Information about glaciers in Kluane National Park in the Yukon. This photo tour with Kluane Glacier Tours leaves from Haines Junction and flies over Kluane World Heritage Site.
The document discusses various dental implant systems used in India, including their designs, materials, and indications. It summarizes the Branemark system, which introduced the term osseointegration. It also describes the Replace Select Tapered system, Frialit system, ITI system, Core Vent system, Integral system, and Pitt-Easy system - outlining their key features such as diameters, lengths, surfaces, advantages, and common uses. The document provides an overview of important implant systems and their characteristics.
This document provides an overview of the history and classification of dental implants. It discusses the various types of implants including endosteal, subperiosteal, and transosteal implants. The key implant materials discussed are metals like titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, and stainless steel, as well as ceramics and polymers. Titanium and its alloys are highlighted as the most commonly used and biocompatible implant materials. The document also reviews factors involved in selecting implant materials and ensuring clinical success.
Dental implants can be modified at the macro, micro, and nano levels to improve osseointegration and healing times. At the macro level, implant thread design is modified. Micro level modifications alter the surface topography through processes like sandblasting and acid etching. Nano level modifications increase the surface area through additions like titanium nanotubes. Coatings of hydroxyapatite and other calcium phosphates are also used at the micro and nano scales to promote bioactivity. Surface modifications generally increase roughness and research shows rougher surfaces correlate with higher success rates.
This document discusses different types of smart composites. It defines smart composites as materials composed of smart materials embedded in polymers, metals, or concrete to sense, control, and communicate. Smart materials can change properties in response to stimuli like temperature, pressure, or electric fields. Some examples of smart materials given are piezoelectric, shape memory, and pH sensitive polymers. The document then describes four general classifications of smart composites: 1) structural composites for sensing damage, 2) composites for actuation using shape memory materials, 3) novel functional composites like self-healing, and 4) nanocomposites enabling new functions. Examples of fiber optic and piezoelectric sensors in structural composites and
Engineering bone tissue using human Embryonic Stem CellsBalaganesh Kuruba
Bone defects lead by traumatic injuries, congenital malformations and other surgical rescissions rises the immediate need for a more evolved and safer approaches in tissue repair at alarming rates for the downgrading issues with existing strategies which needs to be addressed. Currently practiced treatment methods addressing the issue with bone defects are invasive, traumatic and are not cost effective. Yet, issues of immune rejection either immediately or in the later stages have been reported claiming its ineffectiveness in some selective case studies.
Previous work by researchers carried out the "Biomimetic" approach to provide the cells with the microenvironment and in situ conditions for the cells seeded into the 3D Osteogenic scaffolds enriched with growth supplments. Here, we address the issue of non-availability of therapeutic cells - a major problem with current translational medicine by proposing the use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in generating strong and structurally rigid bone tissue. Inducing the production of Mesenchymal Progenitor cells from Human Embryonic Stem cells in Serum supplemented expansion medium and elimination of bone Fibroblast growth factor produced high quality MPCs which were induced in osteogenic medium to result in bone differentiating cells. Culturing these MPCs produced from three different protocols into 3D Scaffold and 3D-Endoret Osteogenic Scaffold produced tissue constructs which are analysed both biochemically and Histologically to check for the Bone tissue differentiation parameters such as Bone sialoprotein deposition, Osteopontin accumulation and Collagen deposition. Matrix mineralization in these constructs were studied by uCT imaging and safety studies were conducted by studying Orthotopic implantation models in SCID mouse. And the results are expected to be optimistically affirmative which shall lay a new foundation and pioneer a whole new approach in the field of Tissue Engineering.
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS.
We discussed a Brief History and Introduction of Artificial Organs.
We also discussed the Various Manufacturing Process and Application of Artificial Organs and finally we discussed the Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs.
This document provides an overview of biomaterials, including their definition, history, examples of applications, and challenges. Key points include:
- Biomaterials are nonviable materials used in medical devices and intended to interact with biological systems. Examples include implants, prosthetics, and tissue scaffolds.
- Biomaterials have evolved from common materials like metals and plastics to more advanced engineered materials. Current research aims to more closely mimic natural tissues.
- Successful biomaterials must be biocompatible, non-toxic, and able to integrate with the body over the long term without rejection or harmful reactions. Matching mechanical properties to tissues is also important.
1) The document discusses Siemens' SIVACON S8 low-voltage switchboard that combines maximum safety and an appealing design for efficient power distribution applications up to 7000 A.
