bearing walls, windows, or partitions. Glass blocks allow natural light to pass through while providing privacy, security, durability, and insulation. They have numerous advantages for both residential and commercial buildings.
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
The document discusses the traditional vernacular architecture of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. It is characterized by the use of local materials like golden sandstone, which is soft and easily carved. Houses are constructed without mortar by cutting "scissors" into the stone. Traditional houses feature courtyards, thick insulating walls, small windows for light and ventilation, and textured surfaces to minimize heat gain. Local plants are used for construction, and mud, sand, cow dung and plant fibers form insulated roofs and walls. The architecture is adapted to the hot, arid climate with dense forms, orientation according to wind patterns, and other passive cooling techniques.
This document discusses different types of cladding materials used in construction. It describes stone, timber, brick, metal, glass, and rainscreen cladding. Stone cladding uses thin stone layers attached to buildings for aesthetics. Timber cladding uses horizontal wood boards or shingles for a rustic look. Brick and metal cladding provide protection from weather elements while glass cladding allows light transmission and a sense of openness. Rainscreen cladding features an outer ventilated layer and inner insulating layer to manage moisture and energy efficiency.
Glass has been used in architecture for windows and other features for centuries. The document discusses the history of glassmaking, including how glass blowing began in Europe in the 1st century and the crown glass process developed in the 11th century. It also summarizes the types of glass used today like insulating glass and laminated glass, and discusses the advantages like allowing views and natural light indoors, and disadvantages like high costs and security/ventilation challenges. The document provides details on the iconic Crystal Palace built in London in 1851 that pioneered the large-scale use of glass in construction.
Aluminum sliding folding doors are stackable folding doors made of multiple aluminum panels. They slide and stack neatly to one or two sides, allowing for an unobstructed transition between indoor and outdoor areas. With up to 10 or 12 panels, large openings of multiple combinations can be easily managed. The doors are made of robust aluminum profiles for strength and rigidity, and use high-quality stainless steel and nylon rollers for easy gliding.
Cladding is a material applied over another to provide weather protection or aesthetic appeal for buildings. It controls infiltration, observes vapor egress, and provides durable and aesthetically pleasing appearances. Cladding materials include timber, PVC, stone, glass, and ceramics for interiors and terra cotta, metal, fiber cement, and brick for exteriors. Cladding serves primary roles of weather protection and secondary roles of insulation, fire resistance, and ease of cleaning.
The document discusses different types of wall panelling materials and their uses. It describes various panelling materials like wood, metal, acoustic and structural panels. Wood panelling provides insulation and decorative appearance. Panelling is used to cover walls for aesthetic purposes and can provide insulation, soundproofing and reduce construction costs. Common panelling materials mentioned include wood, metal, laminate and tileboard panels.
False ceiling is constructed below the roof to control temperature, install lights, and conceal wiring. It has suspended supports and components like panels, grids, and moldings. False ceilings come in various materials like gypsum, plaster of Paris, fiber, wood, glass, and metal. Gypsum and plaster of Paris ceilings are lightweight and insulated while fiber ceilings are inexpensive and easy to install. False ceilings provide benefits like a smooth surface, fire protection, and hiding of building elements, but can trap pests and reduce ceiling height.
Timber - Types of Woods, Plywood, Veneer, Laminate, Blockboard with Market Su...Uma Pandey
Presentation for Interior Students. Market survey on Timber (Plywood, Veneer, Laminate etc) with their prices, thickness and Sizes available in the market
This document provides case studies on several buildings that utilize passive cooling and heating systems to reduce energy usage. It summarizes the sustainable features of the Druk White Lotus School in Ladakh, India which uses passive solar heating and natural ventilation. It also describes the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in Delhi which saves 40% energy and 55% water usage through passive design strategies like optimal building orientation and integration with nature. Finally, it discusses the passive cooling techniques used at the TERI campus in Bangalore like good cross ventilation and utilizing thick southern walls.
Building cladding refers to the exterior materials used to cover the outside of a building. It serves both a decorative and protective purpose, shielding the building from weather elements while also complementing its architectural style. There are different types of cladding materials like timber, stone, metal, and glass, as well as various installation systems like attached, curtain wall, and infill panels. Cladding provides insulation and protection for the building while allowing for various aesthetic designs.
