Presentation of project in the course "Fundamental of GIS" for M.Sc. "Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation" at Politecnico di Milano.
Submitted by:
Maryam Izadifar, Alireza Babaee
The aim of this work is to produce an avalanche hazard map with ArcGIS and to compare it with the map of possible avalanche location (CLPV, Carta di Localizzazione Probabile delle Valanghe), which is based on past events.
The map will be based mainly on morphological characteristics and on their link with the possibility of avalanche generation. The avalanche evolution and movement are not considered, as well as the risk (probability of harm or economic loss with respect to people).
Role of Geologists in Natural Hazard Mapping and Application_Dr Kyi Khin_MGSS...KYI KHIN
Natural hazards like earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, volcanoes and floods threaten lives and cause billions in damage every year. Geoscientists are working to better monitor and research these hazards so policymakers and the public have information to improve preparedness, response and resilience. Hazard maps that identify risks from multiple geological threats are important tools for planning, development and raising awareness. Such maps integrate data on geology, terrain and historical hazard events. They indicate hazard locations, likelihoods and impacts in a clear format to guide various stakeholders and authorities. Developing accurate hazard maps requires collecting and combining relevant data from different sources and disciplines to assess risks from natural phenomena.
1. The document proposes a national policy for seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings in India consisting of 3 levels - rapid visual screening (RVS), simplified vulnerability assessment (SVA), and detailed vulnerability assessment (DVA).
2. RVS involves a visual evaluation to identify structural systems and attributes affecting seismic performance. SVA uses limited engineering analysis based on visual observations and plans. DVA requires detailed computer analysis.
3. The policy recommends RVS for all buildings, SVA for buildings with high occupancy, and DVA for critical buildings. Assessment results can be used for risk management, retrofitting, and raising awareness.
This document discusses the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in risk management and disaster response. It defines GIS as a system for storing, analyzing, and presenting spatially-referenced data in layers. The document then discusses disaster management and risk assessment methods before explaining how GIS can help with risk assessment for earthquakes, floods, and epidemiology by providing spatial data and modeling capabilities. The conclusion states that GIS is an important tool for risk management by facilitating data collection and risk simulation to aid emergency preparation and response.
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their applicationArghya Chowdhury
What is Microzonation? How is Microzonation helpful in mitigating Seismic hazards and in civil engineering? Find out all about it in this Presentation.
this ppt is related to disaster management cycle , paradigm shift pre disaster preparedness,SEISMIC MICROZONATION
helpfull to give a presentation at college school and any other way also
The aim of this work is to produce an avalanche hazard map with ArcGIS and to compare it with the map of possible avalanche location (CLPV, Carta di Localizzazione Probabile delle Valanghe), which is based on past events.
The map will be based mainly on morphological characteristics and on their link with the possibility of avalanche generation. The avalanche evolution and movement are not considered, as well as the risk (probability of harm or economic loss with respect to people).
Role of Geologists in Natural Hazard Mapping and Application_Dr Kyi Khin_MGSS...KYI KHIN
Natural hazards like earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, volcanoes and floods threaten lives and cause billions in damage every year. Geoscientists are working to better monitor and research these hazards so policymakers and the public have information to improve preparedness, response and resilience. Hazard maps that identify risks from multiple geological threats are important tools for planning, development and raising awareness. Such maps integrate data on geology, terrain and historical hazard events. They indicate hazard locations, likelihoods and impacts in a clear format to guide various stakeholders and authorities. Developing accurate hazard maps requires collecting and combining relevant data from different sources and disciplines to assess risks from natural phenomena.
1. The document proposes a national policy for seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings in India consisting of 3 levels - rapid visual screening (RVS), simplified vulnerability assessment (SVA), and detailed vulnerability assessment (DVA).
2. RVS involves a visual evaluation to identify structural systems and attributes affecting seismic performance. SVA uses limited engineering analysis based on visual observations and plans. DVA requires detailed computer analysis.
3. The policy recommends RVS for all buildings, SVA for buildings with high occupancy, and DVA for critical buildings. Assessment results can be used for risk management, retrofitting, and raising awareness.
This document discusses the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in risk management and disaster response. It defines GIS as a system for storing, analyzing, and presenting spatially-referenced data in layers. The document then discusses disaster management and risk assessment methods before explaining how GIS can help with risk assessment for earthquakes, floods, and epidemiology by providing spatial data and modeling capabilities. The conclusion states that GIS is an important tool for risk management by facilitating data collection and risk simulation to aid emergency preparation and response.
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their applicationArghya Chowdhury
What is Microzonation? How is Microzonation helpful in mitigating Seismic hazards and in civil engineering? Find out all about it in this Presentation.
this ppt is related to disaster management cycle , paradigm shift pre disaster preparedness,SEISMIC MICROZONATION
helpfull to give a presentation at college school and any other way also
IRJET - Earthquake Vulnerability Mapping of AfghanistanIRJET Journal
This study developed a GIS methodology to assess earthquake vulnerability in Afghanistan. The researchers created maps of exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity (the three components of vulnerability) and overlaid them to produce a final vulnerability map. The analysis found that northern and northeastern areas are most vulnerable. The map and data can help identify vulnerable provinces and inform efforts to reduce earthquake impacts through preparedness and building codes.
GIS and Sensor Based Monitoring and Prediction of Landslides with Landslide M...iosrjce
1) The document proposes a Landslide Monitoring and Prediction System (LMPS) that uses GIS and physical sensors to monitor precursors like pore water pressure and rainfall intensity to predict landslides in high risk areas of India.
2) The system would involve deploying field sensors to monitor precursors and transmitting data to a base station for analysis using landslide models. A GIS would integrate spatial data to map predicted landslide impacts and support disaster mitigation planning.
3) By continuously simulating landslide scenarios based on changing precursor values, the LMPS aims to provide real-time landslide warnings to alert authorities and the public of impending landslide risks.
Gis and remote sensing tools to analyze landslideslkant1983
This document discusses the use of GIS and remote sensing tools to analyze landslides. There are three main causes of landslides: geological factors related to rock/soil strength, morphological factors related to slope and vegetation, and human activities like construction. GIS and remote sensing can be used to map landslide hazards by analyzing contributing factors at different scales from national to site-specific. The methodology involves defining objectives, selecting an appropriate analysis scale, collecting relevant data layers, and producing hazard zonation maps showing susceptibility and probability of landslides.
A Survey on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Soft Computing Techniquesiosrjce
Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas
in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility
mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the
occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility
mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper
presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent
years.