2) It offers various installation systems, functions, connection positions, section widths, and busbar positions to provide flexibility. All details merge in shape and function to simplify power distribution.
3) Extensive testing ensures maximum operational and personnel safety, even under arcing conditions. This high level of safety sets new standards for low-voltage switchboards.
The document discusses various dental implant systems used in India, including their designs, materials, and indications. It summarizes the Branemark system, which introduced the term osseointegration. It also describes the Replace Select Tapered system, Frialit system, ITI system, Core Vent system, Integral system, and Pitt-Easy system - outlining their key features such as diameters, lengths, surfaces, advantages, and common uses. The document provides an overview of important implant systems and their characteristics.
This document provides an overview of the history and classification of dental implants. It discusses the various types of implants including endosteal, subperiosteal, and transosteal implants. The key implant materials discussed are metals like titanium alloys, cobalt-chromium alloys, and stainless steel, as well as ceramics and polymers. Titanium and its alloys are highlighted as the most commonly used and biocompatible implant materials. The document also reviews factors involved in selecting implant materials and ensuring clinical success.
Dental implants can be modified at the macro, micro, and nano levels to improve osseointegration and healing times. At the macro level, implant thread design is modified. Micro level modifications alter the surface topography through processes like sandblasting and acid etching. Nano level modifications increase the surface area through additions like titanium nanotubes. Coatings of hydroxyapatite and other calcium phosphates are also used at the micro and nano scales to promote bioactivity. Surface modifications generally increase roughness and research shows rougher surfaces correlate with higher success rates.
This document discusses different types of smart composites. It defines smart composites as materials composed of smart materials embedded in polymers, metals, or concrete to sense, control, and communicate. Smart materials can change properties in response to stimuli like temperature, pressure, or electric fields. Some examples of smart materials given are piezoelectric, shape memory, and pH sensitive polymers. The document then describes four general classifications of smart composites: 1) structural composites for sensing damage, 2) composites for actuation using shape memory materials, 3) novel functional composites like self-healing, and 4) nanocomposites enabling new functions. Examples of fiber optic and piezoelectric sensors in structural composites and
Engineering bone tissue using human Embryonic Stem CellsBalaganesh Kuruba
Bone defects lead by traumatic injuries, congenital malformations and other surgical rescissions rises the immediate need for a more evolved and safer approaches in tissue repair at alarming rates for the downgrading issues with existing strategies which needs to be addressed. Currently practiced treatment methods addressing the issue with bone defects are invasive, traumatic and are not cost effective. Yet, issues of immune rejection either immediately or in the later stages have been reported claiming its ineffectiveness in some selective case studies.
Previous work by researchers carried out the "Biomimetic" approach to provide the cells with the microenvironment and in situ conditions for the cells seeded into the 3D Osteogenic scaffolds enriched with growth supplments. Here, we address the issue of non-availability of therapeutic cells - a major problem with current translational medicine by proposing the use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in generating strong and structurally rigid bone tissue. Inducing the production of Mesenchymal Progenitor cells from Human Embryonic Stem cells in Serum supplemented expansion medium and elimination of bone Fibroblast growth factor produced high quality MPCs which were induced in osteogenic medium to result in bone differentiating cells. Culturing these MPCs produced from three different protocols into 3D Scaffold and 3D-Endoret Osteogenic Scaffold produced tissue constructs which are analysed both biochemically and Histologically to check for the Bone tissue differentiation parameters such as Bone sialoprotein deposition, Osteopontin accumulation and Collagen deposition. Matrix mineralization in these constructs were studied by uCT imaging and safety studies were conducted by studying Orthotopic implantation models in SCID mouse. And the results are expected to be optimistically affirmative which shall lay a new foundation and pioneer a whole new approach in the field of Tissue Engineering.
ARTIFICIAL ORGANS.
We discussed a Brief History and Introduction of Artificial Organs.
We also discussed the Various Manufacturing Process and Application of Artificial Organs and finally we discussed the Pros and Cons of Artificial Organs.
This document provides an overview of biomaterials, including their definition, history, examples of applications, and challenges. Key points include:
- Biomaterials are nonviable materials used in medical devices and intended to interact with biological systems. Examples include implants, prosthetics, and tissue scaffolds.
- Biomaterials have evolved from common materials like metals and plastics to more advanced engineered materials. Current research aims to more closely mimic natural tissues.
- Successful biomaterials must be biocompatible, non-toxic, and able to integrate with the body over the long term without rejection or harmful reactions. Matching mechanical properties to tissues is also important.
