The aim of this work is to produce an avalanche hazard map with ArcGIS and to compare it with the map of possible avalanche location (CLPV, Carta di Localizzazione Probabile delle Valanghe), which is based on past events.
The map will be based mainly on morphological characteristics and on their link with the possibility of avalanche generation. The avalanche evolution and movement are not considered, as well as the risk (probability of harm or economic loss with respect to people).
2018 GIS in Government: Pits and False Hills and Spikes, Oh My Fixing Blunder...GIS in the Rockies
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Geospatial Technical Operations Center (NGTOC) maintains the USGS Seamless 1/3 Arc-Second (approximately 10-meter resolution) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). This national dataset provides foundational elevation information for earth science studies and mapping applications over the conterminous United States, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, other territorial islands, and parts of Alaska. Through the 3D Elevation Program, the Seamless DEM is continually updated with new lidar and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifSAR) collections (IfSAR in Alaska only). Although eventually all of the 1/3 Arc-Second Seamless DEM will be derived from lidar or ifSAR, currently portions of the dataset, especially in the western United States, are still sourced from legacy data created from digitized 1:24,000 scale topographic map contour lines. This legacy data contains some blunders resulting from errors in data capture, processing, or in the original source map sheet. The purpose of this presentation will be to discuss the types of blunders that are present in a small fraction of our legacy data, how those blunders came to be, and what steps USGS is taking to fix these issues to better support our customers.
A Survey on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Soft Computing Techniquesiosrjce
Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas
in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility
mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the
occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility
mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper
presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent
years.
Development of avalanche hazard maps by ArcGIS for Trentino (Alpine Italy)Alireza Babaee
Presentation of project in the course "Fundamental of GIS" for M.Sc. "Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation" at Politecnico di Milano.
Submitted by:
Maryam Izadifar, Alireza Babaee
2018 GIS in Government: Pits and False Hills and Spikes, Oh My Fixing Blunder...GIS in the Rockies
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Geospatial Technical Operations Center (NGTOC) maintains the USGS Seamless 1/3 Arc-Second (approximately 10-meter resolution) Digital Elevation Model (DEM). This national dataset provides foundational elevation information for earth science studies and mapping applications over the conterminous United States, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, other territorial islands, and parts of Alaska. Through the 3D Elevation Program, the Seamless DEM is continually updated with new lidar and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifSAR) collections (IfSAR in Alaska only). Although eventually all of the 1/3 Arc-Second Seamless DEM will be derived from lidar or ifSAR, currently portions of the dataset, especially in the western United States, are still sourced from legacy data created from digitized 1:24,000 scale topographic map contour lines. This legacy data contains some blunders resulting from errors in data capture, processing, or in the original source map sheet. The purpose of this presentation will be to discuss the types of blunders that are present in a small fraction of our legacy data, how those blunders came to be, and what steps USGS is taking to fix these issues to better support our customers.
A Survey on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Soft Computing Techniquesiosrjce
Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas
in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility
mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the
occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility
mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper
presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent
years.
Development of avalanche hazard maps by ArcGIS for Trentino (Alpine Italy)Alireza Babaee
Presentation of project in the course "Fundamental of GIS" for M.Sc. "Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation" at Politecnico di Milano.
Submitted by:
Maryam Izadifar, Alireza Babaee
Delineation and Comparison of Urban Heat Islands in TamilnaduVignesh Sekar
An urban heat island is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounded rural areas due to human activities. Whereas, the term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.
Project Objectives :
Conversion of thermal band data of LANDSAT 5 & 8 (Satellites) into Temperature contours in order to isolate and compare the Urban Heat Islands (UHI) of Tamil Nadu over a decade (i.e., 2005 & 2015) and over the different seasons of an year (2014
Identification of the factors responsible for UHI formation with reference to Land use
Intensity of the UHI formed
Suggestion of Mitigation Measures
Ahmed almhabو Regional evapotranspiration of Date using Landsat and M-SEBALAyoub Almhab
Date is an important cash crop in the eastern part of Yemen.