The document discusses curtain wall systems. It begins with an introduction defining a curtain wall system as a non-structural outer covering that keeps weather and occupants in/out. The history notes that curtain walls emerged as exterior walls became non-load bearing. It describes the components of curtain walls including mullions, transoms, glass, and other materials. Functions are listed as protecting interiors from the environment while providing lighting and occupant comfort. The document also covers installation systems, loads, maintenance, and provides case studies of curtain wall implementations.
The document discusses the history and types of sliding doors. It notes that sliding doors were used as early as the 1st century CE in Roman houses, as evidenced by archaeological finds in Pompeii, Italy. There are two standard types of mechanisms used to operate sliding doors - top hung and bottom rolling. In a top hung system, the door is hung from two trolley hangers at the top that run in a concealed track, taking all the weight, while bottom guides prevent sideways swinging. A bottom rolling system uses two rollers at the bottom running on a track with two top guides, with all the weight on the bottom wheels and more force needed to move the door.
Glass evidence can provide important clues at crime scenes. Glass fragments may contain fibers, blood, or be transferred to a suspect's clothes or shoes, linking them to the scene. The density, refractive index, thickness, and fracture patterns of glass fragments can be analyzed and compared to determine if two pieces were once part of the same object. Snell's law describes how light bends as it passes through materials with different refractive indices, allowing examination of glass fragments through various techniques. Careful analysis of glass evidence can help reconstruct events and connect suspects to crimes.
This document provides an overview of glass, including its composition, properties, production methods, types, uses, and recycling. It discusses how glass is made by melting raw materials like sand at high temperatures and shaping it through blowing. Different types of glass like soda-lime, lead-alkali, and borosilicate vary in their properties, costs, and applications. The document also outlines how glass is used in architecture, art, medical devices, and its growing use in home construction. It concludes with a brief discussion of glass recycling.
It is made from sand(silicone dioxide), soda ash(sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate), lime, alumina, potassium oxide.
Glass is the most-used cladding material for tall buildings due to its strength, light weight, durability, and wide range of available optical and thermal properties. It has seemingly unlimited optical and aesthetic possibilities.
Glasses structures, properties and applicationsRushikesh Raval
This document defines glass and describes its structure, history, production process, types, properties and applications. Specifically, it states that glass is an inorganic, amorphous solid formed by rapid cooling of molten materials. It has no long-range crystal structure and is actually a very viscous liquid at high temperatures. The document outlines the key raw materials used to produce different types of glass, including silica, soda ash, limestone and lead oxide. It then describes common glass types like silica glass, borosilicate glass, lead glass and sodalime glass. The document concludes by listing some key properties and applications of glass in areas like solar cells, optics and construction materials.
This document provides an overview of glass examination in forensic science. It defines glass and describes its amorphous internal structure. The document outlines the major types of glass based on manufacturing process and composition, and notes the most common uses. It discusses how glass fragments can be found at crime scenes and their evidentiary value. The document details how glass is collected and preserved as evidence. It explains methods for physical and chemical matching of glass, including examining refractive index, density, and fracture markings. It provides examples of common fracture patterns like radial and concentric fractures. In summary, the document serves as an introduction to the forensic analysis of glass evidence.
Glass is an inorganic product of fusion that has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing. Glass is typically hard and brittle, and has a conchoidal fracture. A glass may be colorless or colored. It is usually transparent, but may be made translucent or opaque (such as in white, opal glass). Objects made of glass are loosely and popularly referred to as glass; such as glass for a tumbler, a barometer, a window, a magnifier, or a mirror. The subject of studying glass in materials science is an important part.
The document discusses the history and process of manufacturing glass and lenses. It provides details on:
1) Glassmaking has been traced back to 3500 BC based on the oldest glass beads, though its discovery is unknown. Glass was initially used for jewelry before being made into art objects in 16th century BC.
2) When heated to high temperatures, sand melts and becomes glass through a molecular structure change.
3) Lens manufacturing involves measuring a patient's prescription, selecting frames, grinding lenses to the correct optical power, and fitting lenses into frames through processes like cutting, edging and mounting.
4) Resin and glass are the two main materials used for ophthalmic lenses.
Glass evidence can be found at many crime scenes.
Automobile accident sites may be littered with broken headlight or windshield glass.
The site of a store break-in may contain shards of window glass with fibers or blood on them.
If shots are fired into a window, the sequence and direction of the bullets can often be determined by examining the glass.