1) The document discusses Siemens' SIVACON S8 low-voltage switchboard that combines maximum safety and an appealing design for efficient power distribution applications up to 7000 A.
2) It offers various installation systems, functions, connection positions, section widths, and busbar positions to provide flexibility. All details merge in shape and function to simplify power distribution.
3) Extensive testing ensures maximum operational and personnel safety, even under arcing conditions. This high level of safety sets new standards for low-voltage switchboards.
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.
The term has also been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical functions using cells within an artificially-created support system (e.g. an artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver).
A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer and Vacanti is “An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve [Biological tissue] function or a whole organ”
This document discusses tissue engineering and its application to periodontal regeneration. It defines tissue engineering as using engineering and life science principles to generate biological substitutes to restore lost function. The key components of tissue engineering are scaffolds, cells, and signaling molecules. Scaffolds provide structure for cells to migrate into defects and can deliver growth factors and cells. Mesenchymal stem cells and periodontal ligament stem cells show potential for periodontal regeneration. Growth factors like PDGF and IGF promote neovascularization and osteogenesis. Tissue engineering using scaffolds, stem cells and growth factors has shown success in animal studies and holds promise to achieve complete periodontal regeneration.
The document discusses the history and process of osseointegration of dental implants. It traces the early attempts at tooth replacement back to ancient civilizations. The concept of osseointegration was developed in the 1950s by Dr. Per Ingvar Branemark who observed firm integration between titanium chambers and bone in animal studies. This led to successful use of titanium implants for tooth replacement in humans. The document then describes the three phases of osseointegration - inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling - and the cellular and tissue processes involved at the bone-implant interface during healing.
Tooth bioengineering and the next generation of dentistryAmir Rajaey
Tooth bioengineering and the next generation of dentistry.
As a result of numerous rapid and exciting developments in tissue engineering technology, scientists are able to regenerate a fully functional tooth in animal models, from a bioengineered tooth germ. Advances in technology, together with our understanding of the mechanisms of tooth development and studies dealing with dentally derived stem cells, have led to significant progress in the field of tooth regeneration
Green composites are sustainable composite materials made from bio-polymers or polymers reinforced with bio-fibers to create strong, lightweight materials with natural resources. The main advantages of green composites are that they are recyclable and biodegradable. Polymer matrix composites consist of thermoset, thermoplastic, or elastomer matrices mixed with fibrous reinforcements. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are used because they have low cost, are biodegradable, have good mechanical and thermal insulating properties. Wood plastic composites are an important green composite that provides durability without toxic elements by combining plant fibers with polymers.
Facial implant and implant retained craniofacial prostheses nnPallawi Sinha
This document discusses implant-retained craniofacial prostheses. It covers the advantages of maxillofacial implants over conventional adhesives for prosthesis retention. It also discusses patient assessment, treatment planning, surgical techniques for implant placement, different types of craniofacial prostheses (auricular, ocular, nasal, midfacial), abutment sites, follow-up care, and a review of literature on the topic. The document focuses on osseointegrated implants as a method for retaining craniofacial prostheses and improving patients' quality of life.
The document discusses biomaterials, which are materials used in medical applications that interact with biological systems. It defines biomaterials and outlines their history, characteristics, examples of applications like implants and grafts, challenges, and future potential. Key biomaterial properties include biocompatibility, mechanical compatibility with tissues, and ability to perform specific functions. Common biomaterials are metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites used in devices like heart valves, dental implants, and orthopedic implants.
This document provides an overview of bioceramics. It discusses the history of bioceramics, general concepts including types (bioinert, bioactive, bioresorbable), advantages and disadvantages. The main types - alumina, glass ceramics, calcium phosphates, corals - are described. Applications include orthopedic and dental implants, bone grafts, fillers. Future directions include enhancing bioactivity, improving coatings, and developing smart biomimetic composites. Bioceramics have become integral to healthcare and their composition and properties will continue to be tailored for specific tissues.
The document discusses various aspects of implant design and surface modifications. It describes different types of implant designs including endosteal, subperiosteal, and transosteal implants. Key factors in implant design discussed include length, diameter, geometry, and surface characteristics. Surface modifications aim to increase roughness and bioactivity through techniques like sandblasting, acid etching, and anodization. The goal is to enhance osteoblast adhesion and bone integration through both macroscale and microscale surface modifications.
