The document discusses the introduction and characterization of monk fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii) as a new natural sweetener in India. Key findings include:
1) Seed germination was highest (77.33%) with hot water hydropriming at 40°C for 24 hours.
2) Monk fruit can grow up to 15m in India, compared to 3-5m in China, with larger leaves and fruits.
3) Flowers are unisexual, with male flowers in racemes and female flowers solitary or in small racemes.
4) Mogroside-V content in fruits reached 0.69% dry weight after 80 days of pollin
Carbohydrate changes during dormancy release in floral, vegetative buds and b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study investigated the effects of dormancy-breaking agents hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and thiourea on budbreak and carbohydrate metabolism in pear cultivar 'Wonhwang'. Cuttings were treated with 3% HC, 3% thiourea, or water (control) after receiving partial chilling. Treated cuttings had earlier floral and vegetative budbreak compared to controls. HC treatment resulted in the earliest budbreak. Carbohydrate analysis found HC and thiourea application caused an initial increase in soluble sugars and decrease in starch in buds and bark tissues, followed by a decline in sugars as budbreak began. This suggests differences in the timing of soluble sugar metabolism between treatments may underlie differences in budbreak timing
This document summarizes information on several minor fruits found in India, including their botanical details, places of origin, genetic resources collected, and promising cultivars. It discusses bael, tamarind, lasoda, karonda, khirni, mahua, jamun, and phalsa, providing details on the genetic resources collected for each from various research organizations in India. It also lists some notable cultivars for several fruits, highlighting traits like fruit size, weight, TSS, and yield.
Antihaemolytic, anti-lipid peroxidative potential by purified protease inhibi...Uploadworld
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from the fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (SAPI) via four sequential step procedures i.e., salt precipitation to sepharose affinity chromatography.
Tribals depend much upon forest products for their various daily needs particularly food. Wild edible fruits play a significant role in the dietary requirements of the tribal and local communities. Purpose of the present study was to document the wild fruits used as food by tribals as well as rural people in North Maharashtra. Inall fruits of 46 species, belonging to 25 families of which 23 are dicotyledonous and 02 monocotyledons, are documented as edible. Amongst these, 24 are trees followed by 09 shrubs, 07 climbers and 06 herbs. Mostly, fruits of tree species are utilized. Fruits of 28 species are eaten raw (02 unripe and 23 ripe) and 24 species are cooked. Fruits of 04 species are pickled, while that of one species used to extract oil. Market survey was also done for fruits with commercial value. This is an attempt to bring underutilized wild fruits in focus.
Article Citation:
Kshirsagar Prachi P, Prabha Y. Bhogaonkar and Vishal R. Marathe.
Underutilized wild fruits of North Maharashtra.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 071-076
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0021.pdf
This document summarizes 10 articles published in the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 2(2) from April-June 2013. The articles cover a range of topics related to horticulture and agriculture, including disease management strategies for faba beans and gerbera, the effect of planting material and density on turmeric and carnation growth, and powdery mildew incidence on bottle gourd and strawberry. The document provides abstracts of the individual articles, which analyzed factors like dry matter content, fruit quality, disease severity, and vegetative growth under different treatments and conditions.
Effect of Fermentation on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of ...IOSR Journals
The dehulled seeds of three varieties of Lagenaria siceraria were subjected to control fermentation process. The fermented and unfermented seeds were analysed for their nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions using AOAC 1998. The fermented seeds were found to contain high amount of crude protein (48.12%) and crude fibre (4.11%) compared to 27.42% and 0.67% for unfermented seeds respectively. Similarly, crude lipid content of the seeds decreased by about 75%. The process also results in decrease in phytate, oxalate, tannins and cyanide content with consequent increase in nitrate and Vitamin C. Hence fermenting the seeds is an important way of exposing its protein content and reducing the antinutritional content. The seeds were found to have good potentials for preparation of condiments which are commonly used in the preparation of soup.