Water management for date plantations in arid areas has become an important aspect for food production. Point measurement of water needed by one Date plantation cannot provide accurate estimate for all the orchards in a county: the point measurements are costly and unpractical. A new approach is suggested to estimate water requirement by date at a county scale. The proposed technique used LANDSAT-ETM data and M-SEBAL (Modified - Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) to estimate evapotranspiration over date plantation in wadi Hadhramout- basin central of Yemen.
The M-SEBAL model estimates evapotranspiration (ET) using the energy balance equations, for which the surface temperature and reflectance data from ETM image data and meteorological data from a local weather station. The average relative error between estimated and observed ET is 10.6%, and the average absolute error is 0.35 mm/day. This proposed technique has the potential to provide guidelines for various users, including government agencies on how to evaluate current water-usage schemes.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Development of avalanche hazard maps by ArcGIS for Alpine ItalyMaryam Izadifar
Presentation of project in the course "Fundamental of GIS" for M.Sc. "Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation" at Politecnico di Milano.
Submitted by:
Maryam Izadifar, Alireza Babaee
Delineation and Comparison of Urban Heat Islands in TamilnaduVignesh Sekar
An urban heat island is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounded rural areas due to human activities. Whereas, the term heat island refers to any area, populated or not, which is consistently hotter than the surrounding area.
Project Objectives :
Conversion of thermal band data of LANDSAT 5 & 8 (Satellites) into Temperature contours in order to isolate and compare the Urban Heat Islands (UHI) of Tamil Nadu over a decade (i.e., 2005 & 2015) and over the different seasons of an year (2014
Identification of the factors responsible for UHI formation with reference to Land use
Intensity of the UHI formed
Suggestion of Mitigation Measures
Ahmed almhabو Regional evapotranspiration of Date using Landsat and M-SEBALAyoub Almhab
Date is an important cash crop in the eastern part of Yemen.
Water management for date plantations in arid areas has become an important aspect for food production. Point measurement of water needed by one Date plantation cannot provide accurate estimate for all the orchards in a county: the point measurements are costly and unpractical. A new approach is suggested to estimate water requirement by date at a county scale. The proposed technique used LANDSAT-ETM data and M-SEBAL (Modified - Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) to estimate evapotranspiration over date plantation in wadi Hadhramout- basin central of Yemen.
The M-SEBAL model estimates evapotranspiration (ET) using the energy balance equations, for which the surface temperature and reflectance data from ETM image data and meteorological data from a local weather station. The average relative error between estimated and observed ET is 10.6%, and the average absolute error is 0.35 mm/day. This proposed technique has the potential to provide guidelines for various users, including government agencies on how to evaluate current water-usage schemes.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Development of avalanche hazard maps by ArcGIS for Alpine ItalyMaryam Izadifar
Presentation of project in the course "Fundamental of GIS" for M.Sc. "Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation" at Politecnico di Milano.
Submitted by:
Maryam Izadifar, Alireza Babaee
GIS and Sensor Based Monitoring and Prediction of Landslides with Landslide M...iosrjce
Monsoon rains affect the Indian subcontinent every year causing devastating floods and deadly
landslides. The worst damages usually are reported in the northern and north-eastern part of India in the
Himalayan region. High risk landslide sites are located across the country, which become dangerous during
rainy season. Hence, monitoring and prediction of landslides in these regions are of utmost importance.
Geographical data management and dissemination for mitigation activities in the event of such disasters can be
handled effectively using GIS technology and physical sensors. With parallel computing power available,
models can be run by varying parameters to simulate different landslide scenarios. This will help in
understanding the landslide precursors, critical parameter values and create awareness among those living on
these slopes on real time.