The document discusses implant materials and osseointegration. It describes how implant materials can be classified based on their chemical composition as metals, ceramics, polymers or natural materials. Titanium and its alloys are commonly used metals for implants. Osseointegration is defined as a direct structural and functional connection between bone and the implant surface without intervening soft tissue. The process of osseointegration involves an osteophylic stage of initial bone formation, an osteoconductive stage where bone cells spread along the implant surface, and an osteoadaptive stage of bone thickening in response to loading. Factors like implant design, surface properties and bone quality influence the degree of osseointegr
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of dental composites, including:
- A brief history of composites from the 1850s to present day
- Definitions, indications, advantages and disadvantages of composites
- Classifications based on filler particle size and curing method
- Composition of composites including resins, fillers, and photoinitiators
- Polymerization processes for chemical, light, and dual-cured composites
- Properties and clinical considerations for different composite types
The document serves as a reference on the development and characteristics of dental composites.
This document discusses different types of implant abutments and their connections. It notes that any abutment can be divided into three segments: the prosthesis connection system, implant connection system, and transgingival system. The implant connection part should not be altered, but the other two parts may be modified for optimal treatment outcomes. The document goes on to describe different types of abutments and connections in more detail, including their advantages and disadvantages. It provides explanations of internal connections, platform switching, morse tapers, and friction-fit joints between abutments and implants.
This document discusses metallic biomaterials for 3D printing of orthopedic implants. It begins with an introduction to porous prostheses for bone ingrowth fixation. The state of the art section describes the Arcam EBM 3D printing process and materials like Ti6Al4V and Co-Cr alloys. Mechanical validation tests on solid and porous samples produced by EBM show properties comparable to other fabrication methods. In vitro testing with human osteoblast cells shows good cell adhesion and growth on EBM porous structures. In vivo small animal and sheep studies demonstrate bone ingrowth and osseointegration with EBM printed implants.
The document discusses dental implants, including their classification, geometry, surfaces, and interfaces with bone and soft tissue. It covers implant design categories like endosseous, subperiosteal, and transmandibular implants. The stages of bone healing and osseointegration are described, from initial woven bone formation to remodeling of bone structure and quality over time to adapt to loads. A healthy peri-implant soft tissue interface features firm, keratinized mucosa and microscopic junctional epithelium similar to that around natural teeth.
Basal Implant is an advanced technology to replace missing tooth. It is specially designed for immediate implant loading so you will get permanent teeth just within 3 days and patients will get permanent natural looking ceramic teeth. Basal Implants have a high success rate for those patients have gum disease.
Advanced techniques for material processing PDF by badebhau4@gmail,comEr. Bade Bhausaheb
This document provides an overview of several advanced material processing techniques:
1. Shape Tube Electrolytic Machining (STEM) uses an acid electrolyte and cathodic tool to dissolve and remove metal from a workpiece, allowing cylindrical holes to be machined.
2. Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) uses electrolysis to dress grinding wheels during precision grinding, improving wheel performance.
3. Electrochemical grinding (ECG) utilizes a negatively charged abrasive grinding wheel, electrolyte, and positively charged workpiece to grind materials electrochemically like ECM.
This document provides guidelines for preparing class II inlay restorations. It describes initial procedures like evaluating occlusion and administering anesthesia. It discusses preparing the occlusal outline, proximal box, bevels, and flares. Modifications for specific tooth shapes and situations are covered. Preparation variations like slices and flares are explained. Special considerations for abutment teeth and root surface lesions are also summarized. The document provides a thorough overview of class II inlay preparation techniques.
Glaciers form when more snow accumulates each year than melts, compressing into thick sheets of ice that slowly flow downhill due to their mass. There are two types of glaciers: continental glaciers that form over large areas near poles, and mountain glaciers that form near mountaintops. Glaciers shape landscapes through erosion, gouging out valleys and depositing debris in moraines as they recede.
A glacier forms over many years in places where snow falls but does not melt, accumulating in layers that compress into ice. As glaciers move into warmer areas, melting occurs at the glacier's snout or front. Glaciers advance when accumulation exceeds melting and retreat when melting exceeds accumulation. Factors influencing this balance include climate cycles, volcanic eruptions, and human-caused global warming, which is currently causing many glaciers to retreat rapidly.
Tissue engineering is the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.
The term has also been applied to efforts to perform specific biochemical functions using cells within an artificially-created support system (e.g. an artificial pancreas, or a bio artificial liver).
