The document analyzes snow-drifting vulnerability in Botosani County, Romania. Various climatic and geomorphological parameters were analyzed, including relief, slope, hypsometry, wind direction, land use, and road infrastructure. These factors were classified into vulnerability levels and combined to produce a unified snow-drifting vulnerability map. The map identified the most at-risk road sections, including those along the Jijia and Sitna valleys. Analyzing the parameters identified areas with higher snow accumulation potential and how it can impact transportation networks.
2010 rock slope risk assesment based on geostructural annaMasagus Azizi
The document describes a study on assessing rock slope stability along a highway in North Malaysia. Laser scanning and traditional surveying techniques were used to characterize discontinuities in eight rock slopes. Discontinuity orientations and positions were derived from laser scanning point clouds. Stability analyses using key block analysis identified potential failure mechanisms. A relative hazard index was developed based on slope geometry, stability, water presence, and protections to assess hazard levels and inform mitigation recommendations. The study provides a methodology for integrating advanced scanning with traditional surveys to evaluate rock slope stability.
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...IOSR Journals
Abstract. This article presents a case of application of geostatistical methods in geotechnical engineering:
There is a railway platform, going to be built on compressible soils which presents important settlement.
Geotechnical data were analyzed by a geostatistical approach using GIS software to characterize the spatial
variability of the thickness of the compressible soils and their deformation Module.
Then these data were crossed with settlement calculations by oedometer method to estimate the distribution of
soil compaction on the entire site.
Key words: Morocco, Kenitra, geotechnical studies, settlement, geostatistics, kriging.
This document discusses the application of a geological model to the Xinli Oilfield VI region. It begins by introducing the region and describing the data collection process. It then discusses the development of structural, facies, and attribute models for the region using Petrel software. The structural model includes fault and layer models created from seismic, drilling, and logging data. The facies model divides the region into 14 sedimentary microfacies. The attribute model simulates porosity and permeability distributions using well log data and variogram analysis. The integrated 3D geological model provides insights into remaining oil distributions to optimize development plans for the region.
A report that demonstrates the usefulness and viability of using digital image processing techniques to emphasise and describe geological, structural and topographical features captured from satellite imagery. With the use of ArcScene, ArcGIS and EDRAS Mapper.
Building Land Use/Land Cover maps from OpenStreetMapMarco Minghini
These slides were presented at the conference "Mapping, Sensing, and Crowdsourcing Geographic Information", organized as the final joint meeting of the two EU COST Actions TD1202 "Mapping and the Citizen Sensors" (http://www.citizensensor-cost.eu) and IC1203 "ENERGIC" (http://vgibox.eu). This work explains the creation of an automated procedure to convert OpenStreetMap (OSM) data into Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) maps, using the nomenclatures of the two most popular European LULC maps, i.e. Urban Atlas and Corine Land Cover. The procedure is implemented using open source software.
Dr. John McLellan established GMEX in 2012 to provide geomechanical modelling services to the mining industry. GMEX uses finite element and discrete element modelling techniques to better understand geological deformation events and fluid flow patterns to enable predictive mineral exploration targeting. These modelling techniques simulate crustal deformation and analyze resulting stress, strain, and fluid flow patterns to identify favorable areas for structurally-controlled mineral deposits. GMEX has successfully applied these methods in validation case studies to define new exploration targets at mines like Sunrise Dam and prioritize regional targets in areas like the Eastern Fold Belt in Mount Isa.
Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and envir...iosrjce
The focus of this research is to model the geohydrology of the precambrian Oban Massif using
geospatial techniques. Groundwater control indicators such as geology, geomorphology, drainage density,
lineament density, land use / land cover and slope steepness were derived from landsat ETM+
imagery, ASTER
DEM and SRTM DEM. Image processing software such as ENVI 3.2, ARC GIS9.2 and PCI Geomatica were
used for image processing , digitizing and lineament density computation respectively. Weighted averages of the
groundwater controlling factors were used to produce thematic maps of geology, lineament density, drainage
density, slope steepness, land use/land cover and geomorphological units. The thematic maps were overlaid in a
GIS environment to model the ground water potential map of the area. Arc GIS, Arc View and Map Info were
used for geographic Information System analysis. ERDAS imagine 8.6 and ENVI 4.2 were used for
georeferencing, image analysis and coordinate transformation. ASTER DEM was used for analysis of
geomorphology. For vegetation, discrimination in land cover / land use mapping band 4: 3: 2 for landsat ETM+
was used. Unsupervised was used to have a general idea of the area. Supervised classification was used for
final land use/ land cover mapping. Result show that geology, lineament density, and slope steepness are the
most influential groundwater controlling factors of groundwater potential. Their degree of influence can be
summarized as geology > lineament density> slope>geomorphology>drainage density>land use / land cover.
From the groundwater potential map, four groundwater potential zones: very good, moderately good, fair and
poor. Successful boreholes drilled in the groundwater favourable potential areas should be reticulated to the
neighbourhood with poor groundwater potentials to salvage groundwater problem in the study area.
2010 rock slope risk assesment based on geostructural annaMasagus Azizi
The document describes a study on assessing rock slope stability along a highway in North Malaysia. Laser scanning and traditional surveying techniques were used to characterize discontinuities in eight rock slopes. Discontinuity orientations and positions were derived from laser scanning point clouds. Stability analyses using key block analysis identified potential failure mechanisms. A relative hazard index was developed based on slope geometry, stability, water presence, and protections to assess hazard levels and inform mitigation recommendations. The study provides a methodology for integrating advanced scanning with traditional surveys to evaluate rock slope stability.
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...IOSR Journals
Abstract. This article presents a case of application of geostatistical methods in geotechnical engineering:
There is a railway platform, going to be built on compressible soils which presents important settlement.