Entrepreneurial opportunities in Hoticulture SectorsDarshan Kadam
The document provides information on horticulture in India. It discusses that horticulture production in India was 314.87 million MT from 25.6 million ha in 2019. It is a dynamic sector that contributes 30.4% to India's agricultural GDP and India is the largest producer of many fruits. It also lists potential areas in the horticulture sector such as value addition, processing, exports, protected cultivation, organic farming, and kitchen gardening. The document then discusses various techniques for value addition in horticulture such as shrink wrapping, waxing, dehydration, and minimally processed products. It provides examples of machinery used for horticultural processing. Overall, the document outlines the size and growth of h
This research article evaluated different physiological strategies to improve the performance of spring maize planted under early and optimum sowing conditions. Seed priming with moringa leaf extract (MLE) or kinetin, along with foliar sprays of MLE or kinetin at different growth stages, improved germination and stand establishment of early sown maize compared to the control. These treatments also increased chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, leaf area index, photosynthesis, and decreased membrane damage. As a result, MLE priming plus foliar spray treatment increased yield and harvest index the most compared to the control for both early and optimum sowing dates. Overall, optimum sowing performed best but MLE application through priming and
Carbohydrate changes during dormancy release in floral, vegetative buds and b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study investigated the effects of dormancy-breaking agents hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and thiourea on budbreak and carbohydrate metabolism in pear cultivar 'Wonhwang'. Cuttings were treated with 3% HC, 3% thiourea, or water (control) after receiving partial chilling. Treated cuttings had earlier floral and vegetative budbreak compared to controls. HC treatment resulted in the earliest budbreak. Carbohydrate analysis found HC and thiourea application caused an initial increase in soluble sugars and decrease in starch in buds and bark tissues, followed by a decline in sugars as budbreak began. This suggests differences in the timing of soluble sugar metabolism between treatments may underlie differences in budbreak timing
This document summarizes information on several minor fruits found in India, including their botanical details, places of origin, genetic resources collected, and promising cultivars. It discusses bael, tamarind, lasoda, karonda, khirni, mahua, jamun, and phalsa, providing details on the genetic resources collected for each from various research organizations in India. It also lists some notable cultivars for several fruits, highlighting traits like fruit size, weight, TSS, and yield.
Antihaemolytic, anti-lipid peroxidative potential by purified protease inhibi...Uploadworld
Protease inhibitor was isolated and purified from the fruits of Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. (SAPI) via four sequential step procedures i.e., salt precipitation to sepharose affinity chromatography.
Tribals depend much upon forest products for their various daily needs particularly food. Wild edible fruits play a significant role in the dietary requirements of the tribal and local communities. Purpose of the present study was to document the wild fruits used as food by tribals as well as rural people in North Maharashtra. Inall fruits of 46 species, belonging to 25 families of which 23 are dicotyledonous and 02 monocotyledons, are documented as edible. Amongst these, 24 are trees followed by 09 shrubs, 07 climbers and 06 herbs. Mostly, fruits of tree species are utilized. Fruits of 28 species are eaten raw (02 unripe and 23 ripe) and 24 species are cooked. Fruits of 04 species are pickled, while that of one species used to extract oil. Market survey was also done for fruits with commercial value. This is an attempt to bring underutilized wild fruits in focus.
Article Citation:
Kshirsagar Prachi P, Prabha Y. Bhogaonkar and Vishal R. Marathe.
Underutilized wild fruits of North Maharashtra.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 071-076
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0021.pdf
This document summarizes 10 articles published in the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 2(2) from April-June 2013. The articles cover a range of topics related to horticulture and agriculture, including disease management strategies for faba beans and gerbera, the effect of planting material and density on turmeric and carnation growth, and powdery mildew incidence on bottle gourd and strawberry. The document provides abstracts of the individual articles, which analyzed factors like dry matter content, fruit quality, disease severity, and vegetative growth under different treatments and conditions.
Effect of Fermentation on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of ...IOSR Journals
The dehulled seeds of three varieties of Lagenaria siceraria were subjected to control fermentation process. The fermented and unfermented seeds were analysed for their nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions using AOAC 1998. The fermented seeds were found to contain high amount of crude protein (48.12%) and crude fibre (4.11%) compared to 27.42% and 0.67% for unfermented seeds respectively. Similarly, crude lipid content of the seeds decreased by about 75%. The process also results in decrease in phytate, oxalate, tannins and cyanide content with consequent increase in nitrate and Vitamin C. Hence fermenting the seeds is an important way of exposing its protein content and reducing the antinutritional content. The seeds were found to have good potentials for preparation of condiments which are commonly used in the preparation of soup.