A commonly applied definition of tissue engineering, as stated by Langer and Vacanti is “An interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve [Biological tissue] function or a whole organ”
This document discusses tissue engineering and its application to periodontal regeneration. It defines tissue engineering as using engineering and life science principles to generate biological substitutes to restore lost function. The key components of tissue engineering are scaffolds, cells, and signaling molecules. Scaffolds provide structure for cells to migrate into defects and can deliver growth factors and cells. Mesenchymal stem cells and periodontal ligament stem cells show potential for periodontal regeneration. Growth factors like PDGF and IGF promote neovascularization and osteogenesis. Tissue engineering using scaffolds, stem cells and growth factors has shown success in animal studies and holds promise to achieve complete periodontal regeneration.
The document discusses the history and process of osseointegration of dental implants. It traces the early attempts at tooth replacement back to ancient civilizations. The concept of osseointegration was developed in the 1950s by Dr. Per Ingvar Branemark who observed firm integration between titanium chambers and bone in animal studies. This led to successful use of titanium implants for tooth replacement in humans. The document then describes the three phases of osseointegration - inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling - and the cellular and tissue processes involved at the bone-implant interface during healing.
Tooth bioengineering and the next generation of dentistryAmir Rajaey
Tooth bioengineering and the next generation of dentistry.
As a result of numerous rapid and exciting developments in tissue engineering technology, scientists are able to regenerate a fully functional tooth in animal models, from a bioengineered tooth germ. Advances in technology, together with our understanding of the mechanisms of tooth development and studies dealing with dentally derived stem cells, have led to significant progress in the field of tooth regeneration
Green composites are sustainable composite materials made from bio-polymers or polymers reinforced with bio-fibers to create strong, lightweight materials with natural resources. The main advantages of green composites are that they are recyclable and biodegradable. Polymer matrix composites consist of thermoset, thermoplastic, or elastomer matrices mixed with fibrous reinforcements. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are used because they have low cost, are biodegradable, have good mechanical and thermal insulating properties. Wood plastic composites are an important green composite that provides durability without toxic elements by combining plant fibers with polymers.
Facial implant and implant retained craniofacial prostheses nnPallawi Sinha
This document discusses implant-retained craniofacial prostheses. It covers the advantages of maxillofacial implants over conventional adhesives for prosthesis retention. It also discusses patient assessment, treatment planning, surgical techniques for implant placement, different types of craniofacial prostheses (auricular, ocular, nasal, midfacial), abutment sites, follow-up care, and a review of literature on the topic. The document focuses on osseointegrated implants as a method for retaining craniofacial prostheses and improving patients' quality of life.
The document discusses biomaterials, which are materials used in medical applications that interact with biological systems. It defines biomaterials and outlines their history, characteristics, examples of applications like implants and grafts, challenges, and future potential. Key biomaterial properties include biocompatibility, mechanical compatibility with tissues, and ability to perform specific functions. Common biomaterials are metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites used in devices like heart valves, dental implants, and orthopedic implants.
This document provides an overview of bioceramics. It discusses the history of bioceramics, general concepts including types (bioinert, bioactive, bioresorbable), advantages and disadvantages. The main types - alumina, glass ceramics, calcium phosphates, corals - are described. Applications include orthopedic and dental implants, bone grafts, fillers. Future directions include enhancing bioactivity, improving coatings, and developing smart biomimetic composites. Bioceramics have become integral to healthcare and their composition and properties will continue to be tailored for specific tissues.
The document discusses various aspects of implant design and surface modifications. It describes different types of implant designs including endosteal, subperiosteal, and transosteal implants. Key factors in implant design discussed include length, diameter, geometry, and surface characteristics. Surface modifications aim to increase roughness and bioactivity through techniques like sandblasting, acid etching, and anodization. The goal is to enhance osteoblast adhesion and bone integration through both macroscale and microscale surface modifications.
The document discusses implant materials and osseointegration. It describes how implant materials can be classified based on their chemical composition as metals, ceramics, polymers or natural materials. Titanium and its alloys are commonly used metals for implants. Osseointegration is defined as a direct structural and functional connection between bone and the implant surface without intervening soft tissue. The process of osseointegration involves an osteophylic stage of initial bone formation, an osteoconductive stage where bone cells spread along the implant surface, and an osteoadaptive stage of bone thickening in response to loading. Factors like implant design, surface properties and bone quality influence the degree of osseointegr
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document provides an overview of dental composites, including:
- A brief history of composites from the 1850s to present day
- Definitions, indications, advantages and disadvantages of composites
- Classifications based on filler particle size and curing method
- Composition of composites including resins, fillers, and photoinitiators
- Polymerization processes for chemical, light, and dual-cured composites
- Properties and clinical considerations for different composite types
The document serves as a reference on the development and characteristics of dental composites.