This document summarizes a presentation on hazard mapping and vulnerability assessment. It discusses the purpose of hazard maps, which is to provide information to residents about possible disaster damage to reduce losses. There are two main types of hazard maps - ones for educating residents and ones for government agencies. The presentation provides examples of hazard maps for floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes. It also outlines the process for creating hazard maps, which involves analyzing historical disaster data, landforms, and using simulations to forecast potential hazard ranges.
This document summarizes a study that aims to enhance methods for assessing flood hazards and risks, especially for extreme events. It is divided into three parts that estimate: 1) regional flood discharges, especially for rare events up to 10,000 year recurrence intervals, 2) local hydraulic impacts through hydrodynamic simulation, and 3) resulting flood damages through a new GIS-based damage estimation tool. The study seeks to improve flood risk assessment at local scales in Germany by considering extreme events and developing multi-factorial approaches to damage estimation.
This document outlines the process of developing a clothing organizer product. It begins by defining the problem of clothes getting wrinkled. It then covers researching existing products, brainstorming designs, identifying criteria, exploring possibilities, and selecting a final concept. The final concept uses plastic bands connected by strips that can tighten around clothes using Velcro to keep them organized and prevent wrinkling. The document walks through each step of the product development process.
James Sanchez has over 27 years of experience in oil field production and is seeking employment as a consultant. He has extensive experience supervising workovers, completions, and production work. Safety is his top priority and he has maintained an excellent safety record. He is proficient in Microsoft Office, Peloton/Wellview reporting, and is bilingual in English and Spanish.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Mónica Marín Martínez. It provides her personal and contact information, education history which includes a bachelor's degree in advertising, and extensive professional experience as a freelance audiovisual producer, fixer, and coordinator for commercials, videos, and films in Mexico and for international clients. It details the various production companies and clients she has worked with over the years.
The goal of a Data Scientist is to go beyond descriptive statistics and reporting on what has happened to providing a best assessment on what will happen in the future. The end result is to streamline decision making and produce new insights that lead to better actions.
Hollace L. Juster has over 15 years of experience in administrative roles. She has skills in using software like NovaTime, EventKeeper, QuickBooks, and editing websites. Her experience includes being the Administrative Secretary to the Library Director at the Town of Avon Library where she assisted with budgets, fundraising, and maintaining spreadsheets. She also has experience providing temporary office support in various industries and held multiple roles over 7 years at CIGNA, including Administrative Assistant and Secretary. Juster holds a B.S. in Education from SUNY Geneseo and an A.A from Rockland Community College.
Diego Velázquez was a Spanish painter born in 1599. He apprenticed under painter Francisco Pacheco and married his daughter in 1618. Velázquez moved to Madrid in 1622 where he painted portraits for King Phillip IV for seven years. He spent time in Italy from 1629 to 1631 learning Baroque painting techniques. Upon returning to Madrid, he painted many portraits of famous people and religious works until his death in 1660. Some of his most famous works include portraits of Philip IV, Pope Innocent X, and Infanta Maria Theresa of Spain.
The document summarizes key information from the 15th annual meeting of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics held in Copenhagen, Denmark. It discusses progress made on developing and testing disability measurement modules and sets including:
1) Finalizing analyses of the extended Washington Group set on functioning using US National Health Interview Survey data.
2) Presenting preliminary findings from field testing the Child Functioning Module in Samoa and plans to finalize user guidelines.
3) Updating work to develop the Inclusive Education Module including cognitive testing and plans for additional testing and finalization.
4) Initiating development of a disability module for labor force surveys in collaboration with ILO to measure barriers to employment.
5)
Effects of high intensity running training on soccer-specific fitness in profes...Fernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not physiological and performance gains could be achieved
with the addition of high-intensity running to an existing training programme in a group of well trained professional male
soccer players.
Este documento establece procedimientos y responsabilidades para prevenir accidentes relacionados con caídas de rocas en minas subterráneas y excavaciones a cielo abierto. Se definen términos clave y se especifican requisitos de infraestructura, personal, planeamiento, control geotécnico, topografía, ventilación y operaciones. Además, se describen los procesos de comunicación, autorización de trabajos de alto riesgo, entrenamiento, inspecciones y manejo de emergencias. El objetivo general es maximizar la seg
This document discusses denormalization, which involves adding redundancy to a normalized database to improve performance. It defines denormalization and explains why and when it should be used. The document outlines several methods of denormalization including adding redundant columns, derived columns, combining tables, and partitioning relations. It also addresses managing denormalized data and lists the advantages of improved performance against disadvantages like increased storage needs and slower updates.
This document provides an introduction to Arduino and Arduino programming language. It defines Arduino as an open-source prototyping platform based on microcontrollers and an easy-to-use IDE. Key aspects covered include how to set up the Arduino environment, select a board and port, and understand the basic structure of an Arduino program using setup() and loop() functions. Examples demonstrated include blinking an LED, reading serial data, and creating infinite loops. The document aims to explain the basics of Arduino for beginners.
The document discusses disaster management applications and case studies, focusing on landslide hazard zonation and earthquake vulnerability assessment. It provides details on a case study of landslide hazard zonation mapping in the Darjeeling Himalayas region of India, which experienced devastating landslides in 2003. Metrics and scales for analyzing and mapping landslide hazards and earthquake intensities are also defined. Assessment of earthquake vulnerability is discussed through primers on earthquake preparedness and measurement using the Richter scale and intensity scales.
GIS BASED LANDSLIDE MAPPING: A CASE STUDY OF MAHABALESHWAR REGION OF SATARA D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS to map landslide prone zones in the Mahabaleshwar region of Satara District, Maharashtra, India. The researchers created various thematic maps from a DEM using ArcGIS, including slope, flow direction, and hillshade maps. These factors were analyzed to determine landslide risk. The study area was divided into three hazard zones - low, high, and extremely high susceptibility. The final landslide hazard zonation map identifies areas at highest risk that can help planners implement mitigation measures to reduce landslide damage. GIS provides an effective tool for mapping landslide distribution and characteristics to assess susceptibility.
IRJET-Investigation of Landslides and its Effects on KothagiriIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation of landslides and their effects on Kothagiri in India. The investigation utilized remote sensing techniques like IKONOS satellite imagery and GIS mapping to identify and analyze landslides in the area. Field investigations were also conducted to study the geological features of landslides and recommend countermeasures. Different types of landslides were identified and their causes like geological, morphological, and human factors were examined. The methodology involved preparing detailed maps from remote sensing data, conducting field surveys, hazard mapping of landslides, and developing guidelines for roadside slope inspection and maintenance. The conclusions highlighted the role of remote sensing and GIS in landslide mapping and how a combination of these techniques can help landslide risk assessment.