Application to the whole regional territory over a dense computation grid can aim at the development of a real
time system to generate landslide risk scenarios based on precursor data. The proposed Landslide Monitoring
and Prediction System (LMPS) is based on the principles of landslide physics and hence a sensor-based
monitoring of the precursor variables will lead to an operational landslide monitoring and prediction system,
combining the strengths of mathematical modeling and GIS
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Simulated versus Satellite Retrieval Distribution Patterns of the Snow Water ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Snow is a very important component of the climate system which controls surface energy and water balances. Its high albedo, low thermal conductivity and properties of surface water storage impact regional to global climate. The various properties characterizing snow are highly variable and so have to be determined as dynamically active components of climate. However, on large spatial scales the properties of snow are not easily quantified either from numerical modelling or observations. Since neither observations (ground measurements or satellite retrievals) nor models alone are capable of providing enough adequate information about the time space variability of snow properties, it becomes necessary to combine their information. In the presented study the obtained with the regional climate model RegCM snow water equivalent (SWE) on monthly basis over Southeast Europe for a time window of 14 consecutive winters is compared with the Globsnow satellite product. The concordance between both datasets is evaluated with number of statistical scores. The result reveals the principal agreement between the two products, but however, with very significant discrepancies, mainly overestimations, for some years and gridcells.
The Project covered assessing the previously occurred disaster (Earthquake) in Istanbul using tools for risk management & giving emergency planning. Assessing the impact of Hazard & assessing venerability & Assessing the damages & Losses. Giving a well-defined emergency planning to reduce the vulnerability towards hazard in future.
Modeling of a river & its sediment (Serio river in the Italy, 124 km length, using HEC-RAS & River-2D software) Basin routing modeling. Flood routing. Flood mitigation. The purpose of hydraulic modeling. One-dimensional modeling of river flow. Basic differential equations and boundary conditions. Geometric representation of a natural channel. Physical parameterization. Head losses. Analysis of compound sections. Numerical solution for steady-flow processes. Brief accounts of unsteady flow processes. Two-dimensional modeling. From flood hazard to flood risk. Sediment transport processes.
Presenting several aspects of hydrogeological risk in mountain environments. The purposes are the knowledge of the theoretical issues, the capability to conceptualize a flood scenario and quantitatively represent it by integration and parameterization of several models. knowledge of theories for river modeling (Mallero).
Scenario modeling in hydrogeological risk involve a multidisciplinary approach in order to analyze, forecast and define the evolution of landslides and flood hazards. The first part of the work which focuses on the application of geology in engineering practice mainly for landslide evaluation and erosion evaluation.
A combined hazard analysis, considering the hydrological and geological process, has been done in consideration of Sondrio basin. The phenomenon which frequently happens, was sediment transport, flood or combination of both, accordingly soil movement analysis has been done in order to understand the material which will go in the river due to the widespread erosion, which was essential in geological point of view and riverbank erosion which was essential in geomorphological point of view. After having the results, hydraulic simulation has been done by Basement and River2D software to anticipate flood and sediment transport, eventually, the probable hazard scenario which is a flood illustrated in maps in terms of velocity and water depth.
An attempt of assessing the damage has been considered by bringing together the results of integrated hazard analysis with vulnerability and exposure analysis. Afterward, damage of some components has been highlighted for the scenario, then considering time evolution of scenario possible challenges and responses have been identified. A non-structural measurement ''emergency plan'' has been developed by defining the roles of each organization who are in charge for specific challenges and responses.
Evaluating the triggering of a landslide through the Limit Equilibrium Approach: methods of slices (Fellenius, Bishop, Janbu, Morgenstern and Price, Spencer). Structural intervention measures for hazard mitigation: hybrid methods for designing active and passive protective structures (anchored retaining walls, slope stabilizing piles, earth reinforced embankments). Advanced numerical approaches for evaluating the propagation of a landslide: DEM and SPH methods. Analysis and Design of structures interacting with soil: ground anchors, sheet-piles, retaining walls, advanced retaining devices.The design of slope stabilizing system, by means of GeoSlope. Designing Active & Passive stabilizing systems for the critical case with rigid square bearing plates with a deep ground anchor.
Analysis and design of embedded pipes: pipelines, vertical hollow piles.Soil-structure reactions for applied displacements of horizontally embedded systems at serviceability and ultimate limit states.
The design of a Buried Steel Pipeline with straight pressure under a road, within a ditch trench. Checking the ULS & SLS conditions both in the plane of the pipeline section & in the vertical plane along pipeline axis.
Seismic risk assessment for post event managementDaniel Jalili
Seismic risk assessment for post-event management (Salo)
application to a case study; slope instability under seismic actions; Seismic vulnerability of buildings; Seismic vulnerability of lifelines; Seismic vulnerability of special buildings (e.g. churches, castle, etc); Seismic risk; Seismic scenarios; Post-earthquake Usability assessment: assessment organization and methodology based on the AEDES form.