This document discusses different types of implant abutments and their connections. It notes that any abutment can be divided into three segments: the prosthesis connection system, implant connection system, and transgingival system. The implant connection part should not be altered, but the other two parts may be modified for optimal treatment outcomes. The document goes on to describe different types of abutments and connections in more detail, including their advantages and disadvantages. It provides explanations of internal connections, platform switching, morse tapers, and friction-fit joints between abutments and implants.
This document discusses metallic biomaterials for 3D printing of orthopedic implants. It begins with an introduction to porous prostheses for bone ingrowth fixation. The state of the art section describes the Arcam EBM 3D printing process and materials like Ti6Al4V and Co-Cr alloys. Mechanical validation tests on solid and porous samples produced by EBM show properties comparable to other fabrication methods. In vitro testing with human osteoblast cells shows good cell adhesion and growth on EBM porous structures. In vivo small animal and sheep studies demonstrate bone ingrowth and osseointegration with EBM printed implants.
The document discusses dental implants, including their classification, geometry, surfaces, and interfaces with bone and soft tissue. It covers implant design categories like endosseous, subperiosteal, and transmandibular implants. The stages of bone healing and osseointegration are described, from initial woven bone formation to remodeling of bone structure and quality over time to adapt to loads. A healthy peri-implant soft tissue interface features firm, keratinized mucosa and microscopic junctional epithelium similar to that around natural teeth.
Basal Implant is an advanced technology to replace missing tooth. It is specially designed for immediate implant loading so you will get permanent teeth just within 3 days and patients will get permanent natural looking ceramic teeth. Basal Implants have a high success rate for those patients have gum disease.
Advanced techniques for material processing PDF by badebhau4@gmail,comEr. Bade Bhausaheb
This document provides an overview of several advanced material processing techniques:
1. Shape Tube Electrolytic Machining (STEM) uses an acid electrolyte and cathodic tool to dissolve and remove metal from a workpiece, allowing cylindrical holes to be machined.
2. Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) uses electrolysis to dress grinding wheels during precision grinding, improving wheel performance.
3. Electrochemical grinding (ECG) utilizes a negatively charged abrasive grinding wheel, electrolyte, and positively charged workpiece to grind materials electrochemically like ECM.
This document provides guidelines for preparing class II inlay restorations. It describes initial procedures like evaluating occlusion and administering anesthesia. It discusses preparing the occlusal outline, proximal box, bevels, and flares. Modifications for specific tooth shapes and situations are covered. Preparation variations like slices and flares are explained. Special considerations for abutment teeth and root surface lesions are also summarized. The document provides a thorough overview of class II inlay preparation techniques.
Glaciers form when more snow accumulates each year than melts, compressing into thick sheets of ice that slowly flow downhill due to their mass. There are two types of glaciers: continental glaciers that form over large areas near poles, and mountain glaciers that form near mountaintops. Glaciers shape landscapes through erosion, gouging out valleys and depositing debris in moraines as they recede.
A glacier forms over many years in places where snow falls but does not melt, accumulating in layers that compress into ice. As glaciers move into warmer areas, melting occurs at the glacier's snout or front. Glaciers advance when accumulation exceeds melting and retreat when melting exceeds accumulation. Factors influencing this balance include climate cycles, volcanic eruptions, and human-caused global warming, which is currently causing many glaciers to retreat rapidly.
Glaciers erode and shape the landscape by picking up rocks, dirt, and other debris as they move. Most of the world's largest glaciers are located in Alaska, where the Hubbard Glacier is the largest tidewater glacier in North America. Glaciers help provide fresh water for drinking and irrigation, but storing over 70% of the Earth's fresh water, melting glaciers threaten to raise sea levels by up to 80 meters if climate change is not addressed.
in this presentation I will discus about the glacier, different type of glacier, formation of glacier and its movement from height toward lower area and supply water to our rivers
The document discusses how glaciers and ice ages are connected to the UK. During the last ice age, huge ice sheets covered much of the UK, with ice being up to 2 miles deep. The landscape of Britain was shaped by the erosion of these ice sheets as they advanced and retreated over thousands of years. We may currently be in an interglacial period within the ongoing ice age. Factors that can influence ice ages include changes in atmospheric and ocean circulation as well as decreases in the sun's energy reaching the Earth.