Entrepreneurial opportunities in Hoticulture SectorsDarshan Kadam
The document provides information on horticulture in India. It discusses that horticulture production in India was 314.87 million MT from 25.6 million ha in 2019. It is a dynamic sector that contributes 30.4% to India's agricultural GDP and India is the largest producer of many fruits. It also lists potential areas in the horticulture sector such as value addition, processing, exports, protected cultivation, organic farming, and kitchen gardening. The document then discusses various techniques for value addition in horticulture such as shrink wrapping, waxing, dehydration, and minimally processed products. It provides examples of machinery used for horticultural processing. Overall, the document outlines the size and growth of h
This research article evaluated different physiological strategies to improve the performance of spring maize planted under early and optimum sowing conditions. Seed priming with moringa leaf extract (MLE) or kinetin, along with foliar sprays of MLE or kinetin at different growth stages, improved germination and stand establishment of early sown maize compared to the control. These treatments also increased chlorophyll content, crop growth rate, leaf area index, photosynthesis, and decreased membrane damage. As a result, MLE priming plus foliar spray treatment increased yield and harvest index the most compared to the control for both early and optimum sowing dates. Overall, optimum sowing performed best but MLE application through priming and
Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus A Reviewijtsrd
Citrallus lanatus watermelon is a popularly studied fruit crop for its various medicinal application because of the presence of many bioactive compounds. The different parts of the plant especially the fruit pulp and seeds are reported to have many applications based on its antioxidant, anti plasmodial, anti inflammatory, antisecretory, antidiabetic properties. The antimicrobial aspects of different parts of Citrallus lanatus including the seeds, fruit pulp, rind and leaves are discussed in this study. The effectiveness of rind extract as antibacterial and anti fungal agent is of great potential since it is considered as a waste material after watermelon processing in industries. The present review aims to compile the antimicrobial action and the targeted microorganism so that the data can be used to stimulate further scientific research. Sruthi Menon "Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30818.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/30818/antimicrobial-properties-of-different-parts-of-citrallus-lanatus--a-review/sruthi-menon
ABSTRACT- Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is important for its food and nutritional values through out the world of the tropical fruit. The whole plant consists of medicinal properties such as fruit, leaf and other parts of the plant are also used in traditional system of medicine. So that, each part of guava tree contained the economic importance because it is cheap and used in several food dishes and also cultivated on the commercial level. Guava plant is considered to the process of the biological activity and medicinal application of guava so thatthe fruit considered as the poor man apple of tropics. The guava plant parts are used for the treatment of various skin allergy such as patches in your chick, dullness of the face etc. In the investigation, nutritional value of each part of guava fruit and medicinal properties of the fruit, these was obtained from various valuable parts and have been used to provide collective information on its multi purpose applications for human beings.
Key words: Fruit, Fever, Hexanal, Anti-Inflammatory, Psidium guajava L.,
Proximate Composition of Whole Seeds and Pulp of African Black Velvet Tamarin...IOSR Journals
The document analyzes the proximate composition of whole seeds and pulp from the African black velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense). Analysis found higher levels of dry matter, crude fat, crude fiber, protein, and nitrogen in the whole seeds compared to the pulp. Conversely, the pulp contained higher levels of moisture, ash, organic matter, and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis found higher levels of magnesium, sodium, iron, and potassium in the pulp, while calcium was higher in the whole seeds. The results suggest the whole seeds and pulp can serve as good sources of essential nutrients for humans and livestock.
- An experiment was conducted in Bangladesh to evaluate the performance of two exotic fig cultivars (Indian and Egyptian) under local climatic conditions.
- Both cultivars grew well, with the Egyptian fig producing more fruits per plant (68.3 vs 103 for Indian) but smaller individual fruits.
- The Indian fig produced more fruits per plant (103 vs 68.3 for Egyptian) but smaller individual fruits.
- The results indicate that fig cultivation is viable in Bangladesh and Egyptian figs may be slightly preferable due to larger fruit size and yield.
1. A study was conducted to evaluate different in-situ moisture conservation methods for establishing aonla orchards on sloping degraded lands. The most effective method was preparing a 1m wide microcatchment area surrounded by a 25cm ridge with a 30cm opening, filling the depression with straw and covering with black polythene. This method increased survival and growth of aonla seedlings the most.
2. A perennial type of chili germplasm was identified and explored from Bihar that has successfully fruited for seven consecutive years. This unique genotype could benefit kitchen gardens and food security.
3. Foliar applications of potassium, calcium, zinc and boron were found to enhance yield
India has a great heritage of traditional foods. Every state has its own special food which is consumed in a particular season and occasion. Soru-chakli is one of such traditional food of West Bengal, consumed during rainy season and is made from the batter of raw rice flour and palmyra palm (Borassua flabellifer) pulp. It has an attractive yellow colour and pleasant flavor. The present study has the objectives of documenting the traditional knowledge pertaining to preparing soru-chakli. Traditional knowledge offers enormous potential for development of social-economic conditions of the particular area and state. Therefore, every effort must be made to preserve this traditional knowledge so that they can carry on with their aesthetic beauty & knowledge into prosperity.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) and its genetic improvement. Key points include:
- Bitter gourd is a vine grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its edible fruit. Varieties differ in fruit shape and bitterness.
- The seminar will cover the plant's botany, pollination, breeding objectives like early fruiting and disease resistance, breeding techniques like hybridization and polyploidy, and improved varieties developed in India.