Minute particles of glass may be transferred to a suspect’s shoes or clothing and can provide a source of trace evidence linking a suspect to a crime.
Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid made through melting raw materials like sand, lime, and soda at high temperatures. It is fabricated through processes like moulding, annealing, and finishing. Common types of glass include float glass, laminated glass, and toughened glass. Glass has properties like hardness, transparency, and recyclability. It has widespread uses like windows, tableware, and electronics. Glass is tested for properties like flexibility, fire resistance, weathering, and radiation resistance through tests such as bending, fire, impact, temperature, and radiation tests.
Glass is a hard, brittle material that is generally transparent. It is the most abundant substance on Earth and is made primarily of silica. Glass has many uses including windows, containers, optics, insulation, and reinforcement. The properties of glass make it suitable for different applications depending on its composition and processing.
This document discusses the physical properties and characteristics of glass fractures. It describes three main types of fractures:
1. Radial fractures originate on the opposite side of impact and resemble spokes on a wheel, caused as the glass bends away from the point of impact.
2. Concentric fractures form circles connecting the radial fractures as the newly formed glass triangles between radial fractures also bend away from the force.
3. Conchoidal fractures cause the broken glass edges to appear shell-like in form with elevations or depressions.
The document also differentiates fractures caused by heat (wave-shaped), blunt impact (showing radial and concentric patterns), and high velocity projectiles (larger exit
Glass is made from silica and other additives like soda ash and lime. Modern glass uses sand, soda ash, and limestone. Different colors are achieved by adding metal compounds like cobalt for blue. The float glass process involves floating molten glass on liquid tin to create flat sheets. Float glass makes up most flat glass products and is made in thicknesses from 2-25mm. Non-sheet glass includes cast glass blocks and profiled sections. Sheet glass undergoes further processing like annealing, toughening, laminating, etching, and adding coatings. Structural glass elements use toughened glass in columns, fins, and load-bearing walls fixed with clamps or adhesive.
Glass plays an essential role in building facades as a transparent material that separates interior and exterior spaces. It is made by melting raw materials at high temperatures and can be molded into various shapes and textures. Glass allows buildings to connect to the outside world while maintaining an enclosure. The document discusses different types of glass like laminated, tempered, wired, and low-emissivity glass, and their characteristics and common applications in construction. It also outlines the typical raw materials used to manufacture glass and its history of discovery.
Glass can be modified at the nanoscale to gain new properties. Self-cleaning glass uses a titanium dioxide coating that reacts to UV light, loosening dirt which is then washed away by a hydrophilic surface. Other types of nano-coated glass include switchable glass, which can change from transparent to opaque with an applied voltage, and anti-reflective glass with coatings that reduce light reflection. Aerogels provide exceptional thermal insulation and are being used in laminated glass applications.
This document discusses the different types of glass, their properties, and uses. It describes the basic structure and composition of glass. The main types discussed are soda lime glass, lead glass, fused silica, borosilicate glass, and aluminosilicate glass. Each have different thermal expansion and heat resistance properties making some more suitable for high temperature uses. The document also covers glass etching, sandblasting, tinting, wiring, and insulated glass for energy efficiency. Common applications of glass include windows, containers, optics, and fire barriers.
Glass is an amorphous solid made by rapidly cooling molten materials such as silica, soda ash, limestone, and lead. It has no definite melting point and softens over a range of temperatures. Glass is produced through melting and refining raw materials, forming the molten glass through various techniques like pressing or blowing, heat treating for strength and annealing, and finishing the surface. The main types of glass are soda-lime glass which is low-cost but not acid resistant, lead glass which has high refractive index, and borosilicate glass which is heat and chemically resistant. Recent developments include bioactive glass for bone repair and replacement.
1. Glass is made by heating sand, limestone, and soda ash to over 1700 degrees Celsius in a furnace, which allows the materials to melt and form a clear jelly-like substance.
2. Glass has been made since at least 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia, and glassmaking later developed in ancient Egypt, Rome, China, and other societies throughout history.
3. There are many types of glass including soda lime glass, flint glass, Pyrex glass, and laminated glass, each with different optical and safety properties used for windows, containers, and other applications.