IRJET - Earthquake Vulnerability Mapping of AfghanistanIRJET Journal
This study developed a GIS methodology to assess earthquake vulnerability in Afghanistan. The researchers created maps of exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity (the three components of vulnerability) and overlaid them to produce a final vulnerability map. The analysis found that northern and northeastern areas are most vulnerable. The map and data can help identify vulnerable provinces and inform efforts to reduce earthquake impacts through preparedness and building codes.
GIS and Sensor Based Monitoring and Prediction of Landslides with Landslide M...iosrjce
1) The document proposes a Landslide Monitoring and Prediction System (LMPS) that uses GIS and physical sensors to monitor precursors like pore water pressure and rainfall intensity to predict landslides in high risk areas of India.
2) The system would involve deploying field sensors to monitor precursors and transmitting data to a base station for analysis using landslide models. A GIS would integrate spatial data to map predicted landslide impacts and support disaster mitigation planning.
3) By continuously simulating landslide scenarios based on changing precursor values, the LMPS aims to provide real-time landslide warnings to alert authorities and the public of impending landslide risks.
Gis and remote sensing tools to analyze landslideslkant1983
This document discusses the use of GIS and remote sensing tools to analyze landslides. There are three main causes of landslides: geological factors related to rock/soil strength, morphological factors related to slope and vegetation, and human activities like construction. GIS and remote sensing can be used to map landslide hazards by analyzing contributing factors at different scales from national to site-specific. The methodology involves defining objectives, selecting an appropriate analysis scale, collecting relevant data layers, and producing hazard zonation maps showing susceptibility and probability of landslides.
A Survey on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Soft Computing Techniquesiosrjce
Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas
in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility
mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the
occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility
mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper
presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent
years.
This document summarizes a presentation on hazard mapping and vulnerability assessment. It discusses the purpose of hazard maps, which is to provide information to residents about possible disaster damage to reduce losses. There are two main types of hazard maps - ones for educating residents and ones for government agencies. The presentation provides examples of hazard maps for floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes. It also outlines the process for creating hazard maps, which involves analyzing historical disaster data, landforms, and using simulations to forecast potential hazard ranges.
This document summarizes a study that aims to enhance methods for assessing flood hazards and risks, especially for extreme events. It is divided into three parts that estimate: 1) regional flood discharges, especially for rare events up to 10,000 year recurrence intervals, 2) local hydraulic impacts through hydrodynamic simulation, and 3) resulting flood damages through a new GIS-based damage estimation tool. The study seeks to improve flood risk assessment at local scales in Germany by considering extreme events and developing multi-factorial approaches to damage estimation.
This document outlines the process of developing a clothing organizer product. It begins by defining the problem of clothes getting wrinkled. It then covers researching existing products, brainstorming designs, identifying criteria, exploring possibilities, and selecting a final concept. The final concept uses plastic bands connected by strips that can tighten around clothes using Velcro to keep them organized and prevent wrinkling. The document walks through each step of the product development process.
James Sanchez has over 27 years of experience in oil field production and is seeking employment as a consultant. He has extensive experience supervising workovers, completions, and production work. Safety is his top priority and he has maintained an excellent safety record. He is proficient in Microsoft Office, Peloton/Wellview reporting, and is bilingual in English and Spanish.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Mónica Marín Martínez. It provides her personal and contact information, education history which includes a bachelor's degree in advertising, and extensive professional experience as a freelance audiovisual producer, fixer, and coordinator for commercials, videos, and films in Mexico and for international clients. It details the various production companies and clients she has worked with over the years.
The goal of a Data Scientist is to go beyond descriptive statistics and reporting on what has happened to providing a best assessment on what will happen in the future. The end result is to streamline decision making and produce new insights that lead to better actions.
Hollace L. Juster has over 15 years of experience in administrative roles. She has skills in using software like NovaTime, EventKeeper, QuickBooks, and editing websites. Her experience includes being the Administrative Secretary to the Library Director at the Town of Avon Library where she assisted with budgets, fundraising, and maintaining spreadsheets. She also has experience providing temporary office support in various industries and held multiple roles over 7 years at CIGNA, including Administrative Assistant and Secretary. Juster holds a B.S. in Education from SUNY Geneseo and an A.A from Rockland Community College.
Diego Velázquez was a Spanish painter born in 1599. He apprenticed under painter Francisco Pacheco and married his daughter in 1618. Velázquez moved to Madrid in 1622 where he painted portraits for King Phillip IV for seven years. He spent time in Italy from 1629 to 1631 learning Baroque painting techniques. Upon returning to Madrid, he painted many portraits of famous people and religious works until his death in 1660. Some of his most famous works include portraits of Philip IV, Pope Innocent X, and Infanta Maria Theresa of Spain.
The document summarizes key information from the 15th annual meeting of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics held in Copenhagen, Denmark. It discusses progress made on developing and testing disability measurement modules and sets including:
1) Finalizing analyses of the extended Washington Group set on functioning using US National Health Interview Survey data.
2) Presenting preliminary findings from field testing the Child Functioning Module in Samoa and plans to finalize user guidelines.
3) Updating work to develop the Inclusive Education Module including cognitive testing and plans for additional testing and finalization.
4) Initiating development of a disability module for labor force surveys in collaboration with ILO to measure barriers to employment.
5)
Effects of high intensity running training on soccer-specific fitness in profes...Fernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not physiological and performance gains could be achieved
with the addition of high-intensity running to an existing training programme in a group of well trained professional male
soccer players.
Este documento establece procedimientos y responsabilidades para prevenir accidentes relacionados con caídas de rocas en minas subterráneas y excavaciones a cielo abierto. Se definen términos clave y se especifican requisitos de infraestructura, personal, planeamiento, control geotécnico, topografía, ventilación y operaciones. Además, se describen los procesos de comunicación, autorización de trabajos de alto riesgo, entrenamiento, inspecciones y manejo de emergencias. El objetivo general es maximizar la seg
This document discusses denormalization, which involves adding redundancy to a normalized database to improve performance. It defines denormalization and explains why and when it should be used. The document outlines several methods of denormalization including adding redundant columns, derived columns, combining tables, and partitioning relations. It also addresses managing denormalized data and lists the advantages of improved performance against disadvantages like increased storage needs and slower updates.