Geotechnical data were analyzed by a geostatistical approach using GIS software to characterize the spatial
variability of the thickness of the compressible soils and their deformation Module.
Then these data were crossed with settlement calculations by oedometer method to estimate the distribution of
soil compaction on the entire site.
Key words: Morocco, Kenitra, geotechnical studies, settlement, geostatistics, kriging.
This document discusses the application of a geological model to the Xinli Oilfield VI region. It begins by introducing the region and describing the data collection process. It then discusses the development of structural, facies, and attribute models for the region using Petrel software. The structural model includes fault and layer models created from seismic, drilling, and logging data. The facies model divides the region into 14 sedimentary microfacies. The attribute model simulates porosity and permeability distributions using well log data and variogram analysis. The integrated 3D geological model provides insights into remaining oil distributions to optimize development plans for the region.
A report that demonstrates the usefulness and viability of using digital image processing techniques to emphasise and describe geological, structural and topographical features captured from satellite imagery. With the use of ArcScene, ArcGIS and EDRAS Mapper.
Building Land Use/Land Cover maps from OpenStreetMapMarco Minghini
These slides were presented at the conference "Mapping, Sensing, and Crowdsourcing Geographic Information", organized as the final joint meeting of the two EU COST Actions TD1202 "Mapping and the Citizen Sensors" (http://www.citizensensor-cost.eu) and IC1203 "ENERGIC" (http://vgibox.eu). This work explains the creation of an automated procedure to convert OpenStreetMap (OSM) data into Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) maps, using the nomenclatures of the two most popular European LULC maps, i.e. Urban Atlas and Corine Land Cover. The procedure is implemented using open source software.
Dr. John McLellan established GMEX in 2012 to provide geomechanical modelling services to the mining industry. GMEX uses finite element and discrete element modelling techniques to better understand geological deformation events and fluid flow patterns to enable predictive mineral exploration targeting. These modelling techniques simulate crustal deformation and analyze resulting stress, strain, and fluid flow patterns to identify favorable areas for structurally-controlled mineral deposits. GMEX has successfully applied these methods in validation case studies to define new exploration targets at mines like Sunrise Dam and prioritize regional targets in areas like the Eastern Fold Belt in Mount Isa.
Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and envir...iosrjce
The focus of this research is to model the geohydrology of the precambrian Oban Massif using
geospatial techniques. Groundwater control indicators such as geology, geomorphology, drainage density,
lineament density, land use / land cover and slope steepness were derived from landsat ETM+
imagery, ASTER
DEM and SRTM DEM. Image processing software such as ENVI 3.2, ARC GIS9.2 and PCI Geomatica were
used for image processing , digitizing and lineament density computation respectively. Weighted averages of the
groundwater controlling factors were used to produce thematic maps of geology, lineament density, drainage
density, slope steepness, land use/land cover and geomorphological units. The thematic maps were overlaid in a
GIS environment to model the ground water potential map of the area. Arc GIS, Arc View and Map Info were
used for geographic Information System analysis. ERDAS imagine 8.6 and ENVI 4.2 were used for
georeferencing, image analysis and coordinate transformation. ASTER DEM was used for analysis of
geomorphology. For vegetation, discrimination in land cover / land use mapping band 4: 3: 2 for landsat ETM+
was used. Unsupervised was used to have a general idea of the area. Supervised classification was used for
final land use/ land cover mapping. Result show that geology, lineament density, and slope steepness are the
most influential groundwater controlling factors of groundwater potential. Their degree of influence can be
summarized as geology > lineament density> slope>geomorphology>drainage density>land use / land cover.
From the groundwater potential map, four groundwater potential zones: very good, moderately good, fair and
poor. Successful boreholes drilled in the groundwater favourable potential areas should be reticulated to the
neighbourhood with poor groundwater potentials to salvage groundwater problem in the study area.
1. The study area located in the Songliao Basin contains thin and laterally discontinuous reservoirs that are difficult to predict using conventional seismic inversion methods.
2. Coherent and frequency division attributes were used to qualitatively predict reservoir distribution, showing the sand bodies are concentrated in central bands with different orientations for different formations.
3. Geostatistical inversion was used to quantitatively predict reservoir distribution, generating multiple equally probable impedance models that match well logging data and seismic data, accurately depicting the reservoir distribution rules in the study area.
Integration of Aeromagntic Data and Landsat Imagery for structural Analysis f...iosrjce
In this study, different digital format data sources including aeromagnetic and remotely sensed
(Landsat 8 and ASTER) images were used for structural and tectonic interpretation of the Mahabubnager
and Gulbarga districts of Telangana and Karnataka states in the Eastern Dharwarcraton. From analysis of
Landsat and ASTER images, the surface morphology and major lineaments trending in the NW–SE, E-W and
NE-SW were identified. Qualitative analysis of IGRF corrected aeromagnetic data were carried out using the
analytical signal, reduction to pole, horizontal & vertical gradient maps, several lineaments trending in three
major directions NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W were delineated. The structural features inferred from image
analysis were corroborated, the zones of intersection of these structural trends which could have acted as
potential sites for kimberlites emplacement were accordingly delineated at 21 locations. Subsequently,
quantitative analysis of magnetic inversion at 21 profiles are carried out utilizing GM-SYS and Geosoft
software, brought out the subsurface configuration of kimberlites. The inferred magnetic models are exhibiting
V-shaped / Oval type structure. Depth of the inferred structures has been revealed by the Euler deconvolution
methods suggest depth varies from 536 to 1640 mts
1) The document describes the creation of 3D geological models for the North NO.1 area off the west and west block of the Daqing Oilfield using Petrel modeling software.