- Bitter gourd has various health benefits like lowering blood sugar as it contains compounds that increase glucose uptake in cells. It is also a good source of vitamins and
Effect of Plant Extracts and Packaging Materials on Prolonging Shelf Life and...AI Publications
An experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications and seven treatments, from Jan-Mar 2019 at ambient room condition (14.42±1.28°C, 58.46±3.46% RH) to evaluate the effect of different postharvest treatments on maintaining shelf life and quality of mandarin. The seven treatment used during experiment were Control, Titepati leaf extract (10% w/v), Marigold flower extract (10% w/v), Asuro leaf extract (10% w/v), Neem leaf extract (10% w/v), Newspaper wrapping and Perforated plastic. The parameters like juice recovery percentage, total soluble solid (TSS) and pH were taken from destructive sample at every 5 days interval and other parameters like physiological weight loss, pathological disorder, marketability and shelf life were observed from non-destructive at every 4 days interval. Post-harvest treatment with perforated plastic had minimum physiological loss in weight (16.32%) whereas control had highest physiological loss in weight (35.47 %) which is statistically at par with Newspaper wrapping (33.28%). Highest juice recovery percentage was recorded in perforated plastic (36.12%) whereas lowest juice recovery percentage was recorded in treatment control (26.70%) which was statistically at par with Newspaper wrapping (27.24%). At the end of storage period, the highest TSS content (16.03°Brix) was recorded in treatment control which was statistically at par with treatment Marigold flower extract (15.30°Brix) whereas lowest TSS was recorded in perforated plastic (13.43°Brix) which was statistically at par with treatments Newspaper wrapping (14.18°Brix), Neem leaf extract (14.53°Brix), Asuro leaf extract (14.33°Brix) and Titepati leaf extract treated (14.53°Brix). The pH was found highest in treatment control than that of other treatment throughout the storage period whereas low marketability rating (2.25), low pathological disorder rating (2.75) and longest postharvest life (62 days) was found in treatment perforated plastic.
Medicinal properties of tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)IJARIIT
Tinospora cordifolia is one of the most important medicinal plant commonly known as Giloy belonging to the
menispermaceae family is a deciduous climbing shrub described known for its immense application in the treatment of various
diseases such as jaundice, fever, diabetes, and skin diseases etc. The chemical constituents of this shrub belong to different
classes such as alkaloid, lactones, steroids, phenolics, aliphatic compound, glycosides and polyscharide compounds having
medical importance.
In-vitro screening of indigenous botanicals of Manipur for anti fungal activi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Eleven indigenous plant species of Manipur viz., Mariandra benghalensis, Millettia pachycarpa, Allium hookerii, Flogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Solanum incanum, Tithonia diversifolia, Goniothalamus sesquipedalis, Solanum surattense, Artemisia nilagarica, Ocimum canum and Zanthozylum acanthopodium which has been used as local medicine and spices were collected from five district of Manipur viz. Tamenglong, Senapati, Kangpokpi, Imphal east and Imphal West. In-vitro screening of above indigenous botanicals of Manipur was studied for anti-fungal activities of Helminthosporium oryzae an incitant of brown spot disease of Rice. The first five botanicals with maximum inhibition was found in Solanum incanum with 52.44% followed by Allium hookerii (47.77%), Millettia pachycarpa (36.66%), Mariandra benghalensis (24.44%) and Flogacanthus thyrsyflorus (17.77%) over control. Efficacy test at different level of concentrations i.e. 10%, 15% and 20% of standard botanical extracts was evaluated against growth of fungus both in broth and solid culture media. However, among botanicals maximum per cent inhibition on biomass production was found at 20% concentrate of S. incanum with growth inhibition of 74.03%, followed by A. hookerii (62.66%), M. Benghalensis (46.36%) and F. thyrsiflorus (42.33%) growth inhibition over the untreated control. In solid media test maximum per cent inhibition on radial growth of test fungi was found at 20% concentration in treatment of S. incanum with growth inhibition of 72.70% over control followed by A. hookerii (59.81%), M. Pachycarpa (45.03), M. benghalensis (37.59%) and F.thyrsiflorus (28.70%) over the untreated control.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Formulation And Evaluation of Anti-Microbial Polyherbal GelQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The majority of the population in developing countries uses plants or plant preparations in their basic health care.Many plant species have been proved to have antimicrobial activity. Lots of the antibiotics had been at the beginningderived from micro-organisms even as the chemotherapeutic agents are from vegetation. Together with other dosagevarieties, natural drugs are additionally formulated within the type of gel. A gel is a viscous semisolidpreparation used topically on a variety of body surfaces. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to formulateand evaluate a polyherbal gel with antimicrobial activity. Gel were formulated usinghydroalcoholic extracts(by continuous hot percolation-soxhlation) ofAnacardium occidentale, Achyranthes aspera and Aegle marmelosand wereevaluated for its physicochemical properties. The hydroalcoholic extracts of the chosen plants were taken in specific ratio randomly and the antimicrobialtests of the combinations had been applied. Gel were all set making use of special concentrations of the extracts Formulations had been then tested for itsphysicochemical properties like Clogging,texture,, pH, spreadability, extrudability and gave satisfactory results. Probablythe most powerful mixture used to be then determined via evaluating the results of the zone of inhibition given throughdistinct extract ratios on S. Mutant, Proteus mirabilis,and Candida A,The entire formulations confirmed predominant recreationagainst selected species. Theformulations are found to be very efficacious in all the parameters which has conducted and alsofound enhanceantimicrobial property. Overall result of this study reveals that this is an effective polyherbal antimicrobial gel.