This document provides an introduction to Arduino and Arduino programming language. It defines Arduino as an open-source prototyping platform based on microcontrollers and an easy-to-use IDE. Key aspects covered include how to set up the Arduino environment, select a board and port, and understand the basic structure of an Arduino program using setup() and loop() functions. Examples demonstrated include blinking an LED, reading serial data, and creating infinite loops. The document aims to explain the basics of Arduino for beginners.
The document discusses disaster management applications and case studies, focusing on landslide hazard zonation and earthquake vulnerability assessment. It provides details on a case study of landslide hazard zonation mapping in the Darjeeling Himalayas region of India, which experienced devastating landslides in 2003. Metrics and scales for analyzing and mapping landslide hazards and earthquake intensities are also defined. Assessment of earthquake vulnerability is discussed through primers on earthquake preparedness and measurement using the Richter scale and intensity scales.
GIS BASED LANDSLIDE MAPPING: A CASE STUDY OF MAHABALESHWAR REGION OF SATARA D...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS to map landslide prone zones in the Mahabaleshwar region of Satara District, Maharashtra, India. The researchers created various thematic maps from a DEM using ArcGIS, including slope, flow direction, and hillshade maps. These factors were analyzed to determine landslide risk. The study area was divided into three hazard zones - low, high, and extremely high susceptibility. The final landslide hazard zonation map identifies areas at highest risk that can help planners implement mitigation measures to reduce landslide damage. GIS provides an effective tool for mapping landslide distribution and characteristics to assess susceptibility.
IRJET-Investigation of Landslides and its Effects on KothagiriIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation of landslides and their effects on Kothagiri in India. The investigation utilized remote sensing techniques like IKONOS satellite imagery and GIS mapping to identify and analyze landslides in the area. Field investigations were also conducted to study the geological features of landslides and recommend countermeasures. Different types of landslides were identified and their causes like geological, morphological, and human factors were examined. The methodology involved preparing detailed maps from remote sensing data, conducting field surveys, hazard mapping of landslides, and developing guidelines for roadside slope inspection and maintenance. The conclusions highlighted the role of remote sensing and GIS in landslide mapping and how a combination of these techniques can help landslide risk assessment.
NEUSSNER-Risk maps for the support of reconstruction after Typhoon Haiyan-ID1...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
5th International Disaster and Risk Conference IDRC 2014 Integrative Risk Management - The role of science, technology & practice 24-28 August 2014 in Davos, Switzerland
GIS-3D Analysis of Susceptibility Landslide Disaster in Upstream Area of Jene...AM Publications
The assessment of landslide hazard and risk has become a topic of major interest for both geoscientists and engineering professionals as well as for local communities and administrations in many parts of the world. Recently, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), with their excellent spatial data processing capacity, have attracted great attention in natural disaster assessment. In this paper, an assessment of landslide hazard at Upper Area of Jeneberang Watershed has been studied using GIS technology. By simulating the potential landslide according the minimum safety factor value using GIS, it can be expected that great contribution as a basic decision making for many prevention works before future landslide occurs at upstream area of Jeneberang River Watershead, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
IRJET- Landslide Susceptibility Mapping using Weights of Evidence Method ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the weights of evidence method to create a landslide susceptibility map of the Coonoor watershed area in Tamil Nadu, India. Ten factors associated with landslides were analyzed in a GIS environment, including slope, aspect, drainage density, distance from drainage, lineament density, distance from lineament, geomorphology, soil, land use, and distance from road. Weights were assigned to each factor and the factors were overlaid to produce a landslide susceptibility map categorized into five classes. The map was validated and 77.92% of recorded landslides fell within the high and very high susceptibility zones, indicating good accuracy of the predicted susceptibilities.
Geo Environmental Analysis of Landslide and Modelling for Locating Slide Pron...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS techniques and the Frequency Ratio Model to create a landslide susceptibility map of Palakkad District, Kerala, India. 13 factors were analyzed, including slope, elevation, aspect, soil, lithography, drainage density, rainfall, land use/cover, road density, and geology. Landslides were found to be most common in areas with slopes of 20-30 degrees, elevations of 500-1000 meters, western aspects, locations within 100 meters of roads, and evergreen/semi-evergreen forests. The results were used to divide the study area into five risk zones - very high, high, moderate, low, and very low - to identify regions prone to landslides
Landslide hazard zonation and evaluation using GIS and remote sensing: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews methodologies used in previous research for landslide hazard zonation (LHZ). It discusses how geological maps, satellite imagery, and digital elevation models were used to extract data on lithology, land use, slope, and elevation. LHZ maps were then generated using geographical information systems (GIS) and raster calculations, categorizing study areas into four hazard levels. The review found that 30% of study areas had no hazard, while 21% had high hazard. It summarizes various LHZ mapping techniques discussed in the literature like statistical approaches, deterministic approaches, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy logic methods. Remote sensing and GIS are highlighted as important tools for landslide inventory and hazard mapping.
This document summarizes a study that assessed flood damage to agricultural lands in Bangladesh using earth observation techniques. Sentinel-1 radar data and Sentinel-2 optical data were used to map flooded areas during a 2017 flood event and estimate damage to paddy fields. Polarimetry and spectral/spatial analysis techniques were applied to the radar and optical images respectively to extract inundated areas. Over 4,700 hectares of damaged croplands were identified from the radar data and over 3,900 hectares from the optical data, resulting in estimated economic losses of 18 million and 14.8 million respectively. Sensitivity analysis was performed to select the best parameters for flood mapping and damage assessment.
Remote Sensing Method for Flood Management SystemIJMREMJournal
Flood occurred when heavy and continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow
capacity of rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Land areas that are most subjected to floods are areas situated
adjacent to rivers and streams, that are known as floodplain and therefore considered as “flood-prone”. These
areas are hazardous to development activities if the vulnerability of those activities exceeds an acceptable level.
The main objectives of this study are; to identify floodplains and other susceptible areas, and to assess the
extent of disaster impact in the study area which is located at Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. This area
experienced an unprecedented flood during December of 2006 to January of 2007.Questions such as how often
and how long the floodplain will be covered by water, and at what time of year flooding can be expected need to
be answered. Thus, an understanding of the dynamic nature of floodplains is greatly required. Multi-temporal
Radarsat-1images, Landsat ETM+ image, topographical maps and land use maps were used in this study for
the purpose of delineating the flood extend before, during and after the flood event. DEM acquired from
topographic map is used to derive flood depth. The final outputs of this study are flood extent and flood depth
maps where both of these maps show the impact of the flood to environment, lives and properties. This map is
also important and can be applied to develop a comprehensive relief effort immediately after flooding.