2) Structural, sedimentary facies, and attribute models were developed based on geological, seismic, and well log data to characterize the reservoir's spatial geological characteristics.
3) The models included 20 sedimentary facies units and models of porosity, permeability, and effective thickness to represent the heterogeneity of the reservoir and provide a basis for improving residual oil recovery.
Application of the EUROSEM model in drainage basins in areas of the Valencian...ExternalEvents
The EUROSEM model was applied to three drainage basins in Valencia, Spain to study erosion problems and evaluate soil losses under current and changed conditions. Topography was represented using GIS and a digital elevation model. The basins were divided into homogeneous elements based on slope, geology, soils, and vegetation. Model results showed infiltration, runoff, and erosion/sedimentation values. Applying the model with heavy rain scenarios showed increased erosion risk and soil loss tripling, demonstrating how weather changes can worsen erosion in drainage basins.
18494_Guided Facies Modeling using 3D Seismic and WellRoy Cox
This document summarizes research using 3D seismic data and well logs to create more geologically realistic models of reservoir facies distributions. Seismic attribute images were interpreted to map fluvial depositional features like channels. These geomorphic objects were then used to guide facies modeling between wells. This "soft conditioning" approach produced models that better honored both well data and seismic trends compared to previous methods. It was applied to reservoirs in the BB oil field comprised of Miocene fluvial and coastal deposits. Seismic slices helped delineate multiple channel belts and a point bar complex that informed the final facies models.
Determining pre-slide topography using site investigation data The Maskun lan...Ali Saeidi
The geometric shape of the slide surface and the land topography before and after failure are essential factors in a back analysis procedure for estimating geomechanical parameters of a failed soil and rock mass. This paper proposes a sequential methodology: first, determine the pre-slide topography of the rock and soil mass, based on measurements of the movement for a number of reference points and mathematical relations for estimating the movement of the entire sliding mass. The second step is to determine the geometry of the slide surface based on the post-slide topographic map and field observations, especially the outcrops of the slide surface and other relevant features, such as water discharge locations, observed at the toe of the slide surface. The results indicate that the proposed methods have applicability to obtaining vital factors for back analysis and allow costlier and difficult investigation methods to be avoided.
This geomechanical model investigates the 3D kinematics of the fault system beneath the Marmara Sea region in northwest Turkey. The model incorporates the recently imaged fault structures below the Marmara Sea as frictional surfaces. It is subjected to gravity and kinematic boundary conditions derived from observations. The model results agree with GPS velocities, geological fault slip rates, palaeomagnetic measurements and patterns of subsidence and uplift. The Main Marmara Fault can be interpreted as a through-going strike-slip fault, but there is also significant dip-slip motion locally. Sensitivity analysis shows rock properties and initial stress have minor influence on kinematics, whereas the 3D fault structure is the key control. The modeled slip rate of the
The document describes a 3D facies model of two fan-delta complexes in Spain based on outcrop data. The model covers an area of 375 km2 and stratigraphic thickness of 325 meters, capturing heterogeneity from two scales of cyclicity. Facies belts were modeled using geostatistics calibrated with paleogeographic maps. The model reproduces the complex geometry of the delta front facies and potential stratigraphic traps related to facies changes. The exploration-scale model correlates well with outcrop cross-sections, demonstrating the modeling strategy could be applicable to subsurface reservoirs.
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Land Cover maps supply information about the physical material at the surface of the Earth (i.e. grass, trees, bare ground, asphalt, water, etc.). Usually they are 2D representations so to present variability of land covers about latitude and longitude or other type of earth coordinates. Possibility to link this variability to the terrain elevation is very useful because it permits to investigate probable correlations between the type of physical material at the surface and the relief. This paper is aimed to describe the approach to be followed to obtain 3D visualizations of land cover maps in GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Particularly Corine Land Cover vector files concerning Campania Region (Italy) are considered: transformed raster files are overlapped to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with adequate resolution and 3D visualizations of them are obtained using GIS tool. The resulting models are discussed in terms of their possible use to support scientific studies on Campania Land Cover.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
New Trends In Exploration For Natural Resourcesakhilp2011
This document discusses new trends in natural resource exploration using geographic information systems (GIS) in Ethiopia. Specifically, it summarizes efforts to explore for oil and gas in Ethiopia using GIS for regional geological mapping, seismic survey planning, and integrating datasets. Challenges of the rough terrain are addressed. Additionally, the potential for hydrocarbon exploration in North Ethiopia is discussed, specifically examining the Wereilu basin through gravity data analysis, geological modeling, and evaluating the basin's hydrocarbon potential based on source rocks, reservoirs, traps, and surface oil seeps. GIS is identified as a useful tool to integrate datasets and plan exploration projects in areas with challenging terrain.
The document discusses different types of geologic maps. It describes classifications of maps including qualitative maps that show shape, composition, and evolution over time and quantitative maps that show geometric configuration, thickness variations, and composition. Specific map types are outlined under each classification, such as geological maps, photogeological maps, structure contour maps, isopach maps, and geophysical maps. Key elements of geologic maps like strata patterns, folds, faults, and symbols are also reviewed.
Assessing the interaction between the excavation of a large cavern and existi...SYSTRA
The Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM)
is an underground research laboratory located
in the Western Alps on the French – Italian
border. It is located in the middle of the
13km long Fréjus highway tunnel that links
Modane (France) to Bardonecchia (Italy) in
correspondence of the highest overburden
of 1800m. The LSM current activity is
mainly based on the investigations about
the dark matter and requires very sensitive
instrumentation which shall be protected from
cosmic rays. To comply with the new legislation
about safety in tunnels, the highway tunnels
2 owners agreed in 2007 the construction of
a parallel safety tunnel, at an average distance
of 50m from the existing tunnel and the
laboratory owner CNRS (Centre National de
recherche scientifique) also decided to extend
the existing laboratory with the construction of
a new 17000m3 cavern allowing the installation
of wider and more powerful instruments that
could increase chances of success of research.