CONSERVATIONAL STUDIES ON CHLOROPHYTUM BORIVILIANUM (SAFED MUSLI) IN NANDUR...American Research Thoughts
This document summarizes a study on the conservation of Chlorophytum borivilianum, an important medicinal plant known as Safed Musli, in Nandurbar District, Maharashtra, India. The study found that overexploitation from natural habitats for medicinal and economic uses is reducing the plant's abundance and biodiversity. Specifically, immature harvesting, uprooting of whole plants, and lack of sustainable harvesting practices are threatening the plant. The study recommends introducing sustainable cultivation and raising awareness about conservation to protect this rare and important medicinal species.
Functional, Chemical, and Phytochemical Properties of Soup Thickener Produced...BRNSS Publication Hub
Blends of 50:50 g of jackfruit seed flour (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and ofor seed flour (Detarium microcarpum) were mixed together, sieved to pass 0.25 mm sieve and packaged in an airtight container. The proximate composition of the flour sample was determined to be 9.78%, 19.25%, 6.50%, 2.75%, 7.06%, and 54.66% for moisture content, crude protein content, fat and oil content, crude fiber content, ash content, and carbohydrate content, respectively. Furthermore, the mineral contents of the flour sample were Ca (34.00 mg/kg), K (303.00 mg/kg), Na (3.0 mg/kg), Mg (37.00 mg/kg), and Zn (0.42 mg/kg), respectively. Phytochemical values were also determined to be 0.42%, 1.00%, 2.80%, 1.60%, 0.82 mg/g, and 23.00 μg/100 g for flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, phenol, and carotenoid, respectively. Furthermore, the functional properties of flour sample were determined to be 0.53 g/ml, 7.50%, 8.00%, 10.00%, 90.90%, 6.25%, 0.25%, and 95.00°C for bulk density, water adsorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foam capacity, foam stability, emulsification capacity, gelation capacity, and gelation temperature, respectively. The flour sample and cocoyam flour were also used as thickener for soup and were sensory evaluated. The result shows that there were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between them.
Seed priming have greater influence in seed quality enhancement in low vigor seed lots compared to high vigor seed lots. The response of chemicals influencing the quality enhancement may vary upon the initial quality of the seed. Nevertheless, seed priming have positive influence on seed quality enhancement. Seed priming has been used to improve germination, reduce seedling emergence time, improve yield. Seed priming best solution of germination related problems, especially when crops are grown under unfavorable conditions. Many priming techniques have been evolved, which are being utilized in many crops now days. It can enhance rates and percentage of germination and seedling emergence, which ensure proper stand establishment under a wide range of environmental conditions. Farmers and researchers have recognized that poor crop establishment is one of the major bottlenecks for crop production. Seed priming has been offered as a solution to this problem that will maximize the probability of obtaining high quality seeds and leads obtain a good stand of healthy and vigorous plants. It is rational to propose that seed priming has low cost and low risk that would be appropriate for all farmers, and it is a key technology to improve the livelihood of resource-poor farmers in the marginal environments.Therefore, priming can step-up the economical benefit of crop growing farmers by improving seed quality parameters of most crops.
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster...Dr. siddhant
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
Medicinal value of plant Picrorhiza scrophulariflora including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
The document summarizes an experiment evaluating different paper and cardboard substrates for cultivating the white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida. Ten materials were tested as substrates: eight types of paper (glaze paper, brown paper, newspaper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper, and A-4 printing paper) and two types of cardboard (corrugated and plain cardboard). All substrates supported mushroom growth and fruiting. Yield and biological efficiency varied between substrates, ranging from 190-495 grams and 38-99% respectively over three flushes. Magazine paper and cardboard produced significantly higher yield and biological efficiency than the control (newspaper). Corrugated cardboard also produced significantly heavier individual mushrooms
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus A Reviewijtsrd
Citrallus lanatus watermelon is a popularly studied fruit crop for its various medicinal application because of the presence of many bioactive compounds. The different parts of the plant especially the fruit pulp and seeds are reported to have many applications based on its antioxidant, anti plasmodial, anti inflammatory, antisecretory, antidiabetic properties. The antimicrobial aspects of different parts of Citrallus lanatus including the seeds, fruit pulp, rind and leaves are discussed in this study. The effectiveness of rind extract as antibacterial and anti fungal agent is of great potential since it is considered as a waste material after watermelon processing in industries. The present review aims to compile the antimicrobial action and the targeted microorganism so that the data can be used to stimulate further scientific research. Sruthi Menon "Antimicrobial Properties of Different Parts of Citrallus Lanatus - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30818.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/30818/antimicrobial-properties-of-different-parts-of-citrallus-lanatus--a-review/sruthi-menon
ABSTRACT- Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is important for its food and nutritional values through out the world of the tropical fruit. The whole plant consists of medicinal properties such as fruit, leaf and other parts of the plant are also used in traditional system of medicine. So that, each part of guava tree contained the economic importance because it is cheap and used in several food dishes and also cultivated on the commercial level. Guava plant is considered to the process of the biological activity and medicinal application of guava so thatthe fruit considered as the poor man apple of tropics. The guava plant parts are used for the treatment of various skin allergy such as patches in your chick, dullness of the face etc. In the investigation, nutritional value of each part of guava fruit and medicinal properties of the fruit, these was obtained from various valuable parts and have been used to provide collective information on its multi purpose applications for human beings.