Glass as building material covered all the glasses with best and suitable examples
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
GLASS MARKET SURVEY AT NOIDA FOR THREE TYPES OF GLASSES: 1]MIRROR 2]LAMINATED 3]PATTERNED
1. GLASS MARKET
SURVEY AT NOIDA
FOR THREE TYPES
OF GLASSES:
1]MIRROR
2]LAMINATED
3]PATTERNED
MADE BY:
DEVAGYA GANDHI
SHUBHAM SHARMA
SAUHARD KUKRETI
SUBMITTEDTO
AR.SAMREEN SULTAN
MA’AM
2.
3. Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative
use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of the
molten form; some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring.The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types
of manufactured glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica (silicon dioxide, or quartz), the primary
constituent of sand. Soda-lime glass, containing around 70% silica, accounts for around 90% of manufactured glass.The term
glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, although silica-free glasses often have desirable
properties for applications in modern communications technology. Some objects, such as drinking glasses and eyeglasses,
are so commonly made of silicate-based glass that they are simply called by the name of the material.
Although brittle, silicate glass is extremely durable and many examples of glass fragments exist from early glass-making
cultures.Archaeological evidence suggests glass-making dates back to at least 3,600 BC in Mesopotamia, Egypt, or Syria.The
earliest known glass objects were beads, perhaps created accidentally during metalworking or the production of faience.
Due to its ease of formability into any shape, glass has been traditionally used for vessels, such as bowls, vases, bottles, jars
and drinking glasses. In its most solid forms, it has also been used for paperweights and marbles. Glass can be coloured by
adding metal salts or painted and printed with vitreous enamels, leading to its use in stained glass windows and other glass
art objects.
The refractive, reflective and transmission properties of glass make glass suitable for manufacturing optical lenses, prisms,
and optoelectronics materials. Extruded glass fibres have application as optical fibres in communications networks, thermal
insulating material when matted as glass wool so as to trap air, or in glass-fibre reinforced plastic (fibre glass).
4. The standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching.
However, the term "glass" is often defined in a broader sense, to describe any non-crystalline
(amorphous) solid that exhibits a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state.
Glass is an amorphous solid.Although the atomic-scale structure of glass shares characteristics of
the structure of a supercooled liquid, glass exhibits all the mechanical properties of a solid.As in
other amorphous solids, the atomic structure of a glass lacks the long-range periodicity observed
in crystalline solids. Due to chemical bonding constraints, glasses do possess a high degree of
short-range order with respect to local atomic polyhedra.The notion that glass flows to an
appreciable extent over extended periods of time is not supported by empirical research or
theoretical analysis (see viscosity in solids). Laboratory measurements of room temperature glass
flow do show a motion consistent with a material viscosity on the order of 1017–1018 Pa s.
The standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. However, the term "glass" is often
defined in a broader sense, to describe any non-crystalline (amorphous) solid that exhibits a glass transition when heated
towards the liquid state.
Glass is an amorphous solid.Although the atomic-scale structure of glass shares characteristics of the structure of a supercooled
liquid, glass exhibits all the mechanical properties of a solid.As in other amorphous solids, the atomic structure of a glass lacks
the long-range periodicity observed in crystalline solids. Due to chemical bonding constraints, glasses do possess a high degree
of short-range order with respect to local atomic polyhedra.The notion that glass flows to an appreciable extent over extended
periods of time is not supported by empirical research or theoretical analysis (see viscosity in solids). Laboratory measurements
of room temperature glass flow do show a motion consistent with a material viscosity on the order of 1017–1018 Pa s.
Formation from a supercooled liquid:
5. Glass can form naturally from volcanic magma. Obsidian is a common volcanic glass with high silica (SiO2) content formed when
felsic lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly. Impactite is a form of glass formed by the impact of a meteorite, where
Moldavite (found in central and eastern Europe), and Libyan desert glass (found in areas in the eastern Sahara, the deserts of
eastern Libya and western Egypt) are notable examples.Vitrification of quartz can also occur when lightning strikes sand, forming
hollow, branching rootlike structures called fulgurites.Trinitite is a glassy residue formed from the desert floor sand at the Trinity
nuclear bomb test site.Edeowie glass, found in South Australia, is proposed to originate from Pleistocene grassland fires, lightning
strikes, or hypervelocity impact by one or several asteroids or comets.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. A mirror is an object that reflects an image. Light that bounces off a mirror will show an image of whatever is in front of it, when
focused through the lens of the eye or a camera. Mirrors reverse the direction of the image in an equal yet opposite angle from
which the light shines upon it.This allows the viewer to see themselves or objects behind them, or even objects that are at an
angle from them but out of their field of view, such as around a corner. Natural mirrors have existed since prehistoric times, such
as the surface of water, but people have been manufacturing mirrors out of a variety of materials for thousands of years, like
stone, metals, and glass. In modern mirrors, metals like silver or aluminum are often used due to their high reflectivity, applied as a
thin coating on glass because of its naturally smooth and very hard surface.