Glaciers are large, slow-moving masses of ice that form from compacted snow. They are found in mountain ranges and polar regions. Glaciers are sensitive to climate conditions and influence sea levels and water resources. They are categorized based on their thermal characteristics, behavior, and location. Alpine glaciers are confined to valleys while continental glaciers span entire regions. As glaciers accumulate more snow than melts, they grow, but melting exceeds accumulation in warmer periods, causing glaciers to recede.
1. A glacier is a large, long-lasting mass of ice formed on land that masses downhill under its way.
Glacier is part of the earth’s hydrosphere.
Along with the sea, ice glaciers are known as the cryosphere.
2. GROUP OF GLACIER:
They fall into two general groups based on their form size and flow characteristics
3. Alphin glacier that is surrounded by mountains is called an alpine or mountain glacier.
Glaciated valleys are through like U-shaped with board floors and relatively smooth, and steep sides
The valleys may contain littered debris or debris shaped as moraines with a swampy appearance.
There may be taken gouged out of the rocky floor or formed by debris within the valley.
Cirque Glacier: Bowl-like hollow structures are called cirque glaciers. They are formed inside the mountains and tend to move towards the valley. A glacier that forms in a cirque is a cirque glacier.Piedmont Glacier: When the steep valley glaciers spill into flat plains, then a piedmont glacier occurs e.g Malaspina glacier that falls into Yakutat Bay, Alaska.Hanging glacier: When the major valley glacier thins out, that becomes a hanging glacier.Tidewater glaciers: These are valley glaciers that reach the sea, and they provide breeding habitat for seals. These glaciers are the ones that form small icebergs.
4. Continental glaciers are those vast masses of ice sheets covering stretches of land. Such glaciers flow over large areas that are unconfined, where they bury the landscapes underneath
Today, continental glaciers are only present in extreme polar regions: Antarctica and Greenland Historically, continental glaciers also covered large regions of Canada Europe and Asia, and they are responsible for many distinctive topographic features in these regions.
The ice sheet blankets 81% of Greenland and 90% of Antarctica.
FORMATION AND FLOW:
IMPORTANCE OF CONTINENTAL GLACIER:
Glaciers are an essential indicator of the study of environmental change, thereby making people aware of the increasing global warming. Due to the continuously growing industrialization, and use of automobiles, there is a rising graph of air pollution triggered by the emission of carbon monoxide and other harmful greenhouse gases. The outcome of all these is the catastrophic increase in global warming and greenhouse gases.
Glaciers come in a huge range of shapes and sizes. Different glaciers, and even different parts of the same glacier, can have a variety of different thermal, hydrological and dynamic characteristics. Glaciers occur in locations ranging from the poles to the equator, and most parts of the world have experienced the direct effects of glaciation at some time in the past. Glaciers currently occupy less of the planet than they have done in geological history, but nevertheless exert a profound influence on the global environment. Our developing understanding of glaciers will play an important role in our understanding of the global environmental system
The author describes a two-day hike from Lukla airport to Namche Bazaar in Nepal as part of a Mountain Institute expedition. The hike highlights the difficulties developing countries like Nepal face in addressing climate change due to their remoteness and poverty. Reaching field sites to monitor glaciers and conduct research is challenging given the need to travel on foot and rely on human porters to transport equipment over rugged terrain.
The document discusses different types of ice found in Antarctica and their importance:
1. Sea ice forms annually on the ocean surface around Antarctica and plays a key role in global ocean circulation and cooling.
2. Ice shelves are thick floating sections of ice that flow slowly off the land into the ocean. They act as barriers to slow the flow of continental ice sheets into the ocean.
3. Ice sheets cover over 98% of the continent and have accumulated over millions of years. Their high reflectivity helps cool the planet. Loss of ice from warming is concerning as it could lead to sea level rise.
This topic is all about Glaciation. This includes; the causes of glaciation, the origin of glaciers, formation, primary types, movement, the erosional, transportation and depositional mechanisms. This also includes the common landforms brought by glaciers.
Glaciers are large, thick masses of ice formed from compacted snow that move very slowly due to their sheer mass. They are primarily located in polar and mountainous regions. Glaciers shape the surrounding landscape through erosion and can carve out dramatic valleys and mountains over thousands of years. However, glaciers have been retreating rapidly in recent decades due to global warming, which poses risks like flooding and affects global sea levels, ocean currents, climate patterns, wildlife, and more. The only way to slow glacial melt is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that cause unnatural climate change.