Key words: Fruit, Fever, Hexanal, Anti-Inflammatory, Psidium guajava L.,
Proximate Composition of Whole Seeds and Pulp of African Black Velvet Tamarin...IOSR Journals
The document analyzes the proximate composition of whole seeds and pulp from the African black velvet tamarind (Dialium guineense). Analysis found higher levels of dry matter, crude fat, crude fiber, protein, and nitrogen in the whole seeds compared to the pulp. Conversely, the pulp contained higher levels of moisture, ash, organic matter, and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis found higher levels of magnesium, sodium, iron, and potassium in the pulp, while calcium was higher in the whole seeds. The results suggest the whole seeds and pulp can serve as good sources of essential nutrients for humans and livestock.
- An experiment was conducted in Bangladesh to evaluate the performance of two exotic fig cultivars (Indian and Egyptian) under local climatic conditions.
- Both cultivars grew well, with the Egyptian fig producing more fruits per plant (68.3 vs 103 for Indian) but smaller individual fruits.
- The Indian fig produced more fruits per plant (103 vs 68.3 for Egyptian) but smaller individual fruits.
- The results indicate that fig cultivation is viable in Bangladesh and Egyptian figs may be slightly preferable due to larger fruit size and yield.
1. A study was conducted to evaluate different in-situ moisture conservation methods for establishing aonla orchards on sloping degraded lands. The most effective method was preparing a 1m wide microcatchment area surrounded by a 25cm ridge with a 30cm opening, filling the depression with straw and covering with black polythene. This method increased survival and growth of aonla seedlings the most.
2. A perennial type of chili germplasm was identified and explored from Bihar that has successfully fruited for seven consecutive years. This unique genotype could benefit kitchen gardens and food security.
3. Foliar applications of potassium, calcium, zinc and boron were found to enhance yield
India has a great heritage of traditional foods. Every state has its own special food which is consumed in a particular season and occasion. Soru-chakli is one of such traditional food of West Bengal, consumed during rainy season and is made from the batter of raw rice flour and palmyra palm (Borassua flabellifer) pulp. It has an attractive yellow colour and pleasant flavor. The present study has the objectives of documenting the traditional knowledge pertaining to preparing soru-chakli. Traditional knowledge offers enormous potential for development of social-economic conditions of the particular area and state. Therefore, every effort must be made to preserve this traditional knowledge so that they can carry on with their aesthetic beauty & knowledge into prosperity.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) and its genetic improvement. Key points include:
- Bitter gourd is a vine grown in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean for its edible fruit. Varieties differ in fruit shape and bitterness.
- The seminar will cover the plant's botany, pollination, breeding objectives like early fruiting and disease resistance, breeding techniques like hybridization and polyploidy, and improved varieties developed in India.