In this project, during the flood, the TMP of highway A1, the section between 703 and 722 km (Direction from Salerno to Milan), have been considered as affected area. It will deal with the alternative routes in Micro and Macro itinerary roads in case of a flood event in order to make the decision about activation of the routes and diverting the traffic by considering the travel time. That leads to defining the Variable Message Sign for better guiding the users.
In this project, the evacuation of the town of San Rocco al Porto is simulated with the help of
Cube Avenue in order to define Traffic Emergency Management as the determination of the
shortest and least dangerous routes for rescue vehicles to reach a safe place.
In the simulation, it is assumed that when there is an alarm, all roads in the risk area are closed,
so during the evacuation process, no vehicles, except the evacuated ones are present. The
evacuation is performed with the cars of the residences so, for this simulation, it is necessary to
have Origin/Destination matrix as a demand that will be found by some simplified hypothesis
about the number of households in each zone and the number of cars that will be used for
evacuation.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
1. Fundamental of GIS
ArcGIS Project:
Avalanche Hazard Map
Daniela Carrion
Omid Habibzadeh Bigdarvish (836722)
Daniel Jalili (832852)
2. 2
Introduction
An avalanche (also called a snowslide or snowslip) is a rapid flow of snow down a
sloping surface. Avalanches are typically triggered in a starting zone from a mechanical
failure in the snowpack (slab avalanche) when the forces on the snow exceed its
strength but sometimes while gradually widening (loose snow avalanche). They are
unpredictable and often small scale of it can lead to devastating results. Avalanche
cartography deals with the causes and consequences of such incidents and tries to
depict them in a variety of ways. The most common cartographic representation within
this field is the avalanche hazard map. Avalanche hazard map is an indispensable tool
for evaluation of avalanche danger.
The effective parameters on the formation of avalanche, based on the literature are
considered to be morphology, existence or nonexistence of forests and also
wind effect. The morphology of the area affects an avalanche in two different ways.
1. Slope of the area
2. The direction of the region relative to the direction of sunlight in different seasons
Position of the sun in relation to the area.
In the case of slope, different researchers have proposed different criteria. In the
present work a slope between 28 and 55 degrees is considered as Morphologic hazard.
Also a sudden variation in slope of greater than 10 degrees is considered as an
escalating condition. The reason for this criteria is that on slopes lower than 28
degrees, no movement of the accumulated snow is possible and on the contrary, on
slopes higher than 55 degrees, there is no chance of formation of thick layered snow
and hence, no chance for the initiation of avalanche in these areas.
The other thing about the morphology of the area which can negatively affect the
occurrence of an avalanche is that during winter, due to the direction of the sunlight,
the snow mass accumulated on the northern aspect loses its stiffness, becomes watery
and therefore is more prone to slip. There is also same condition for south and east
in spring. The figure below shows how morphological slope properties affect
avalanche.
3. 3
“Morphological Slope Properties Affecting Avalanche”
Interpretation of the data:
In order to produce an avalanche hazard map with ArcGIS and to compare it with the
map of possible avalanche location (CLPV, Carta di Localizzazione Probabile delle
Valanghe), which is based on past events.
The map will be based mainly on morphological characteristics and on their link with
the possibility of avalanche generation. The avalanche evolution and movement are
not considered, as well as the risk (probability of harm or economic loss with respect
to people).
NOTE: this work is a reasonable exercise based on scientific literature. The very
complex topic of avalanche hazard is not treated in a comprehensive way.
The model considered to produce the avalanche hazard map takes the following
factors into account:
Morphologic hazard. Based on the following conditions:
o slope between 28° and 45°÷55° (depending on literature sources)
o slope variation larger than 10° (presence of break lines)
Morphologic hazard aggravating circumstances:
o S-E aspect: aggravating circumstance during spring
o N aspect: aggravating circumstance during winter
4. 4
Forest coverage. The presence of vegetation can NOT stop the avalanche once
it’s started, but the vegetation coverage interferes with the creation of compact
and homogeneous snow layers
o dense evergreen forest (spruce or spruce with larch)
o sparse wood or deciduous dense wood (larch)
o bare or covered by grass or sparse vegetation (pasture or bushes)
Wind effect (aggravating circumstance): downwind hazard with respect to the
wind prevailing direction (factor suggested by a mountain guide).