Written by SYSTRA tunnel experts : SEMERARO Martino, MISANO Edoardo, SCHIVRE Magali, BOCHON Alain
Separating underground metro lines under operation in BakuSYSTRA
The document discusses a project to separate the existing Green and Red underground metro lines in Baku, Azerbaijan. This is a complex project due to constraints like limited surface access, unstable soil conditions with artesian water, and the need to complete the work within a 5 week shutdown period to minimize metro disruptions. The chosen design solution involves installing a steel pipe jacking frame to excavate two large caverns and separate the existing lines while constructing new tunnels, with soil treatment to control geotechnical risks and impacts on existing structures.
Back analysis of high tunnel convergences in clayey marlsSYSTRA
Ganntas Tunnel is part of the modernization project of the
railway between Alger and Oran, in Algeria. In order to double
and rectify the existing line between El Affroun and Khémis
Miliana, the alignment foresees the excavation of a 7km-long
twin tunnel. The excavation works started in June 2011 with
the contractor CCECC, under the supervision of SYSTRA.
Excavation is driven in conventional method by hydraulic
hammer simultaneously on 8 different faces since excavation
was started also from a junction window towards the middle
of the tunnel. The minimum longitudinal distance to be
respected between two contiguous tunnel faces has been set
to 30m. The tunnel cross-section is a 70m² oval shaped profile,
temporary support consists of shotcrete, bolts and steel ribs.
A 30 to 50cm thick cast in situ concrete final lining is provided
as well.
When the tunnel reached a fault zone in soft clayey marls,
extreme squeezing occurred, works were stopped, and reprofiling
operations were carried out along more than 100m
tunnel length. To date, works proceed at slow rate since high
convergences are still monitored and completion of works is
not expected before December 2016.
Written by SYSTRA tunnel experts : MISANO Edoardo, COUBRAY Jean-Louis,
ESPINOZA CARMONA Fabiola
1. A digital elevation model was created for the Las Mingachas outcrop area using aerial imagery and stratigraphic well data. Major flooding surfaces and sequential surfaces were reconstructed from digitized geological traces and well data.
2. A 3D volume model was constructed between the reconstructed sequential surfaces using gridded cells oriented in the paleoflow direction. Facies models were defined for each sequence set based on outcrop and well data.
Lunar Base Architecture and Operations ProposalDavid Torre
The document proposes the architecture and operations of the Jamestown Moon Base located near the South Pole of the Moon. Key aspects of the proposal include:
1. Establishing a permanently crewed base with modules to support 4 crew primarily for scientific research and exploration of the Moon.
2. Locating the base in Amundsen crater for its proximity to resources like water ice, flat terrain, and protection from radiation.
3. Designing the base with interconnected pressurized modules for living/working spaces and unpressurized areas for vehicle/equipment storage and processing resources.
GIS and Sensor Based Monitoring and Prediction of Landslides with Landslide M...iosrjce
1) The document proposes a Landslide Monitoring and Prediction System (LMPS) that uses GIS and physical sensors to monitor precursors like pore water pressure and rainfall intensity to predict landslides in high risk areas of India.
2) The system would involve deploying field sensors to monitor precursors and transmitting data to a base station for analysis using landslide models. A GIS would integrate spatial data to map predicted landslide impacts and support disaster mitigation planning.
3) By continuously simulating landslide scenarios based on changing precursor values, the LMPS aims to provide real-time landslide warnings to alert authorities and the public of impending landslide risks.
Assessment of landslide susceptibility using geospatial analysis and interfer...Pavlos Krassakis
The main purpose of the current study, was to examine the assessment of landslide susceptibility in the mountainous Municipalities of Nafpaktia and Karpenisi (Central Greece) by using geospatial analysis via RES (Rock Engineering System) and interferometry data.
1. The study area located in the Songliao Basin contains thin and laterally discontinuous reservoirs that are difficult to predict using conventional seismic inversion methods.
2. Coherent and frequency division attributes were used to qualitatively predict reservoir distribution, showing the sand bodies are concentrated in central bands with different orientations for different formations.
3. Geostatistical inversion was used to quantitatively predict reservoir distribution, generating multiple equally probable impedance models that match well logging data and seismic data, accurately depicting the reservoir distribution rules in the study area.
Integration of Aeromagntic Data and Landsat Imagery for structural Analysis f...iosrjce
In this study, different digital format data sources including aeromagnetic and remotely sensed
(Landsat 8 and ASTER) images were used for structural and tectonic interpretation of the Mahabubnager
and Gulbarga districts of Telangana and Karnataka states in the Eastern Dharwarcraton. From analysis of
Landsat and ASTER images, the surface morphology and major lineaments trending in the NW–SE, E-W and
NE-SW were identified. Qualitative analysis of IGRF corrected aeromagnetic data were carried out using the
analytical signal, reduction to pole, horizontal & vertical gradient maps, several lineaments trending in three
major directions NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W were delineated. The structural features inferred from image
analysis were corroborated, the zones of intersection of these structural trends which could have acted as
potential sites for kimberlites emplacement were accordingly delineated at 21 locations. Subsequently,
quantitative analysis of magnetic inversion at 21 profiles are carried out utilizing GM-SYS and Geosoft
software, brought out the subsurface configuration of kimberlites. The inferred magnetic models are exhibiting
V-shaped / Oval type structure. Depth of the inferred structures has been revealed by the Euler deconvolution
methods suggest depth varies from 536 to 1640 mts
1) The document describes the creation of 3D geological models for the North NO.1 area off the west and west block of the Daqing Oilfield using Petrel modeling software.