- Bitter gourd has various health benefits like lowering blood sugar as it contains compounds that increase glucose uptake in cells. It is also a good source of vitamins and
Effect of Plant Extracts and Packaging Materials on Prolonging Shelf Life and...AI Publications
An experiment was conducted in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications and seven treatments, from Jan-Mar 2019 at ambient room condition (14.42±1.28°C, 58.46±3.46% RH) to evaluate the effect of different postharvest treatments on maintaining shelf life and quality of mandarin. The seven treatment used during experiment were Control, Titepati leaf extract (10% w/v), Marigold flower extract (10% w/v), Asuro leaf extract (10% w/v), Neem leaf extract (10% w/v), Newspaper wrapping and Perforated plastic. The parameters like juice recovery percentage, total soluble solid (TSS) and pH were taken from destructive sample at every 5 days interval and other parameters like physiological weight loss, pathological disorder, marketability and shelf life were observed from non-destructive at every 4 days interval. Post-harvest treatment with perforated plastic had minimum physiological loss in weight (16.32%) whereas control had highest physiological loss in weight (35.47 %) which is statistically at par with Newspaper wrapping (33.28%). Highest juice recovery percentage was recorded in perforated plastic (36.12%) whereas lowest juice recovery percentage was recorded in treatment control (26.70%) which was statistically at par with Newspaper wrapping (27.24%). At the end of storage period, the highest TSS content (16.03°Brix) was recorded in treatment control which was statistically at par with treatment Marigold flower extract (15.30°Brix) whereas lowest TSS was recorded in perforated plastic (13.43°Brix) which was statistically at par with treatments Newspaper wrapping (14.18°Brix), Neem leaf extract (14.53°Brix), Asuro leaf extract (14.33°Brix) and Titepati leaf extract treated (14.53°Brix). The pH was found highest in treatment control than that of other treatment throughout the storage period whereas low marketability rating (2.25), low pathological disorder rating (2.75) and longest postharvest life (62 days) was found in treatment perforated plastic.
Medicinal properties of tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)IJARIIT
Tinospora cordifolia is one of the most important medicinal plant commonly known as Giloy belonging to the
menispermaceae family is a deciduous climbing shrub described known for its immense application in the treatment of various
diseases such as jaundice, fever, diabetes, and skin diseases etc. The chemical constituents of this shrub belong to different
classes such as alkaloid, lactones, steroids, phenolics, aliphatic compound, glycosides and polyscharide compounds having
medical importance.
In-vitro screening of indigenous botanicals of Manipur for anti fungal activi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Eleven indigenous plant species of Manipur viz., Mariandra benghalensis, Millettia pachycarpa, Allium hookerii, Flogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Solanum incanum, Tithonia diversifolia, Goniothalamus sesquipedalis, Solanum surattense, Artemisia nilagarica, Ocimum canum and Zanthozylum acanthopodium which has been used as local medicine and spices were collected from five district of Manipur viz. Tamenglong, Senapati, Kangpokpi, Imphal east and Imphal West. In-vitro screening of above indigenous botanicals of Manipur was studied for anti-fungal activities of Helminthosporium oryzae an incitant of brown spot disease of Rice. The first five botanicals with maximum inhibition was found in Solanum incanum with 52.44% followed by Allium hookerii (47.77%), Millettia pachycarpa (36.66%), Mariandra benghalensis (24.44%) and Flogacanthus thyrsyflorus (17.77%) over control. Efficacy test at different level of concentrations i.e. 10%, 15% and 20% of standard botanical extracts was evaluated against growth of fungus both in broth and solid culture media. However, among botanicals maximum per cent inhibition on biomass production was found at 20% concentrate of S. incanum with growth inhibition of 74.03%, followed by A. hookerii (62.66%), M. Benghalensis (46.36%) and F. thyrsiflorus (42.33%) growth inhibition over the untreated control. In solid media test maximum per cent inhibition on radial growth of test fungi was found at 20% concentration in treatment of S. incanum with growth inhibition of 72.70% over control followed by A. hookerii (59.81%), M. Pachycarpa (45.03), M. benghalensis (37.59%) and F.thyrsiflorus (28.70%) over the untreated control.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Formulation And Evaluation of Anti-Microbial Polyherbal GelQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The majority of the population in developing countries uses plants or plant preparations in their basic health care.Many plant species have been proved to have antimicrobial activity. Lots of the antibiotics had been at the beginningderived from micro-organisms even as the chemotherapeutic agents are from vegetation. Together with other dosagevarieties, natural drugs are additionally formulated within the type of gel. A gel is a viscous semisolidpreparation used topically on a variety of body surfaces. Thus, the main objective of the present study is to formulateand evaluate a polyherbal gel with antimicrobial activity. Gel were formulated usinghydroalcoholic extracts(by continuous hot percolation-soxhlation) ofAnacardium occidentale, Achyranthes aspera and Aegle marmelosand wereevaluated for its physicochemical properties. The hydroalcoholic extracts of the chosen plants were taken in specific ratio randomly and the antimicrobialtests of the combinations had been applied. Gel were all set making use of special concentrations of the extracts Formulations had been then tested for itsphysicochemical properties like Clogging,texture,, pH, spreadability, extrudability and gave satisfactory results. Probablythe most powerful mixture used to be then determined via evaluating the results of the zone of inhibition given throughdistinct extract ratios on S. Mutant, Proteus mirabilis,and Candida A,The entire formulations confirmed predominant recreationagainst selected species. Theformulations are found to be very efficacious in all the parameters which has conducted and alsofound enhanceantimicrobial property. Overall result of this study reveals that this is an effective polyherbal antimicrobial gel.