(Meyer-Grass M., Imbeck H., 1987)
Available data
The area of interest is Val di Pejo area (north western part of Trentino Region,
northern Italy)
Contour lines with 10m spacing (they have been obtained from the regional
base map)
Forest coverage: two maps are available, comp7 and cveg
Aerial photo, to be georeferenced
CLPV (Carta di Localizzazione Probabile delle Valanghe): map of possible
avalanche location, which is based on past events. It is based on a 1:25000
scale map.
Regional base map, 1:10000 scale.
5. 5
Caldes station (46°22′0″N 10°57′0″E): the wind is more intense in the early
afternoon, with NE-E prevailing direction, during the rest of the day the
prevailing direction is SW-W.
Maps to be produced
DTM
slope map
slope variation map
aspect map
If needed, more than one avalanche hazard map can be produced considering
different conditions.
Explanation of the project:
Digital Terrain Model (DTM):
Digital terrain model is a topographic model of the bare earth terrain relief that can
be employed by computer programs. In this case, the digital terrain model is a digital
model of a terrain's surface which is created from terrain elevation data with regular
grid (raster format). The values are stored in a matrix. Compared to the vector format,
the files of raster format can make simpler and faster data processing, and the
cartographic representation system can be easily changed and also the cartographic
information can be better visualized.
Basic Map:
The first map to be produced is the DTM map. Considering the contour lines that were
given, interpolation was carried out to make the height map of the region. It is
noticeable that some correction was done manually on the contour lines as in a small
region the altitude given by the contours did not match with the aerial photo given
before.
6. 6
Slope Map:
A map indicating the topography of an area along with an analysis of topographic
features as they have influenced and may continue to influence land development.
At this step, spatial analyst tools have been used to produce the Slope map. In this
method, first the hazardous regions with slopes with 28 and 55 were identified then
break lines are also take into accounts. As a results the two maps (28<slope<55 and
slope variation larger than 10 degrees) were used and with help of raster calculator
tools and neighborhood tools, the block statistics were produced.
8. 8
“Slope between 28° and 55”
“Slope variation larger than 10° “
Aspect Map:
The slope maps is not enough to identify the direction of the slopes. Hence, the aspect
map was produced by the spatial analyst tool from aspect tools. The direction of the
slopes was needed as some criteria were dependent on the orientation of the slopes.
In physical geography, aspect generally refers to the horizontal direction to which
a mountain slope faces. For instance, a slope on the eastern edge of
the Rockies toward the Great Plains is described as having an easterly aspect.
9. 9
“Aspect Map”
Aggravation map:
The morphological hazard aggravating conditions has been evaluated. This part
contains two maps, one for winter and the other one for spring. In winter, the
aggravating condition occurs in north direction while in spring, this condition is true
for south and east direction. To obtain these maps the raster calculator tools based
on the aspect data has been used.
“Winter aggravating condition”
10. 10
“Spring aggravating condition”
Wind aggravation map:
According to the wind direction aggravating condition, two maps have been produced.
The wind is more intense in the early afternoon, with NE-E prevailing direction, during
the rest of the day the prevailing direction is SW-W. One map represents the
aggravating condition in the early afternoon and the other one represents it in the
other times of the day. These maps all have been produced by raster calculator tools
based on the aspect data.
11. 11
“Wind Map_ Early Afternoon”
“Wind Map_ Rest of the Day”
Vegetation map:
The other effective factor is the coverage by forests. To take this factor into account,
a vegetation map has been provided which describes the vegetation protection
capability against avalanches with three classifications, dense forests, sparse wood or
copes and pastures. A dense forest prevents the occurrence of an avalanche by
preventing the compactness and formation of dense snow layers although it fails to
stop an avalanche after it starts moving. The helpful region was derived from the
complete forest coverage map.
