This document provides an overview of various remote sensing and GIS-based techniques used for mineral exploration applications in Africa. It discusses 10 techniques: 1) image processing of satellite data, 2) filtering geophysical data, 3) surface modeling, 4) spatial selection rules and proximity analyses, 5) determining anomalous assay data, 6) estimating resource volumes, 7) resource modeling and drillhole planning, 8) data visualization through fly-throughs, 9) regional context analysis, and 10) considering geological history. Examples are given for each technique to demonstrate how they can be applied to improve mineral exploration efforts. The document emphasizes how data visualization and spatial analysis tools can provide insight into geological datasets.
Minning Application and Remote Sensing Using Aster ImageryHrishikesh Satpute
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MINING SCENARIO IN INDIA
3. ALL ABOUT ‘ASTER’
4. APPLICATIONS OF ASTER
5. REMOTE SENSING IN MINING
6. GIS FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION
7. CASE STUDIES & ANALYSIS
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Minning Application and Remote Sensing Using Aster ImageryHrishikesh Satpute
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MINING SCENARIO IN INDIA
3. ALL ABOUT ‘ASTER’
4. APPLICATIONS OF ASTER
5. REMOTE SENSING IN MINING
6. GIS FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION
7. CASE STUDIES & ANALYSIS
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Integration of Aeromagntic Data and Landsat Imagery for structural Analysis f...iosrjce
In this study, different digital format data sources including aeromagnetic and remotely sensed
(Landsat 8 and ASTER) images were used for structural and tectonic interpretation of the Mahabubnager
and Gulbarga districts of Telangana and Karnataka states in the Eastern Dharwarcraton. From analysis of
Landsat and ASTER images, the surface morphology and major lineaments trending in the NW–SE, E-W and
NE-SW were identified. Qualitative analysis of IGRF corrected aeromagnetic data were carried out using the
analytical signal, reduction to pole, horizontal & vertical gradient maps, several lineaments trending in three
major directions NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W were delineated. The structural features inferred from image
analysis were corroborated, the zones of intersection of these structural trends which could have acted as
potential sites for kimberlites emplacement were accordingly delineated at 21 locations. Subsequently,
quantitative analysis of magnetic inversion at 21 profiles are carried out utilizing GM-SYS and Geosoft
software, brought out the subsurface configuration of kimberlites. The inferred magnetic models are exhibiting
V-shaped / Oval type structure. Depth of the inferred structures has been revealed by the Euler deconvolution
methods suggest depth varies from 536 to 1640 mts
Integrated Geophysical Approach for Rapid & Cost Effective Site Investigation...IEI GSC
Dr. Sanjay Rana, Director, PARSAN Overseas (P) Limited
With inputs & examples from Dr Gopal Dhawan & Dr S L Kapil
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Development of Methodology for Determining Earth Work Volume Using Combined S...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Integration of Aeromagntic Data and Landsat Imagery for structural Analysis f...iosrjce
In this study, different digital format data sources including aeromagnetic and remotely sensed
(Landsat 8 and ASTER) images were used for structural and tectonic interpretation of the Mahabubnager
and Gulbarga districts of Telangana and Karnataka states in the Eastern Dharwarcraton. From analysis of
Landsat and ASTER images, the surface morphology and major lineaments trending in the NW–SE, E-W and
NE-SW were identified. Qualitative analysis of IGRF corrected aeromagnetic data were carried out using the
analytical signal, reduction to pole, horizontal & vertical gradient maps, several lineaments trending in three
major directions NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W were delineated. The structural features inferred from image
analysis were corroborated, the zones of intersection of these structural trends which could have acted as
potential sites for kimberlites emplacement were accordingly delineated at 21 locations. Subsequently,
quantitative analysis of magnetic inversion at 21 profiles are carried out utilizing GM-SYS and Geosoft
software, brought out the subsurface configuration of kimberlites. The inferred magnetic models are exhibiting
V-shaped / Oval type structure. Depth of the inferred structures has been revealed by the Euler deconvolution
methods suggest depth varies from 536 to 1640 mts
Integrated Geophysical Approach for Rapid & Cost Effective Site Investigation...IEI GSC
Dr. Sanjay Rana, Director, PARSAN Overseas (P) Limited
With inputs & examples from Dr Gopal Dhawan & Dr S L Kapil
at 31st National Convention of Civil Engineers
organised by
Gujarat State Center, The Institution of Engineers (India) at Ahmedabad
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Development of Methodology for Determining Earth Work Volume Using Combined S...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
A Fresh Look at Marine Magnetic Anomalies, One of the Key Datasets in the Dev...The Rothwell Group, L.P.