Snow Avalanche and its Impacts, Prevention and Challengesijsrd.com
Snow avalanche are a significant hazard in mountainous environments around the world. Snow avalanches pose a significant hazard to human populations and infrastructure in mountainous regions. Avalanche forecasting and hazard reduction methods rely heavily on the evaluation of snowpack information collected in the field. Hence understanding the spatial patterns of snowpack instabilities and their environment determinants is crucial. Avalanche impacts in India, include fatilities, and are summarize for public and residential area like ski areas, roads, and resource industries. Avalanche hazard methods, in which zoning, explosive control, forecasting. Problems of current avalanche hazard is solving these problem is identified with resources industries, backcountry recreation and residential areas. Snow avalanches are a significant natural hazard that impact roads, structures and threaten human lives in mountain terrain. Snow avalanche is not only the snow cover over the mountain side but also the later snowfall intensity. In this case study, we quantify the spatial patterns of the thickness and strength of an observed buried surface hoar layer and test for associations with spatial estimates of incoming radiation during the surface hoar formation period. In India, is attempt using terrain and satellite images and terrain characteristics with meteorology information. Contributory factors in retaining the snowfall a change and snow pack characteristics were rank and assign weightage the avalanche initiate based on the event in the region. Spatial distribution of snow accumulation zone, Snow fall area and snow pack stability assessment criteria was developed. Snowfall, temperature and wind are three factors that quickly change avalanche conditions.
Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Modified Frequency Ratio Model in K...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Landslides are the most common natural hazards in Nepal especially in the mountainous terrain. The existing topographical scenario, complex geological settings followed by the heavy rainfall in monsoon has contributed to a large number of landslide events in the Kaski district. In this study, landslide susceptibility was modeled with the consideration of twelve conditioning factors to landslides like slope, aspect, elevation, Curvature, geology, land-use, soil type, precipitation, road proximity, drainage proximity, and thrust proximity. A Google-earth-based landslide inventory map of 637 landslide locations was prepared using data from Disinventar, reports, and satellite image interpretation and was randomly subdivided into a training set (70%) with 446 Points and a test set with 191 points (30%). The relationship among the landslides and the conditioning factors were statistically evaluated through the use of Modified Frequency ratio analysis. The results from the analysis gave the highest Prediction rate (PR) of 6.77 for elevation followed by PR of 66.45 for geology and PR of 6.38 for the landcover. The analysis was then validated by calculating the Area Under a Curve (AUC) and the prediction rate was found to be 68.87%. The developed landslide susceptibility map is helpful for the locals and authorities in planning and applying different intervention measures in the Kaski District.
RiskFP is an existing prototype of a recent fire prevention tool, developed for fire prevention support to forest managers, involving geo-information and spatial data analysis, supported by Climate-KIC program (OASIS-FIRE, OASIS+, RiskFP projects). In this project, we will demonstrate its usefulness to the insurance sector. For this purpose, we will further adapt it to the end-user needs, in particular by technical adaptations (storm assessment, new damageability models, seasonal forecasting capability), and then by defining a suited business model coupled to the insurance premium itself as a product, explicitly on concrete business cases.
Mapping of Flood Analysis using GIS in Mettur River BasinIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used GIS to map flood risk zones in the Mettur River Basin in India. The researchers created digital maps of factors like soil, slope, geology and geomorphology from satellite imagery in ArcGIS. They analyzed and ranked these factors based on their contribution to flooding risk. The maps were then overlaid to determine composite flood risk zones - very low, low, medium, high and very high risk. This identified the areas most prone to flooding in the basin to help decision-makers implement effective flood response and hazard mitigation. The study demonstrated that GIS is a cost-effective tool for flood monitoring and management by producing risk maps from available spatial data.
URBAN FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP OF CHENNAI - GIS AND RANDOM FOREST METHODIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that created an urban flood susceptibility map of Chennai, India using GIS and the random forest machine learning method. Eleven factors like elevation, land use, rainfall, and distance from rivers were used as inputs to the random forest model. 300 historic flood locations and 300 non-flood locations were collected and used to train and test the model. The random forest model achieved 95.5% accuracy in predicting flood locations. The output was used to classify the study area into low and high flood susceptibility zones to assist with flood management and mitigation.
APPLICATION OF DATA MINING TECHNIQUE TO PREDICT LANDSLIDES IN SRI LANKAIJDKP
This document describes a study that used data mining techniques to develop models for predicting landslides in Sri Lanka. Decision tree and neural network models were created based on data from past landslides, including causative factors like slope, land cover, and rainfall. The decision tree models for Badulla district and Nuwara Eliya district achieved 96.29% and 100% accuracy, respectively. Neural network models also achieved over 90% accuracy. The study concluded that both data mining techniques are suitable for developing landslide prediction models for Sri Lanka.
This document summarizes the activities and effectiveness of the National Data Centre in Comoros. It discusses how the NDC was established in 2012 and the benefits it provides, including access to PTS data and knowledge exchange with the IDC. It describes how the NDC used data and knowledge from the IDC to analyze seismic events in Comoros, including converting local data to CSS format and assessing regional events from January to March 2014. The document also discusses the NDC's participation in the 2013 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization Proficiency Test, where they analyzed seismic events in Europe with support from the German NDC. It concludes that PTS data and products are increasingly useful for the NDC's work, and suggests ways to
Disaster management using Remote sensing and GISHarsh Singh
The document discusses the roles of remote sensing and GIS in disaster management. It provides definitions of disaster and disaster management. GIS and remote sensing help in all phases of disaster management including planning, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Specific examples are given of how they assist with cyclones, floods and droughts. A case study is summarized showing how GIS was used to generate maps to help manage flooding in a district in India.