12. 12
“Forest Coverage Map”
Avalanche Hazard map production:
Eventually in this project there will be two different hazard map which have been
produced according to various situation in the spring and winter. To produce the final
avalanche hazard map the following procedures have been taken; In the case of spring
season there will be slope mix map, vegetation coverage map, wind effect map and
aggravating circumstances during spring, which will conclude avalanche hazard map
in spring. The same procedure should be taken for the avalanche hazard map in winter
considering aggravating circumstances during winter plus three other maps in spring
case.
Hazard Map Production:
Slope:
Now the mixed slope hazard map can be produced. This map was created by
combining slope variation map greater than 10°, and the slope map between 28° and
55 ° multiplied with “2” to distinguish the importance of the different values of the
two maps by using Raster Calculator.
Then the mixed slope map was reclassified to three classes:
1. 0 for the areas that have no slope between 28-55 and variation smaller than
10.
2. 35 for areas that have slope between 28-55 and variation smaller than 10.
3. 45 for slope between 28-55 and variation larger than 10.
13. 13
(This step has been done in order to distinguish the different values and
importance of different aspects).
“Mix Slope Map”
Morphological hazard aggravating circumstances:
The two previous morphologic maps that produced for the aggravating condition in
different seasons have been reclassified to values: 0 and 15.
(This step has been done in order to distinguish the different values and importance of
different aspects).
Wind Effect:
In order to produce the map for wind, it has been decided to consider both maps
produced for the wind effect in a single map and combined them to give us hazards
in whole 24 hours. By this assumption, the winds that blow in the early afternoon were
not separated from the winds that blow in the rest of the day and they were all
together. After that we reclassified the class values to : 0 and 15.
(This step has been done in order to distinguish the different values and importance of
different aspects).
14. 14
“General Wind Map”
Vegetation Coverage:
The vegetation data includes four classes: Dense evergreen forest, sparse wood or
copse, Bare or covered by grass or pastures, No data. Different weight have been
given to each class by using ‘Reclassify’:
(This step has been done in order to distinguish the different values and importance
of different aspects).
1) High forest= -10.
2) Copse= 10.
3) Pasture= 35.
4) No data= 0.
Final Avalanche Hazard Maps:
In order to producing the final hazard maps, weights to each of the aspects have been
given with reclassification of values in any single map and then all the maps have been
together, the results are demonstrated in the following figures :
Hazard map in winter includes reclass mixed slope, reclass forest vegetation, reclass
wind+ reclass aggravating condition.
Hazard map in spring includes reclass mixed slope, reclass forest vegetation, reclass
wind, reclass aggravating condition.
16. 16
“Avalanche Hazard Map for winter”
Conclusion:
Based on the results, the avalanche hazard is almost similar for the two seasons with
more hazardous in spring map. Although it is clear that the hazard is generally higher
on the east and west part of the region with higher altitudes and steep slopes.
17. 17
Comparison with CLPV:
Avalanche hazard map with the map of possible avalanche location (CLPV) need to be
compared based on previous events to evaluate the accuracy for the hazard map
which have made.
For this reason, by overlapping the avalanche hazard map with the CLVP, the accuracy
of the hazard maps can be evaluated by checking whether all the reported avalanches
have been included in the hazardous area defined in the global hazard map.
“Comparison Map for spring”
18. 18
“Comparison Map for winter”
From the overlapping maps of the avalanche hazard and the CVLP, we can notice that
most of the reported avalanches have been included in the hazardous areas. As a
result, the avalanche hazard map has been obtain using ArcGIS corresponds the real
condition and that can be considered as a precise estimation.
19. 19
References:
Pistocchi A., Notarnicola C. (2013), Data-driven mapping of avalanche release areas:
a case study in South Tyrol, Italy, Natural Hazards, Volume 65, Issue 3, pp 1313-1330
Ciolli M., Zatelli P. (2000), Avalanche risk management using GRASS GIS, 1st Italian
GRASS users meeting proceedings, Geomatics Workbooks, Vol 1,
Cresta R., Telmon G. (1980), Nozioni elementari sulle valanghe, Servizio Valanghe
Italiano
Siebert W. (1985), Nozione sulle valanghe, Associazione Guide Alpine sciatori – Alto
Adige