A mirror is a wave reflector. Light consists of waves, and when light waves reflect off the flat surface of a mirror, those waves
retain the same degree of curvature and vergence, in an equal yet opposite direction, as the original waves.The light can also be
pictured as rays (imaginary lines radiating from the light source, that are always perpendicular to the waves).These rays are
reflected at an equal yet opposite angle from which they strike the mirror (incident light).This property, called specular reflection,
distinguishes a mirror from objects that diffuse light, breaking up the wave and scattering it in many directions (such as flat-white
paint).Thus, a mirror can be any surface in which the texture or roughness of the surface is smaller (smoother) than the
wavelength of the waves.
When looking at a mirror, one will see a mirror image or reflected image of objects in the environment, formed by light emitted
or scattered by them and reflected by the mirror towards one's eyes.This effect gives the illusion that those objects are behind
the mirror, or (sometimes) in front of it.When the surface is not flat, a mirror may behave like a reflecting lens.A plane mirror
will yield a real-looking undistorted image, while a curved mirror may distort, magnify, or reduce the image in various ways, while
keeping the lines, contrast, sharpness, colors, and other image properties intact.
11. Mirrors are a popular design theme in architecture, particularly with late modern
and post-modernist high-rise buildings in major cities. Early examples include the
Campbell Center in Dallas, which opened in 1972, and the John HancockTower in
Boston.
More recently, two skyscrapers designed by architect RafaelViñoly, theVdara in Las
Vegas and 20 Fenchurch Street in London, have experienced unusual problems due
to their concave curved glass exteriors acting as respectively cylindrical and
spherical reflectors for sunlight. In 2010, the LasVegas Review Journal reported that
sunlight reflected off theVdara's south-facing tower could singe swimmers in the
hotel pool, as well as melting plastic cups and shopping bags; employees of the hotel
referred to the phenomenon as the "Vdara death ray", aka the "fryscraper." In 2013,
sunlight reflecting off 20 Fenchurch Street melted parts of a Jaguar car parked
nearby and scorching or igniting the carpet of a nearby barber shop.This building
had been nicknamed the "walkie-talkie" because its shape was supposedly similar to
a certain model of two-way radio; but after its tendency to overheat surrounding
objects became known, the nickname changed to the "walkie-scorchie."
12.
13.
14. Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an
interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), orThermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU), between its two
or more layers of glass.The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its high strength prevents the glass
from breaking up into large sharp pieces.This produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern when the impact is not
enough to completely pierce the glass. In the case of the EVA, the thermoset EVA, offers a complete bounding (cross-linking) with
the material whether it is glass, polycarbonate, PET, or other types of products.TPU is the best choice for Bullet-Resistant Glass
(BRG) and for so called E-Glass (Smart Glass).
Laminated glass is normally used when there is a possibility of human impact or where the glass could fall if shattered and also for
architectural applications. Skylight glazing and automobile windshields typically use laminated glass. In geographical areas requiring
hurricane-resistant construction, laminated glass is often used in exterior storefronts, curtain walls and windows.
Laminated glass is also used to increase the sound insulation rating of a window, where it significantly improves sound attenuation
compared to monolithic glass panes of the same thickness. For this purpose a special "acoustic PVB" compound is used for the
interlayer. In the case of the EVA material, no additional acoustic material is required, since the EVA provides sound
insulation.[1][2]TPU is an elastic material, so sound absortion is intrinsic to its nature.An additional property of laminated glass
for windows is that an adequateTPU, PVB or EVA interlayer can block nearly all ultraviolet radiation.A thermoset EVA, for
example, can block up to 99.9% of all UV rays.
15. Specifications
A typical laminated makeup is 2.5 mm glass, 0.38 mm interlayer, and 2.5 mm glass.This gives a final product that would be referred to as 5.38 laminated glass.