A Fresh Look at Marine Magnetic Anomalies, One of the Key Datasets in the Development of Plate Tectonics by Ian Norton - 2014 PaleoGIS & PaleoClimate Users Conference
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
On 17/10/2013 TU Delft Climate Institute organised the symposium The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets: present, future, and unknowns. This is one of the four presentations given there.
http://www.tudelft.nl/nl/actueel/agenda/event/detail/symposium-tu-delft-climate-institute-17th-october-2013/
Robust 3D Geological Models: Hard Data is KeyFF Explore 3D
Understanding and incorporating 2D data, whether from surface field work or underground mine mapping, should always be the starting point of an integrated and coherent 3D geologic model, especially for areas with great geometric contrasts. Without this valuable data, 3D modelling is essentially performed with blinders on, and its absence results in a model that is too theory-driven, and lacks input from geologists and “real” field data.
Three-dimensional geologic models require complete, homogeneous and valid databases. The resulting 3D models are directly based on and rely on high-quality data. The data comprises both surface and underground observations. “Raw” or “hard” data should always be assigned more weight and act as rigid control points in 3D models. Hard data should always be distinguishable from interpreted data in 3D models. Investing the necessary time to learn how to homogenize and structure raw data in a rigorous way will be paid back during the 3D interpretation process.
Once 3D models are completed, they should be used as an exploration tool, populating their cells with user-chosen properties. Both quantitative and qualitative properties can be interpolated throughout the cells of the 3D model for further querying and questioning. Thus, the extra benefit of 3D map models is their use as dynamic interactive tools to help define new mineral exploration targets at depth.
A 3D map model is not a goal but a tool that should be dynamic, modified, questioned, shared and updated. Its future usefulness is determined by how well it can be utilized by a multi-disciplinary team of geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, engineers, metallurgists and environmental experts.
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
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Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
1. Some Examples of Remote Sensing & 2-/3-D
GIS-based Mineral Exploration
Applications in Africa.
Dr Iúma Martinez
GISSA (19 June 2013)
by
2. Acknowledgements
Disclaimer
I would like to acknowledge kind permission by Tsodilo Resources Pty Limited and Goldstone
Resources who have allowed me to include a number of technical slides produced as a
result of working on their projects. Similarly one or two general background slides have been
generated which refer to work conducted by AEON (Prof de Wit) /CIGC and MIRA
Geoscience.
None of the views expressed in this presentation reflect the views of above mentioned
parties referred to.
4. Key differences: Exploration Geology >< Urban GIS
GISSA (19 June 2013)
•you may not be able to see what your trying to map (sand cover)
•There may be no previous data
•The area may be remote or difficult to access etc
Greenfields Exploration Projects may rely heavily on Remote sensing techniques
in the initial phases
Satellite Imagery Airborne Geophysical Surveys + (Historical data)
As the project progresses, Ground-based surveys followed by Drilling data enter
the exploration equation.
Ground magnetics Soil sampling
Drill logs
Geology
Magnetic
susceptibilityStructural Mapping
Assay data & 3d Modelling Presentation
The Data Flow:
5. Today’s a la carte Menu:
GISSA (19 June 2013)
1. Image processing of Satellite data for Mineral Exploration (2D)
2. Filtering Geophysical data for Kimberlite Exploration(2.5D)
3. Surface modelling (pseudosurfaces & isosurfaces) (2.5D)
4. GIS-based Spatial Selection Rules /Proximity Analyses (2D)
5. Determining Anomalous Geochemical Assay data (2D)
6. Estimating Resource volumes / geological modelling (3D)
7. Resource Modelling and drillhole planning (3D)
8. Making the data beautiful (Fly-through,3D)
9. Regional Context Analysis (2D) (MAB)
10. Gondwana & Mineral Exploration (3/4D)
Remote Sensing
Ground Surveys
Drilling
Presentation
Spatial- Temporal
contextualisation
(Pricing based on dimensions involved)
6. 1 Image processing of Satellite data for Mineral
Exploration
GISSA (19 June 2013)
(like Aliens we start by looking at the Earth from Space)
7. 1 Image processing of Satellite data for Mineral
Exploration
•ASTER / ASTERGDEM
•HYPERION
•LANDSAT
•SRTM
Many Imagery types: GeoEye , DigitalGlobe, Spot Image, RapidEye, ImageSat
International, Eros (-A,-B), Meteosat; Meteosat Second Generation (MSG).