2) Structural, sedimentary facies, and attribute models were developed based on geological, seismic, and well log data to characterize the reservoir's spatial geological characteristics.
3) The models included 20 sedimentary facies units and models of porosity, permeability, and effective thickness to represent the heterogeneity of the reservoir and provide a basis for improving residual oil recovery.
Application of the EUROSEM model in drainage basins in areas of the Valencian...ExternalEvents
The EUROSEM model was applied to three drainage basins in Valencia, Spain to study erosion problems and evaluate soil losses under current and changed conditions. Topography was represented using GIS and a digital elevation model. The basins were divided into homogeneous elements based on slope, geology, soils, and vegetation. Model results showed infiltration, runoff, and erosion/sedimentation values. Applying the model with heavy rain scenarios showed increased erosion risk and soil loss tripling, demonstrating how weather changes can worsen erosion in drainage basins.
18494_Guided Facies Modeling using 3D Seismic and WellRoy Cox
This document summarizes research using 3D seismic data and well logs to create more geologically realistic models of reservoir facies distributions. Seismic attribute images were interpreted to map fluvial depositional features like channels. These geomorphic objects were then used to guide facies modeling between wells. This "soft conditioning" approach produced models that better honored both well data and seismic trends compared to previous methods. It was applied to reservoirs in the BB oil field comprised of Miocene fluvial and coastal deposits. Seismic slices helped delineate multiple channel belts and a point bar complex that informed the final facies models.
Determining pre-slide topography using site investigation data The Maskun lan...Ali Saeidi
The geometric shape of the slide surface and the land topography before and after failure are essential factors in a back analysis procedure for estimating geomechanical parameters of a failed soil and rock mass. This paper proposes a sequential methodology: first, determine the pre-slide topography of the rock and soil mass, based on measurements of the movement for a number of reference points and mathematical relations for estimating the movement of the entire sliding mass. The second step is to determine the geometry of the slide surface based on the post-slide topographic map and field observations, especially the outcrops of the slide surface and other relevant features, such as water discharge locations, observed at the toe of the slide surface. The results indicate that the proposed methods have applicability to obtaining vital factors for back analysis and allow costlier and difficult investigation methods to be avoided.
This geomechanical model investigates the 3D kinematics of the fault system beneath the Marmara Sea region in northwest Turkey. The model incorporates the recently imaged fault structures below the Marmara Sea as frictional surfaces. It is subjected to gravity and kinematic boundary conditions derived from observations. The model results agree with GPS velocities, geological fault slip rates, palaeomagnetic measurements and patterns of subsidence and uplift. The Main Marmara Fault can be interpreted as a through-going strike-slip fault, but there is also significant dip-slip motion locally. Sensitivity analysis shows rock properties and initial stress have minor influence on kinematics, whereas the 3D fault structure is the key control. The modeled slip rate of the
The document describes a 3D facies model of two fan-delta complexes in Spain based on outcrop data. The model covers an area of 375 km2 and stratigraphic thickness of 325 meters, capturing heterogeneity from two scales of cyclicity. Facies belts were modeled using geostatistics calibrated with paleogeographic maps. The model reproduces the complex geometry of the delta front facies and potential stratigraphic traps related to facies changes. The exploration-scale model correlates well with outcrop cross-sections, demonstrating the modeling strategy could be applicable to subsurface reservoirs.
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Land Cover maps supply information about the physical material at the surface of the Earth (i.e. grass, trees, bare ground, asphalt, water, etc.). Usually they are 2D representations so to present variability of land covers about latitude and longitude or other type of earth coordinates. Possibility to link this variability to the terrain elevation is very useful because it permits to investigate probable correlations between the type of physical material at the surface and the relief. This paper is aimed to describe the approach to be followed to obtain 3D visualizations of land cover maps in GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Particularly Corine Land Cover vector files concerning Campania Region (Italy) are considered: transformed raster files are overlapped to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with adequate resolution and 3D visualizations of them are obtained using GIS tool. The resulting models are discussed in terms of their possible use to support scientific studies on Campania Land Cover.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
New Trends In Exploration For Natural Resourcesakhilp2011
This document discusses new trends in natural resource exploration using geographic information systems (GIS) in Ethiopia. Specifically, it summarizes efforts to explore for oil and gas in Ethiopia using GIS for regional geological mapping, seismic survey planning, and integrating datasets. Challenges of the rough terrain are addressed. Additionally, the potential for hydrocarbon exploration in North Ethiopia is discussed, specifically examining the Wereilu basin through gravity data analysis, geological modeling, and evaluating the basin's hydrocarbon potential based on source rocks, reservoirs, traps, and surface oil seeps. GIS is identified as a useful tool to integrate datasets and plan exploration projects in areas with challenging terrain.
The document discusses different types of geologic maps. It describes classifications of maps including qualitative maps that show shape, composition, and evolution over time and quantitative maps that show geometric configuration, thickness variations, and composition. Specific map types are outlined under each classification, such as geological maps, photogeological maps, structure contour maps, isopach maps, and geophysical maps. Key elements of geologic maps like strata patterns, folds, faults, and symbols are also reviewed.
Assessing the interaction between the excavation of a large cavern and existi...SYSTRA
The Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM)
is an underground research laboratory located
in the Western Alps on the French – Italian
border. It is located in the middle of the
13km long Fréjus highway tunnel that links
Modane (France) to Bardonecchia (Italy) in
correspondence of the highest overburden
of 1800m. The LSM current activity is
mainly based on the investigations about
the dark matter and requires very sensitive
instrumentation which shall be protected from
cosmic rays. To comply with the new legislation
about safety in tunnels, the highway tunnels
2 owners agreed in 2007 the construction of
a parallel safety tunnel, at an average distance
of 50m from the existing tunnel and the
laboratory owner CNRS (Centre National de
recherche scientifique) also decided to extend
the existing laboratory with the construction of
a new 17000m3 cavern allowing the installation
of wider and more powerful instruments that
could increase chances of success of research.