Predicting Meteorological Drought in Iraq: An Evaluation of Machine Learning ...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on using machine learning techniques to predict meteorological drought in Iraq. It evaluates the Random Forest and Artificial Neural Network models for forecasting the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) over different time scales (3, 6, 9, and 12 months). The models are developed using monthly rainfall data from 1981 to 2021 from meteorological stations in northern Iraq. This region experiences a continental and subtropical semi-arid climate and frequent droughts. The document provides background on drought and the SPI index. It also describes the study area, data, Random Forest and Artificial Neural Network methods, and presents preliminary results of the model evaluations. The aim is to better understand drought patterns in Iraq to help mitigate impacts
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Development of avalanche hazard maps by ArcGIS for Trentino (Alpine Italy)
1. Fundamental of GIS
Avalanche Hazard Assessment
Submitted By:
Maryam Izadifar (814117)
Alireza Babaee (814217)
Submitted To:
Prof. Daniela Carrion
M.Sc Civil Engineering for Risk Mitigation
June 2014
2. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
1
Table of Contents:
1- Introduction............................................................................................................................. 2
1-1- Aim of Project.................................................................................................................. 2
1-2- Model Criteria .................................................................................................................. 2
2- Project Data............................................................................................................................. 7
2-1- Site Location .................................................................................................................... 7
2-2- Available Data.................................................................................................................. 9
3- Produced Maps...................................................................................................................... 10
3-1- DTM............................................................................................................................... 10
3-2- Morphologic Hazard Map.............................................................................................. 13
3-2-1- Slope Map.................................................................................................................. 13
3-2-2- Slope Interval Map..................................................................................................... 14
3-2-3- Break Lines Map........................................................................................................ 15
3-2-4-Morphologic Hazard Map........................................................................................... 16
3-3- Aspect Maps................................................................................................................... 17
3-3-1- Slope Aspect with respect to the sun.............................................................................. 17
3-3-2- At mid latitudes in the northern hemisphere .................................................................. 18
3-3-3- Aggravating Circumstances....................................................................................... 19
3-4- Vegetation Map..................................................................................................................... 23
3-5- General Hazard Map............................................................................................................. 25
3-6- Aspect Hazard Map............................................................................................................... 26
3-7- Final Hazard Maps and Conclusion...................................................................................... 29
4- Georeferencing...................................................................................................................... 34
5- References............................................................................................................................. 38
3. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
2
1- Introduction
1-1- Aim of Project
The aim of this work is to produce an avalanche hazard map with ArcGIS - ArcView and to
compare it with the map of possible avalanche locations, which is based on past events, for the
Val di Pejo which is located in the north western part of Trentino an Italian alpine region that
shows frequent and sometimes huge avalanches.
The map will be based mainly on morphological and vegetation characteristics and on their link
with the possibility of avalanche generation. The avalanche evolution and movement are not
considered, as well as the risk (probability of harm or economic loss with respect to people).
The last version of ArcView 10.2 has been used in this study.
1-2- Model Criteria
Avalanche is considered as one of the greatest sources of concern in many mountainous areas
which can lead to catastrophic damages to human lives, infrastructures and local business
activities. The increasing use of land in mountain areas requires intensive protective measures, in
particular the application of hazard zoning. Avalanche hazard mapping is used by land planning
authorities as tool to prevent buildings being constructed in areas that are endangered by
avalanches. [1]
Advanced methods have been developed to describe several aspects of avalanche hazard
assessment, such as the dynamics of snow avalanches or the intensity of snowfall to assume as a
reference meteorological forcing. [1]
The main objectives of avalanche hazard mapping today are therefore to be seen in the following
fields:
- Digital Terrain Model (DTM) assessment for high quality feature derivation using GIS
- Incorporation of dynamics using animation and simulation techniques
- Perspective three dimensional terrain modeling for advanced topographic comprehension
- Cartographic design, layout and presentation using multimedia technology [3]
4. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
3
The major reason of using ArcGIS within avalanche hazard management is to analyse and model
scenarios that can help understand or even predict possible occurrences. In order to do this, it is
important to have large-scale terrain and thematic information. [3]
Several factors influence the avalanche slip, some factors such as snow height and properties,
wind speed and so on, are quickly variable. While others, such as land morphology change
slowly in time. Two kinds of data are used as input: vegetation and morphology. [2]
Due to the fact that in high altitude regions snow cover is persistent for more than six months of
the year, it is becoming important to deal with causes and effects of avalanches. The focal point
is mainly in populated and touristic regions. Monitoring the weather and analysing the resulting
conditions is one important aspect of dealing with potential crucial avalanche situations. On the
other side it is decisive to understand and capture the topographic situation. [3]
According to avalanche experts around the world terrain slope is an important factor in
understanding and predicting potential avalanches with following description in Table 1. [3]
Table 1 - Slope and avalanche probability [3]
Slope Probability of Avalanche
Less than 10o
Practically no avalanches are triggered
10o
– 28o
Avalanches are scarce
28° - 45° Major danger zone for avalanche triggering
above 45° High avalanche frequency, however low snow accumulation due to steepness
Slope cannot exceed 55°, because no snow accumulation would occur, and cannot be lower than
28° since snow slip would be hardly possible. While break lines over the slip areas denote the
presence of convex zone with a slope variation larger than 10°. [2]
In this study according to the literature this model considered to produce the avalanche hazard
map (Figure 1):
- Slope between 28° and 55°
- Slope variation larger than 10° (presence of break lines) [2]
5. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
4
Figure 1 - Slope Properties Affecting Avalanche Hazard [2]
Besides, two other effects are considered as aggravating circumstances:
- Mountain aspect:
S-E aspect: aggravating circumstance during spring
N aspect: aggravating circumstance during winter
- Wind effect:
Downwind hazard with respect to the wind prevailing direction (factor
suggested by a mountain guide)
The wind is more intense in early afternoon, with NE-E prevailing
direction, during the rest of the day the prevailing direction is SW-W
6. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
5
Figure 2 - Influence of the wind
The presence of vegetation is not able to stop avalanches once they have started. Nevertheless
vegetation coverage, mainly depending on vegetation density, is able to prevent snow slip and
avalanche occurrence by avoiding the creation of a compact and homogeneous snow layer. All
the available information about vegetation has been processed to form three vegetation classes
with respect to the protection capability against avalanches. [2]
The most important vegetation characteristics for the protection against avalanches are density
and tree type. Therefore, vegetation coverage has been split into three classes:
- Dense evergreen forest (spruce or spruce with larch)
- Sparse wood or deciduous dense wood (larch)
- Bare or covered by grass or sparse vegetation (pasture or bushes) [2]
7. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
6
Figure 3 - Influence of the vegetation on the snow layer accumulation [2]
8. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
7
2- Project Data
2-1- Site Location
Val di Pejo is located in the north western part of Trentino an Italian alpine region. (Figure 4)
Figure 4- Location of the study area, Val di Pejo (Upper right rectangle)
9. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
8
The valley is covered by spruce and larch. Spruce is more present at lower altitudes. The valley
is surrendered by a wide mountain chain and the highest reach is 3700 m. [2]
In the Figure 5 the aerial photo of the project location is presented.
Figure 5 - 2D view of the orthophoto
10. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
9
2-2- Available Data
- Forest coverage: comp7 (shapefile, Clascolt field: high forest=1, copse=2, pasture=3, no
data=4)
- Forest coverage: cveg (shapefile, with three classes ("Tipolog" field): Pastures class 3,
Sparse trees wood class 2, Dense forest class 1)
- Aerial photo, to be georeferenced (42010.tif – shape file, contour lines with 10 m
spacing)
- CLPV (Carta di Localizzazione Probabile delle Valanghe): map of possible avalanche
location, which is based on past events. It is based on a 1:25000 scale map.