1. Glaciers are thick masses of ice that slowly flow downhill under their own weight. They help shape landscapes through erosion and deposition. The two main types are valley glaciers and ice sheets. Greenland and Antarctica have massive ice sheets.
2. Glaciers move via plastic flow and basal sliding. They accumulate ice in the accumulation zone and lose ice in the ablation zone, through melting and calving of icebergs.
3. Glaciers erode bedrock through plucking and abrasion, grinding rock into fine flour-like sediment.
Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth and supports one third of the world's population. Glaciers form on land where snow accumulation exceeds melting. They slowly deform and flow due to their own weight, creating features like crevasses. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape through abrasion and plucking of rock debris. As they carry this debris and later melt, glaciers leave behind landforms such as moraines, eskers, and drumlins that provide evidence of past glacial activity. Glacial periods within ice ages are marked by colder temperatures and advancing glaciers, while interglacials are warmer intervals between them.
This document provides an overview of glaciers, including their formation, movement, and important terminology. It describes the key parts of a glacier, including the accumulation and ablation zones. The document also discusses different types of glaciers and their varying speeds of movement. Finally, it covers the erosional and depositional landforms created by glaciers, such as moraines, eskers, and drumlins.
Glaciers are large masses of ice formed from compacted snow. They form in locations where snowfall exceeds melting over many years, such as mountainous and polar regions. Glaciers are sensitive to temperature changes and have been retreating at unprecedented rates since the early 20th century due to climate change caused by human activity like the Industrial Revolution. As glaciers melt, it impacts fresh water supplies and hydroelectric power generation. Potential solutions to reduce melting include lowering emissions and improving carbon sequestration through soil and underground storage.
Glaciers are large, thick masses of ice formed from compacted snow that accumulates over many years. Glaciers form in areas where snow accumulation exceeds melting. Due to their great mass, glaciers slowly flow downhill like rivers. Glaciers erode the underlying landscape and form characteristic landforms as they advance and retreat. Melting glaciers provide fresh water for many communities but are now threatened by global warming.
The document discusses glaciers and glaciation. It describes how glaciers form from compacted snow and flow over land under their own weight. Glaciers cover around 10% of Earth's surface today, occurring in places like Greenland, Antarctica, and mountain ranges. The document outlines different types of glaciers and how glaciers can erode landforms through processes like plucking, abrasion, and bulldozing. Glaciers can deposit sediments in the form of till, outwash, moraines, kames, eskers, and other landforms as they melt. The cyclic advance and retreat of ice sheets over geological time, including multiple glacial and interglacial periods in the Pleistocene
Pakistani and world glacier a review Akbar HussainAkbar84
Glaciers around the world and in Pakistan are melting at an accelerated rate due to global warming. In Pakistan, glaciers are a major source of water and are critical for agriculture, yet they are receding rapidly which will lead to water shortages in the coming decades. The document discusses evidence of melting glaciers in different regions of the world as well as key glaciers in Pakistan's Himalayan and Karakoram ranges that feed major rivers and are vital for irrigation and fresh water supplies.
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1. With Linda Aksomitis
Travel Writer/Photojournalist
http://guide2travel.ca and http://aksomitis.com
2. What’s a glacier anyway?
Fallen snow that has packed down in
layers over time
Snow layers have turned to ice
Glaciers flow like rivers due to their large
mass
4. Glaciers & Ice Ages
Right now glaciers make up about 10% of
earth’s land mass
Glaciers are remnants of the last ice age
During the last ice age ice covered 32% of
land and 30% of oceans
During last ice age glacial ice sheets
extended from the poles over most of
Canada
Over past 750,000 years, 8 ice age cycles
Another ice age is due
12. Kluane National Park and
Reserve
Made a World Heritage site in 1979 for
its glaciers & icefields
Important for grizzly bear, caribou, dall
sheep
61°00′00″N 138°00′00″W
22,013 km²
Nearest centre—Haines Junction
13. Mount Logan
Highest peak in Canada (2nd in North
America)
Still rising, but current height of 5,959
metres (19,551 ft)
Located in Kluane
Believed to have the largest base
circumference of any non-volcanic
mountain on Earth
18. About Kluane Glacier
It’s a valley glacier
Stretches 24 to 32 km towards ice fields
Covers nearly 60 sq. km
Snow is major source feeding this
glacier
A slow moving glacier