Written by SYSTRA tunnel experts : SEMERARO Martino, MISANO Edoardo, SCHIVRE Magali, BOCHON Alain
Separating underground metro lines under operation in BakuSYSTRA
The document discusses a project to separate the existing Green and Red underground metro lines in Baku, Azerbaijan. This is a complex project due to constraints like limited surface access, unstable soil conditions with artesian water, and the need to complete the work within a 5 week shutdown period to minimize metro disruptions. The chosen design solution involves installing a steel pipe jacking frame to excavate two large caverns and separate the existing lines while constructing new tunnels, with soil treatment to control geotechnical risks and impacts on existing structures.
Back analysis of high tunnel convergences in clayey marlsSYSTRA
Ganntas Tunnel is part of the modernization project of the
railway between Alger and Oran, in Algeria. In order to double
and rectify the existing line between El Affroun and Khémis
Miliana, the alignment foresees the excavation of a 7km-long
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Analysis of snow-drifting_vulnerability._application_to_botosani_county
1. 1
LUCR RILEăSEMINARULUIăGEOGRAFICă“DIMITRIEăCANTEMIR”ăNR.ă33, 2012
ANALYSIS OF SNOW-DRIFTING VULNERABILITY. APPLICATION TO
BOTOŞANI COUNTY
Lucian Sfîcă1
, Adrian Andrei1
, Florentina Bărcăcianu1
, Ștefana Cojocaru1
, Andrei
Enea1,2
, Oana-Elena Hapciuc1,2
, Marina Iosub1
, Pavel Ichim1
Abstract. Currently, in the continental transition climate, the snow-drifting phenomenon
registers different intensities which are becoming harder and harder to oversee and catalog into a
certain typology. The North-Eastern region of Romania is susceptible to a higher snow-drifting
vulnerability, due to its position in the exterior of the Carpathian arc. In the present article, we have
analyzed the climatic and geomorphologic parameters, asă wellă asă roadă infrastructureă ină Botoşaniă
county. From the hypothesis that the snow-drifting vulnerable areas are the resultant of morphologic
and morphometric factors, like relief (through exposition, slope, hypsometry etc.) and climatic factors
(prevailing wind direction and topoclimatic particularities), a unitary analysis was compiled,
embedding these parameters in the form of a united cartographic product, equivalent to the reality on
site.
Asperity, as a consequence of land use, contributes to a differential accumulation of the snow
layer, particularly larger accumulations in contact areas between arborescent vegetation and grassy
vegetation, as well as the contact between localities′ă peripheriesă andă the built perimeter; and also
because of small areas within other land uses, ranked with lower vulnerability (like forests and
orchards).
The vulnerability quality implies a correlation with the road infrastructure for the identification
of the road sections which present snow-drifting potential.
The results obtained are based on spatial interpretation, quantifying the influence of each
parameter with direct implication on the snow-drifting phenomenon.
Keywords: vulnerability, snow-drift, land use, road infrastructure, parameters
1. Introduction
In the cold season, the blizzard phenomenon manifests, and its consequence is snow-
drifting, with negative repercussions upon the road infrastructure. In contrast with risk,
vulnerability addresses only the physico-geographic spatialization, eliminating from account
the anthropic factor, the only element of this kind included in the study, being the road
network. The actuality of the subject consists of the blockage of the transport network, which
paralyzes other complex domains.
The most frequent synoptic situation of blizzard manifestation is characterized by the
presence of the Voeikov ridge over northern Europe, formed by the jointure of the East-
European Anticyclone and the Azores Anticyclone and by an intense Mediterranean cyclone
1
“Al.I.Cuza”ă Universityă ofă Iasi,ă Facultyă ofă Geographyă andă Geology, Department of Geography,
Bd.Carol I 20A, 700505, Iasi, Romania, sfical@yahoo.com
2
Members of the POSDRU/86/1.2/S/57462 contract, strategic project "Education and professional
forming for the supporting of economic growth and social development, based on knowledge"
2. 2
Figure 2; Methodological diagram
activity, amplified by the south-west –> north-east trajectory of the Jet current – fundamental
dynamic condition for the occurrence of blizzards in the analyzed area.
2. Methodology
For the elaboration of the spatial analysis, a comprehensive methodology was
accepted, which would dismiss, as much as possible, eventual errors that could appear after
generating the final cartographic
materials.
Being a quantitative
analysis, achieved through
geomatic means and techniques,
the accent fell upon the accuracy
of each layer included in the
equation. Therefore, the most
important morphologic,
morphometric and climatic
parameters were selected, that
directly influence the manner in
which snow accumulates, and the
thickness of the deposited layer.
Because the analysis was
executed at county level, a
compromise upon the scale we
were working with was made, utilizing already existing layers of a very fine resolution, so that
the resultants would be accurate enough to validate the conditions on site, associated with the
whole county.
Figure 1 – Distribution of baric formations over the European continent, in the context of
Voeikov ridge appearing over the north of Europe
3. 3
Figure 3 - SRTM Botoșani
From the whole set of digital
materials used, the basis for more than half
of the raster layers involved in the final
geoformula is an extraction from a package
of data available free-of-charge online,
specifically SRTM (Shuttle Radar
Topography Mission) data.
The spatial resolution is associated
with the measures of a pixel with 80 m sides.
The SRTM was utilized as
reference layer for generating corresponding
layers for several parameters, as follows:
hypsometry, slope exposition, slope incline
and surface curvature (degree of
concavity/convexity).