Different Resolutions: Spatial, Spectral, Temporal & Radiometric
8. ASTER data - What it looks like (Ngamiland,Botswana)
9. Mineral Ratios: ASTER DATA
•3 groups of bands (14 in total)
•MINERAL ABUNDANCE RATIOS
•COMPOSITE images
10. Gossan & Phengitic Alteration Composites
Amphibole-MgOH
Mineral Ratio Image
11. Hyperspectral data & Mineral Mapping
•Similar calculations to ASTER but working with wavelength not band number
•Many more wavelength intervals > 250, higher spectral resolution
•un-mixing techniques can be used to produce mineral maps for unique minerals unlike ASTER.
•Alunite –Kaolinite-Pyrophyllite can be separated as can dolomite and calcite etc.
ENVI:
Mineral
Library
Spectrum
Reflectance of unknown mineral
Reflectance of best fit mineral from SLI
Best fit mineral has the highest score
Reflectance spectrum for
this pixel sample of the
of the unknown mineral
12. Mineral Mapping South Australia (Primary Industries & Resources SA, CSIRO
Exploration & Mining & University of Adelaide)(Pine Creek - HyMap) – Airborne
Hyperspectral Data
True-color RGB
False color composite
Spectral end
member
mapping
Dolomite -
Kimberlite
Absorption lines of interest:
2.31 and 2.39
13. Compare Hyperion-ALI data
footprint to ASTER
Hyperion / ALI Satellite Hyperspectral
Data (Ngamiland, Botswana)
A kimberlitic spectral signature
was created by sampling the
imagery at known kimberlite
locations
The satellite data is too coarse to
apply Mineral Spectra Library tests
Concentrations along
channels and inter-
dune ridge areas
detected
14. Landsat ETM+ Angola: Iron oxides band 5 / band 4
•PCI Geomatica
•Automated edge extraction (lithological boundaries)
•Automated lineament extraction (lineaments, faults)
Camec (2007/8)
Higher ratios
on:
Alluvial Fan
&
Channels
15. Mineral occurrences & Iron oxides band 5 / band 4
Ring-like features
faulted instrusive / dyke
Camec (2007/8)
16. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
•Mapping current geomorphology
•Mapping lineaments and other
structural features
•Landsat shows surface variations while
SRTM has a penetration depth (reveals
subsurface information)
SRTM hillshaded view Cape Fold Belt near Montague
Paleochannels – recent versus ancient
Drainage / Streams
17. 2 Image enhacement of Geophysics data
for Mineral Exploration GISSA (19 June 2013)
18. Location:
NW Ngamiland
Botswana
Software:
ERDAS Imagine Virtual GIS
Crux of the matter….
IMPROVED DEFINITION OF
FEATURES IN AEROMAGNETIC DATA
IMAGE FILTERING TECHNIQUES
2.5-D SURFACE MODELING OF
AEROMAGNETIC DATA
PSEUDO -SURFACE FOR DRAPING THE
ENHANCED IMAGE
AEROMAGNETICS DATA TERRAIN IMPRESSION
20. CONVOLUTION FILTERS & PROCESSING ALGORITHMS
Aim: Improve
definition of potential
Kimberlite targets
Tools in ERDAS & ERMAPPER to
remove the “makeup” of
overburden and geophysical
noise
32. GIS-based Spatial Selection Rules & Proximity Analyses
•Distribution of base metal sulphide rich cores + geophysical exploration datasets
favourable target zones.
•VTEM CDI conductors, possible faults / fault junctions, ironstone & other lithology – conductor
relationships, BA gravity, aeromagnetics data
•Selections Rules:
1. lie within VTEM 400m CDI conductor
2. lie within lithological unit bearing conductor
3. lie within: 1 - 3 km of ironstone occurrences & within ferruginous quartzite
4. lie within: 1 km of ironstone occurrences
5. lie within: 1 km of possible fault / fault junction occurrences
6. lie within: 2 km of possible faults
7. lie within: – 4.3 and 6.3 wrt the BA gravity value
34. GIS-based Selection Rules/ Proximity Analyses
Drilled sulphides not on Ironstone but
within 1-3 km of the ironstone. Bouger Anomaly gravity data
35. GIS-based Selection Rules/ Proximity Analyses
VTEM data: sulphides are within or closely associated with a conductive zone in a lithology.
(Kgothang, 2009).
Faults Fault intersections Lithology /Conductor
37. 5 Determining & Depicting
Anomalous Assay data
GISSA (19 June 2013)
What is an anomaly?
Sometimes it’s easy to see an anomaly
1. Deviation or departure from the normal
or common order, form, or rule.
2. One that is peculiar, irregular, abnormal,
or difficult to classify
•Something that “sticks out” in the data
And may be worthy of closer inspection in
terms of mineral exploration work.