- Caldes station (46°22′0″N 10°57′0″E): the wind is more intense in early afternoon, with
NE-E prevailing direction, during the rest of the day the prevailing direction is SW-W.
- km024136, km024141, km029136, km029141, km034136, km034141: local base map
- viapri.e00: main roads
11. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
10
3- Produced Maps
3-1- DTM
Digital Terrain Model (DTM) is representations of land surface point elevations. They are used
as input for the generation of surface models and contours or the orthorectification process (the
process of removing the effects of image perspective and relief effects for the purpose of creating
a planimetrically correct image) of aerial photography.
The first step is to create a feature class containing points generated from specified vertices of
the input features. Since ArcGIS cannot analysis the contour lines, it is needed to convert all the
contour lines to points. To do so, the Feature Vertices to Points tool in the Data Management
Tools is used. (Figures 6 and 7)
Then it is needed to interpolate a raster surface from the produced points using an Inverse
Distance Weighted (IDW) technique. To do so, the IDW Interpolation tool is used in the Spatial
Analyst Tools.
After generating the DTM map, based on figure 8 it was noticed that some points’ height
coordinates were not relevant with respect to their adjacent points. There were 1000 m
differences in height of some points. These points were corrected in the Attribute Table, and then
the final DTM map was generated according to figure 9.
12. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
11
Figure 6- Ortophoto Map without georeferencing (Vertices)
Figure 7 – Points generated from the verttices
13. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
12
Figure 8 – DTM map before correction
Figure 9 – DTM map after correction
14. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
13
3-2- Morphologic Hazard Map
The main procedure of producing morphologic hazard map has been shown in the following
graph.
DTM Corrected Map Slope Map
Slope Interval Map
(28<a<55)
Break Lines Map
(Slope variation > 10)
Morphologic Hazard Map
(Slope Interval + Break Lines)
3-2-1- Slope Map
First step of producing morphologic hazard map is creating slope map. By using Slope from
Surface tool in Arc Toolbox menu (Figure 10). DTM map should be used as input.
Figure 10 – Slope Map
15. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
14
3-2-2- Slope Interval Map
After creating the slope map, it is needed to differentiate between the hazardous slopes and
non-hazardous ones. In avalanche hazard assessments, different intervals have been determined
as hazardous slopes. In our case, slopes between 28° and 55° are considered as the hazardous
slopes, therefore, values between 28° and 55° had to be distinct in order to obtain areas where
avalanches are most likely to slide. This map was produced by using the Raster Calculator tool
in the Spatial Analyst Tools and is shown in figure 11.
Figure 11 –Slope Interval Map
16. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
15
3-2-3- Break Lines Map
Another factor which can worsen the hazard level is the presence of break lines. This can be
identified by considering slope variations. Again, in different literatures different slope variations
are determined as the threshold of having break lines. Usually places with slope variations more
than 10° is considered as break lines. By using the tool Block statistics we transformed slope
map into rectangular cells (3x3), then the produced cell map was used as input in order to
produce break lines map of the value greater than 10°, since these are the areas of the avalanche
break line. This map was also created by using the Raster calculator tool. The result is shown in
figure 12.
Figure 12 –Break Lines Map
17. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
16
3-2-4-Morphologic Hazard Map
Since the factor of slope is considered as a major cause of avalanche we combine slope interval
between 28° and 55° with the break lines map (slope variation map). For this action, the Raster
calculator tool was used.
The resulting map as is shown in figure 13, morphological hazard map, is used to assess the
avalanche hazard and its related areas. This map permits the identification of different regions
each one characterized by a different feature.
In this map, three levels are defined as following:
0 – No hazard,
1 – Morphologic hazardous area without break lines,
2 – Morphologic hazardous area with break lines.
Figure 13 –Morphologic Hazard Map
18. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
17
3-3- Aspect Maps
In Aspect maps DTM was used to graphically display information about the orientation of the
slopes. The aspect helps define the amount of sunlight striking the surface of the terrain, or
consider the seasonal and wind aggravating circumstances. The aspect map can be created using
the Aspect tool in the Spatial Analyst Tools. (Figure 14)
Figure 14 – General Aspect Map
3-3-1- Slope Aspect with respect to the sun
The direction a slope faces with respect to the sun (aspect) has a profound influence on the
snowpack. It often takes several years of experience in avalanche terrain before most people
appreciate the importance of aspect.
19. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
18
Based on figure 15, the influence of aspect with respect to the sun is most important at mid
latitudes (Italy locates in this part) from about 30 degrees to around 55 degrees. At equatorial
latitudes, the sun goes almost straight overhead, which shines equally on all slopes. At arctic
latitudes, in the winter, the sun is too low on the horizon to provide much heat and when it
finally gets high enough in the spring and summer, it just goes around in a big circle anyway,
shining on all the aspects with nearly the same intensity. Thus, in the arctic spring, aspect has
some influence but not nearly as significantly as in mid latitudes. Therefore, the importance of
aspect is primarily at mid latitudes.
Figure 15 –Aspect and Latitude in Northern Hemisphere
3-3-2- At mid latitudes in the northern hemisphere
According to figure 16, North facing slopes receive very little heat from the sun in mid-winter.
Conversely, south facing slopes receive much more heat. Therefore, a north facing slopes will
usually develop a dramatically different snowpack than a south facing slope.
20. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
19
Figure 16 –North vs. South in Northern Hemisphere
3-3-3- Aggravating Circumstances
There are two other factors that can affect the hazard level: time of the year as different seasons
and wind direction.
As it is given, in spring, the South-East aspect goes under an exacerbation condition. This
happens in the North direction during winter. Aspect extract map for these orientations was
created by using the Reclassify tool. (Figures 17 & 18)
The following procedure was used to create different aggravating conditions from aspect map.
General Aspect Map
Spring Aspect Map
(S-E)
Winter Aspect Map
(N)
Wind Map – Early Afternoon
(SW-W)
Wind Map – Rest of the Day
(NE-E)
DTM Corrected Map
21. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
20
Figure 17 –Aggravating Direction in Spring
Figure 18 –Aggravating Direction in Winter
22. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
21
Wind effect is variable during the day in such a way that the wind is more intense in the early
afternoon, with Northeast-East prevailing direction, and during the rest of the day the prevailing
direction is Southwest-West.