Multiple laminates and thicker glass increases the strength. Bullet-resistant glass is usually constructed using polycarbonate, thermoplastic materials, thermoset EVA,
and layers of laminated glass.A similar glass is often used in airliners on the front and side cockpit windows, often three plies of 4 mm toughened glass with 2.6 mm
thick PVB between them.This is one of the makeups used for the Boeing 747 cockpit side windows.The BAC/SAF Concorde forward pressure windshields had 7 plies,
4 glass and 3 PVB total thickness 38 mm.
Newer developments have increased the thermoplastic family for the lamination of glass. Beside PVB, important thermoplastic glass lamination materials today are
ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA),[17] thermoset EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).The adhesion of TPU is not only high to glass, but
also to polymeric interlayers. Since 2004, metallised and electroconductive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) interlayers are used as substrate for light emitting diodes
and laminated to or between glass. Coloured interlayers can be added to provide a permanent transparent colour for a laminated glass panel.A switchable interlayer
can also be added to create a panel which can be clear when a small electric current is passed through the interlayer and opaque when the current is switched off.This
is commonly known as privacy glass.
Top layer: Glass
Interlayer:Transparent thermoplastic materials (TPU or PVB, EVA) or transparent thermoset material (EVA)
Interlayer: LED (light emitting diodes) on transparent conductive Polymer
Interlayer:Transparent thermoplastic materials (TPU or PVB, EVA) or transparent thermoset material (EVA)
Bottom layer: Glass
Laminated glass is also sometimes used in glass sculptures and is widely utilised in architectural applications.
Manufacture
There are several laminated glass manufacturing processes:
using two or more pieces of glass bonded between one or more pieces of adhesives; such as PVB or EVA, using heat and pressure.
using two or more pieces of glass and polycarbonate, bonded together with aliphatic polyurethane (TPU), or EVA, interlayer under heat and pressure.
interlaid with a cured resin or EVA.
16.
17.
18. Patterned glass: is a kind of decorative translucent glass with embossed patterns on one or both surfaces. Pattern Glass or Decorative Glass or Rolled Glass is generally used
where privacy or obscurity is desired but light transmission is still important. With the special property of decoration, patterned glass can allow light to pass through, at the same
time, it can also prevent clear view. Usually it transmits only slightly less light than clear glass.
Patterned glass is not-perfectly-smooth structure with different patterns impressed on it. The depth, size and shape of the patterns largely determine the magnitude and direction
of reflection.
Basically patterned glass has a pattern impressed on one side of the glass which prevents someone from seeing though it, for privacy. Pattern glass can also be ordered in
various tints as well. A common application of this sort is when used in privacy walls to separate one room from another.
Rolled Pattern glasses are available in a wide variety of patterns, to add the perfect complement to many interior designs. Heavy patterned glasses provide added strength and
support, and are a fast-growing product category. According to customers^ requirements, patterned glass can be cut, ground, drilled, tempered, laminated, etc.
Production:
Patterned glass is made with a rolled glass process. All rolled patterned glass begins as a batch of materials, including silica sand, soda, and lime. These materials are melted
together in a tank, and then the molten glass mixture is fed onto a machine slab. The glass flows under a refractory gate which controls glass volume and speed then moves
between two counter-rotating, water-cooled rollers. One of these rollers is embossed, imprinting a distinct pattern onto the soft surface of the glass while the other roller is smooth.
The result is a piece of glass that is patterned and textured on one side, while smooth on the reverse. The distance between the two rollers determines the ultimate thickness of
the glass. After it moves between the rollers, patterned glass is annealed or cooled slowly in order to remove any residual stresses. Rolled patterned glass can then be cut into
standard sizes or cut into customized sizes for a specific customer application. The glass is then inventoried and ready for delivery.
Applications:
Rolled glasses are used in commercial, residential, and specialty applications. End uses include shower doors and tub enclosures including frameless shower doors interior
partitions, translucent door and window treatments, foyers and vestibules, patio furniture, shelving, decorative furniture, and lighting fixtures. Comprehensive range of soft
natural colours compliments and harmonizes with modern building materials to provide an exciting and different look to new and existing buildings. Pattern glasses are available in
large amount of patterns. Patterned glass is most often found in bathroom windows.
Patterned glass is applied to all kinds of public and private places, such as office, meeting room, hotel, hospital, bath room, washroom, etc. It is also widely used as glass table,
glass shaft and lampshade and so on. Mainly used in interior partitions, interior design, decorations, street furniture etc.