•Ideally you want to detect an anomaly
across several data sets
•Once found one must ask:“Why is it there?”
38. 5 Determining & Depicting Anomalous Assay data
GISSA (19 June 2013)
Sometimes it’s not so easy to see an anomaly
(It kind of blends into the background)
39. Ni
Geochemical Anomalies Geophysical Anomalies
Zn
Magnetics
Soil Geochemistry &
Regional Anomalies
Magnetic Dipoles
Ground-survey level Anomalies
40. Correlations in the Southern Base Metal PLs
A (VTEM)
B (soil geochemistry)
C (trends, BA gravity)
D (structures, RTP-TMI)
(Along whole VTEM line)
Aeromagnetics
41. - Vertical downhole component (Z)
- Skewed assay distributions (normalization may be required)
- Multiple assaying techniques for same element (varying LODs)
- Assay – lithology correlations suggested regionally in 2D need to be Verified in 3D
& relative to drilled hole geology logs.
Anomalies in Drill hole assay data - tricky stuff
Whichever targeting or modelling approach one follows, one must
always remain vigilant to the inaccuracies of individual datasets.
45. Volume of iron ore
Between two lines
(150m):
2 075 750 m3
Using an average
density of 4.0g / cm3
this is:
8.3 mil tonnes
6 Estimating Resource volumes (3D)
46. A quantitative 3D model of the Earth that is consistent with all exploration data
and is testable by drilling.
Components of a CEM:
• DEM
• Geological mapping
• Interpretive sections
• Drilling
• Surface gravity and
inversion
• Airborne magnetics
• MT data & inversion
• Spatial properties
• Landsat/Airphoto images
•“Region” membership
-Lithology code
-(Formation code)
-(Alteration code)
•Rock properties
-Physical properties (Mag sus)
-Geochemical properties (Assays)
-(Engineering properties)
•Distance properties
-from faults,
-from geological contacts
-from drillholes
Each cell in the geological model / voxet has:
What is a Common Earth Model? (CEM)
47. .
Above basement (L)
Querying the Model - A Boolean Query
What is the exploration model?
Target = {(R>400) (D<0.25) (Lbasement) (DI<500)}
Query Results
Resistive (R) Low density (D)
near structural
intersections (DI)
48. 7 Resource Modelling and drillhole planning (3D)
GISSA (19 June 2013)
•Homase (Ghana); Ashanti Gold Belt
•248 boreholes (trenches and rip logs
another 138 logs); 3 Km strike length.
•significant intersects:
7.3 – 19.7 Au grade (g/t) (over 6 to 7 m).
•Total gold resource is:
6.32 million tonnes of ore at an average
grade of 1.4 g/t gold (282,608 ounces)
49. GISSA (19 June 2013)
7 Resource Modelling and drillhole planning (3D)
50. GISSA (19 June 2013)
7 Resource Modelling and drillhole planning (3D)
51. GISSA (19 June 2013)
•DEM pre- and post-mining surface
•Pierce points
•Cross-sections
7 Resource Modelling & drillhole
planning (3D)
53. 8 Making the data beautiful (Fly-through, 3D)
GISSA (19 June 2013)
Why?
Investors like pretty
things!
You can communicate
the data more strongly
(see Au variations in the
assay data)
You can use fly-throughs
to contextualize the data
visually and dynamically
See: the Homase Fly through video at:
www.linkedin.com/in/iuma-martinez-a7835332
54. 9 Regional Context Analyses (2D)
.
As with overlapping architectural eras in a modern city, in Geo-Exploration
we have overlapping eons, geological interpretations, imprints & varying datasets
Multiple faulting &
deformation
histories , lithological
variations etc….
All add up to create a
Complex Geological
Fabric
55. Tsodilo Resources drills extension of Zambian copper belt-like
mineralisation in Pan African Basement of northwest Botswana.
(De Wit, 2009, Tsodilo Resources Press Release)
Regional Vision of Mineralisation
A platform for testing hypotheses….(regional extrapolation?)
56. 10 Gondwana & Mineral Exploration
(source: De Wit, 2009)
Today’s Mineral Deposit locations are a
Function of “yesterday’s” Geological History.
Contextualise exploration efforts within
this broader Spatial Temporal context.
58. So Data
Visualisation can…..
•Open a Window to
our data
•Enable us to be
more Calculating &
Analytical
•Inspire Curiosity
& Sometimes……
•Lead to Astounding
Revelations!
59. “The only real
Voyage of
Discovery
consists
not
in
Seeking New
Landscapes, but
in having New Eyes.”