Since these directions are those of the upcoming winds, their influences are in the opposite
direction. Hence, the aggravating direction in the early afternoon is Southwest-West, and for rest
of the day is Northeast-East. (Figure 19)
Wind aggravation maps have been shown in figures 20 and 21.
Figure 19-Aggravating Direction of wind
23. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
22
Figure 20-Aggravating Direction in Early Afternoons
Figure 21-Aggravating Direction in the Rest of the Day
24. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
23
3-4- Vegetation Map
Firstly, the provided comp7 map was turned into raster with Feature to raster tool. In order to
produce the vegetation, it was necessary to do the reclassification of the vegetation typology in
the raster. It was reclassified by using the Reclassify tool into five categories:
1 – High forest
2 – Copse
3 – Pasture
4 – No data
5 – No vegetation
Figure 22 shows different vegetation groups for the whole area.
Figure 22 – Map of the Vegetation of Whole Area
25. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
24
Then study area should be extracted by using the Clip tool as is shown in figure 23. This gives
possibility to superimpose this map with other maps in the rest of project.
Figure 23 - Vegetation Map (in the case study area)
26. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
25
3-5- General Hazard Map
The general hazard map was created by superimposing the morphologic hazard map and the
vegetation map. This was performed with the Raster calculator tool and Reclassify tool for
assessing level of hazard in each area by considering both level of hazard in morphological map
and density of vegetation in those regions. Result is presented in figure 24.
Vegetation Map
(Clip + reclassify comp7)
General Hazard Map
(Morphologic + Vegetation)
Morphologic Hazard Map
(Slope Interval + Break Lines)
Figure 24 – General Hazard Map
27. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
26
3-6- Aspect Hazard Map
In this part to account aggravating effects, four different maps for early afternoon and rest of the
day, in winter and spring have been created by using Raster Calculator tool.
In the next steps, these four maps will be presented by overlapping general hazard map. Figures
25 to 28 are representing four different aspect maps.
Aggravating Case 1
(Spring + Early Afternoon)
Aggravating Case 2
(Winter + Early Afternoon)
Aggravating Case 3
(Spring +Rest of the Day)
Aggravating Case 4
(Winter +Rest of the Day)
Final Hazard Map Case 1
(Spring + Early Afternoon)
Final Hazard Map Case 2
(Winter + Early Afternoon)
Final Hazard Map Case 3
(Spring +Rest of the Day)
Final Hazard Map Case 4
(Winter +Rest of the Day)
General Hazard Map
(Morphologic + Vegetation)
28. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
27
Figure 25-Aspect Map for Early Afternoon in the Spring
Figure 26-Aspect Map for Early Afternoon in the Winter
29. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
28
Figure 27-Aspect Map for Rest of the Day in the Spring
Figure 28-Aspect Map for Rest of the Day in the Winter
30. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
29
3-7- Final Hazard Maps and Conclusion
By overlapping Aspect Maps and General Hazard Maps, four different maps have been
concluded. It was noted the avalanche hazard is almost similar in spring and winter since the
dominant factors such as morphological factors and vegetation are common. For those parts with
different hazard levels, main reason is wind direction.
Based on the obtained results, it is clear that avalanche hazard level is higher in early afternoon
spring and early afternoon winter than rest of the day spring and rest of the day winter.
In addition, but to some extent, the early afternoon spring avalanche hazard map shows higher
hazard levels generally speaking.
In addition, all final hazard maps are compared with the map of possible avalanche location
(CLPV, Carta di Localizzazione Probabile delle Valanghe), which is based on past events.
(Figures 29 to 32).
As it can be seen, the results of the spring and winter hazard maps are in accordance with the
occurred avalanche map.
This is in agreement with common sense, since on the one hand the level of hazard is higher in
spring and winter due to the more rate of snowing, on the other hand the occurred avalanche
areas map is most probably produced in the most hazardous time of the year.
31. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
30
Figure 29-Hazard Map for Rest of the Day in the Spring
32. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
31
Figure 30-Hazard Map for Rest of the Day in the Winter
33. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
32
Figure 31-Hazard Map for Early Afternoon in the Winter
34. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
33
`
Figure 32-Hazard Map for Early Afternoon in the Spring
35. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
34
4- Georeferencing
Georeferencing means to associate something with locations in physical space. The term is
commonly used in the geographic information systems field to describe the process of
associating a physical map or raster image of a map with spatial locations. Georeferencing may
be applied to any kind of object or structure that can be related to a geographical location, such
as points of interest, roads, places, bridges, or buildings. Geographic locations are most
commonly represented using a coordinate reference system, which in turn can be related to a
geodetic reference system. [4]
In this part georeferencing of the aerial photo (42010.tif – shape file, contour lines with 10 m
spacing) is presented.
In order to do this “Monte Mario Italy 1” was selected for the reference system and then using
Georeferencing option and by selecting 4 common points in the orthophoto and local base maps
the transformation was carried out.
Then using ArcScence and adding the georeferenced orthophoto and also the final DTM
database, the 3D map of the area has been created. (Figure 33)
Finally, four different hazard maps have been added to the 3D map to create a 3D view of
hazardous areas.
Figures 34 to 37 show the 3D Hazard map in different aggravating conditions.
Also it is clear that the hazard is generally highest in the eastern part of the region with higher
altitudes, steeper slopes and high mountain peaks.
36. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
35
Figure 33 – 3D Map generated by ArcScene
37. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
36
Figure 34 – 3D Hazard Map for Early Afternoon in the Spring
(Circles show the most hazardous areas)
Figure 35 – 3D Hazard Map for Early Afternoon in the Winter
38. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
37
Figure 36 – 3D Hazard Map Rest of the Day in the Spring
Figure 37 – 3D Hazard Map Rest of the Day in the Winter
39. Fundamental of GIS - Avalanche Hazard Assessment Politecnico di Milano
Maryam Izadifar M.Sc. in Civil Engineering
Alireza Babaee For Risk Mitigation (CERM)
38
5- References
1. Pistocchi A., Notarnicola C., “Data-driven mapping of avalanche release areas: a case
study in South Tyrol, Italy”, Nat Hazards, 2013, 65:1313–1330.
2. Ciolli M., Zatelli P. (2000), Avalanche risk management using GRASS GIS, 1st Italian
GRASS users meeting proceedings, Geomatics Workbooks, Vol. 1,
3. K. KRIZ, “Using GIS and 3D Modeling for Avalanche Hazard Mapping”, Proceedings of
the 20th ICA, Beijing, China, 2013.
4. Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georeference)