To attain the raster layer with the
vulnerability classes associated to land use,
the file Corine Land Cover 20003
for Romania was downloaded, from which land use
categoriesăspecificătoăBotoşaniăcounty, were then extracted.
To each parameter a raster layer classified in 3, 4 or 5 vulnerability classes was
attributed, depending on their specific conditions.
Afterwards, from the same layer with land use, contact areas between the categories
of usage with the highest and lowest value class were traced. The surface of these areas, them
being in vectorial, line type format, could not be calculated, therefore a buffer was created,
accordingătoătheăSRTM′săresolution.
For highlighting snow-drifting vulnerability at a superior level to the purely physico-
geographical one, the road transportation infrastructure was digitized (from topographic maps
with a 1:25000 scale). It was then associated with numeric attributes, according to the type of
road profile and the morphometric characteristics of each section of the road, after which a
buffer was created.
The whole set of vector layers obtained was converted into raster format, respecting
theăpixels′ămatrixăfromătheăbasisălayeră(SRTM).
To have a comprehensive image of the interaction among the previously stated
parameters, a new raster was generated, through applying a geoformula of summing the layers
with the final rasterized parameters, grouped into vulnerability classes. This was the final
layer, which represented the basis for the snow-drifting vulnerability map.
3. Analysis and discussions
3.1. Hypsometry
In the analysis of snow drifting vulnerability, morphometric and morphological
parameters were taken into account, parameters which directly influence the way snow builds
up and the thickness of the snow layer.
3
GEOSPATIAL (www.earth.unibuc.ro)
4. 4
Therefore, an important parameter in this analysis is hypsometry. The basis of this
layer’să executionă wasă theă SRTMă (Shuttleă Radară Topographyă Mission).ă Thisă layeră wasă
obtained through the classification of the SRTM using a spatial manipulation language (SML
– specific to TNTMips program).
The criteria taken into account for the execution of this classification refers to two
types of areas which favor the association with the major and intermediate vulnerability
classes. Hence, the spatial logic applied in obtaining this layer was a mirrored classification,
specifically: the altitudes with the highest and lowest values were assigned the highest
vulnerability rank (5) and the ranks 3 and 4 were given to the intermediate altitudes. This
classification is based on the idea that the higher regions are characterized by greater wind
speeds and the lower regions, which correspond to flat areas such as alluvial plains, where
land roughness is reduced, equally lead to the intensification of wind speed.
3.2 Slope
The generation of this morphometric parameter was accomplished by applying a SML
language to the layer adjacent to the SRTM (the slope of the relief), obtaining a raster with 5
vulnerability classes.
The assignment of these classes was based on the idea that the more reduced
declivities favor snow-bounds. Opposite to that, larger values of the slope prevent snow
accumulation due to the snow flakes’ saltation phenomenon. Snow drifting’s ampleness
diminishesăgraduallyăalongăwithătheăincreaseăofătheăslope’săangle.
3.3 Surface Curvature
Another physico-geographical factor which influences snow-drifting is surface
curvature. This refers to the presence and amplitude of the concave and convex types of relief.
The concave relief structures (class 2) facilitate the accumulation and maintainability
of the snow layer and the convex structures (class 1) provoke a spreading of the snow.
A particular situation is the contact between the steeper slopes and the areas with a
reduced slope (class 4). This high value of vulnerability is given by the transition between the
planiform surfaces and the incline (Figure 4.c).
5. 5
a. Hypsometry b. Slope
c. Plan curvature d. Exposition
e. Land use f. Contact areas
Figure 4: Parameters utilized in the analysis of snow-drifting vulnerability
6. 6
3.4. Exposition
The transportation and deposit of large quantities of snow is produced with a high
degree of dependency on theărelief’săexposition,ăespeciallyătheăprevailingăwindădirection.
The physico-geographical ampleness and the specific climatic conditionăofăBotoşaniă
county imply a prevailing wind direction from the NW, followed by a prevailing, northern
direction. Therefore, these two classes are associated to a median vulnerability rank (direct
exposure). The forth class of vulnerability is associated to retrograde cyclones. The second
class,ăassociatedătoăwesternăexposure,ăisădueătoătheăCoand ăeffectă(alongsideătheăchanneling of
air currents in NW-SW direction), and the highest vulnerability (class 5) is given by the
sheltering effect (opposite wind direction).
3.5 Land use
For this layer, 5 vulnerability classes were assigned, based on the degree of land
surface’săasperity,ăăsoăthatătheăareasăcharacterizedăbyăhighădegreesăofăasperityăwereăadded to
the class with the lowest degree of vulnerability and the areas with an almost plane surface
(agricultural surfaces, grassy areas and lower areas) were given the highest degree of
vulnerability, being without any vertically-developed obstacles.
The fundamental file for obtaining the land use layer, and so the particular
vulnerability classes, is Corine Land Cover (from the year 2000). A polygon was created, in
vectorial format, for every area particular to a certain vulnerability class, which was then
given an attribute in the form of a numerical code, as 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. Then the polygons
obtained for the studied area were rasterized, following the standard characteristics offered by
the base layer (SRTM) and corresponding to the dimensions of all the layers included in the
summing process, in order to obtain the final product (Figure 4. e).
3.6 Contact areas
Land use brings up the discussion of another important factor which influences the
accumulation of snow in certain key-areas, which would be the contact between the extreme
vulnerability classes of land use, optimal conditions for the accumulation of snow, through
reducing wind speed, being created. In this case, the areas most exposed are situated at the
contact between the 1 and 5 classes, to be more precise, between forests, urban and rural
spaces and swamps, grass lands, communication networks and agricultural terrain. This
information was extracted in vectorial form, according to Corine Land Cover 2000 and
everything was classified as being part of the number 5 class.
The contact areas were obtained through the extraction of the linear-type vectors
which formed the contact between class 1 and 5 from the land use vulnerability layer, these
being given attribute 4 (Figure 4. f). Because a vector line cannot have a surface, a buffer was
applied and they were rasterized, in order to be included in the final summing of layers.
7. 7
Table 1: Bonitation classes of the anthropic alterations to
communication networks
3.7. Road infrastructure
Regarding the integration into the analysis of the influence brought on by the
antrophic alterations carried out in the design and execution of road networks, the
transformation of road
infrastructure into vectorial
format was performed. A 75
meter buffer was applied to the
road network, after which, with
the help of topographic maps (at a
1:25000 scale), the areas which
modify the natural conformation
of the relief through the
placement of the road networks,
were identified and marked.
For including the
anthropic alterations which
directly influence the degree of
vulnerability of the road network,
a bonitation in 5 classes of
exposure was comprised, which
took into account the extent of the
adjustment as well as the
direction in which these sections
are placed. The sections' direction
was correlated with the prevailing
wind direction in the normal
period of manifestation of a
typical blizzard in Botoșaniă
county. Hence, the degree of
snow-drifting vulnerability is
higher as the section is situated
perpendicular on the prevailing
wind direction.
After the individual
analysation of the studied
sections, a final vector resulted,
which will later be transformed
into a raster format, to be integrated into the final, synthetic, analysis of all the studied factors.
This will grant the asessment of the road infrastructure areas most vulnerable to snow-drifting
inăBotoșaniăcounty.
3.8. Final results
After the elaboration of each individual layer for every analyzed parameter, the final
product materialized as a result of their summing, into a map which highlights the spatial
distribution of snow-driftingă vulnerabilityă (associatedă toă Botoşaniă county)ă into 5 classes.
Vulnerability
class
Infrastructure element
(Direction)
1 Embankment 1-2 meters (North
South)
2 Embankment 2-4 meters (North
South)
Mixt Profile +/- 1 meter (North
South)
3 Embankment 4-6 meters (North
South)
Cutting 1-2 meters
Mixt Profile +/- 1 meter (East
West)
Mixt profile +/-2 meters (North
South)
4 Embankment 2-4 meters (East
West)
Cutting 2-4 meters
Mixt profile +/-2 meters (East
West)
5 Embankment 4-6 meters (East
West)
Cutting +4 meters
Mixt profile +/-3 meters (east
West)
8. 8
Succeeding this operation, the final raster, which was unclassified, had values ranging
between 8 and 27. On applying a series of statistic progressions, for identifying the best
quantitative approach, it was concluded that the most appropriate method of classifying the
final layer (to obtain a 5 class snow-drifting vulnerability map) is the application of geometric
progression.
The identified road sections with a high degree of snow-drifting vulnerability are
situated on Jijia valley and Sitna valley, and even downstream of their confluence, proximate
to Hlipiceni locality.
Analysing the snow-drifting vulnerability map, one can observe that the sectors of
affected roads - DN28CăBotoşani-Dorohoi,ăE85ăBotoșani- Fl mânzi,ăDN28BăBotoșaniă– Iaşi
connect the most important localities. Consequently,ăinătheăcaseăofăaăblizzard,ăBotoșaniăcountyă
will be affected economically, as well as socially.
Figure 5: Map of snow-drifting vulnerability for Botoşani county
9. 9
Figure 6: Road sections extracted from the snow-drifting vulnerability map for Botoşani county
Conclusions
This study analyzed a type of blizzard characterized by a wind with speed over 10
m/s, generated by high values of baric gradients from the north-west, and solid precipitation
equally distributed, generated by the thermal contrast between two masses of air characterized
by high values of humidity.
In the study of each parameter different statistic methods were applied: quadratic,
arithmetic and geometric progression. Vulnerabilityăclasses’ălimitsăwereădefinedăbyăapplyingă
the geometric progression, highlighting the maximums from the data row.
The criteria taken into consideration for attaining the hypsometric classification refers
to two types of areas that favor the association with higher and intermediate class values of
vulnerability
Allocating classes for slope was done, according to the idea that the most reduced
inclines are conducive to snow-drifting.
The transportation and deposit of large quantities of snow is produced with a high
degreeăofădependencyătoătheărelief’săexposition,ăespeciallyătheăprevailingăwindădirection.
Another physico-geographical factor which influences snow-drifting is surface
curvature. This refers to the presence and amplitude of the concave and convex types of relief.
For the attainment of the land use layer, 5 vulnerability classes were assigned, based
on the degree of land surface asperity, so that the areas characterized by high degrees of
asperity were added to the class with the lowest degree of vulnerability and the areas with an
almost plane surface (agricultural surfaces, grassy areas and lower areas) were given the
highest degree of vulnerability, being without any vertically-developed obstacles.
Land use brings up another important factor which influences the accumulation of
snow in certain key-areas, which would be at the contact between the extreme vulnerability
classes of land use, optimal conditions for the accumulation of snow (through reducing wind
speed), being created.
After the individual analysation of the studied sections, a final vector resulted, which
will later be transformed into a raster format, to be integrated into the final, synthetic, analysis
of all the studied factors. This will grant the identification of the areas most vulnerable to
snow-drifting for road infrastructure, inăBotoșaniăcounty.
Dorohoi
10. 10
Acknowledgements. This paper was financed from the POSDRU/86/1.2/S/57462
contract, strategic project "Education and professional forming for the supporting of
economic growth and social development, based on knowledge", "Quality in the superior
studies sector", co-financed from the European Social Fund, through the Operational,
Sectorial Program, Development oh Human Resources 2007-2013.
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