CONSERVATIONAL STUDIES ON CHLOROPHYTUM BORIVILIANUM (SAFED MUSLI) IN NANDUR...American Research Thoughts
This document summarizes a study on the conservation of Chlorophytum borivilianum, an important medicinal plant known as Safed Musli, in Nandurbar District, Maharashtra, India. The study found that overexploitation from natural habitats for medicinal and economic uses is reducing the plant's abundance and biodiversity. Specifically, immature harvesting, uprooting of whole plants, and lack of sustainable harvesting practices are threatening the plant. The study recommends introducing sustainable cultivation and raising awareness about conservation to protect this rare and important medicinal species.
Functional, Chemical, and Phytochemical Properties of Soup Thickener Produced...BRNSS Publication Hub
Blends of 50:50 g of jackfruit seed flour (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and ofor seed flour (Detarium microcarpum) were mixed together, sieved to pass 0.25 mm sieve and packaged in an airtight container. The proximate composition of the flour sample was determined to be 9.78%, 19.25%, 6.50%, 2.75%, 7.06%, and 54.66% for moisture content, crude protein content, fat and oil content, crude fiber content, ash content, and carbohydrate content, respectively. Furthermore, the mineral contents of the flour sample were Ca (34.00 mg/kg), K (303.00 mg/kg), Na (3.0 mg/kg), Mg (37.00 mg/kg), and Zn (0.42 mg/kg), respectively. Phytochemical values were also determined to be 0.42%, 1.00%, 2.80%, 1.60%, 0.82 mg/g, and 23.00 μg/100 g for flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid, saponin, phenol, and carotenoid, respectively. Furthermore, the functional properties of flour sample were determined to be 0.53 g/ml, 7.50%, 8.00%, 10.00%, 90.90%, 6.25%, 0.25%, and 95.00°C for bulk density, water adsorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foam capacity, foam stability, emulsification capacity, gelation capacity, and gelation temperature, respectively. The flour sample and cocoyam flour were also used as thickener for soup and were sensory evaluated. The result shows that there were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) between them.
Seed priming have greater influence in seed quality enhancement in low vigor seed lots compared to high vigor seed lots. The response of chemicals influencing the quality enhancement may vary upon the initial quality of the seed. Nevertheless, seed priming have positive influence on seed quality enhancement. Seed priming has been used to improve germination, reduce seedling emergence time, improve yield. Seed priming best solution of germination related problems, especially when crops are grown under unfavorable conditions. Many priming techniques have been evolved, which are being utilized in many crops now days. It can enhance rates and percentage of germination and seedling emergence, which ensure proper stand establishment under a wide range of environmental conditions. Farmers and researchers have recognized that poor crop establishment is one of the major bottlenecks for crop production. Seed priming has been offered as a solution to this problem that will maximize the probability of obtaining high quality seeds and leads obtain a good stand of healthy and vigorous plants. It is rational to propose that seed priming has low cost and low risk that would be appropriate for all farmers, and it is a key technology to improve the livelihood of resource-poor farmers in the marginal environments.Therefore, priming can step-up the economical benefit of crop growing farmers by improving seed quality parameters of most crops.
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster...Dr. siddhant
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
Medicinal value of plant Picrorhiza scrophulariflora including its nomenclature, habit and habitat, cultivation and collection, Macro and Microscopic characteristics, phytochemical constituents and its pharmacological action.
The document summarizes an experiment evaluating different paper and cardboard substrates for cultivating the white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida. Ten materials were tested as substrates: eight types of paper (glaze paper, brown paper, newspaper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper, and A-4 printing paper) and two types of cardboard (corrugated and plain cardboard). All substrates supported mushroom growth and fruiting. Yield and biological efficiency varied between substrates, ranging from 190-495 grams and 38-99% respectively over three flushes. Magazine paper and cardboard produced significantly higher yield and biological efficiency than the control (newspaper). Corrugated cardboard also produced significantly heavier individual mushrooms
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Screening and evaluation of medicinal properties of grape fruit varieties in ...EditorIJAERD
Theni districts could be considered one of the highest grapes producing area also export best quality of
Paneer dhrakshai Indian table grapes in Tamil Nadu. The research work focused to identify the nutritive compounds in
the grapes (Vitis vinifera) species which are a wonderful fruit having pulp content, vibrant color and exert an immense
health benefits. Grape fruits were found to be rich source of Anthocyanin content and vitamin C also macromolecules
contents such as carbohydrate contents of 29mg, Protein 18.7mg and fat content 3.7mg /100 g of f. wt. Micronutrients
were estimated by AAS which showed that calcium content was 3.1mg/g.f.wt, iron content 2.7 mg/g.f.wt, potassium 2.6
mg/g.f.wt found to be more than other minerals in fresh extracts of grape fruits. The comparative results of revealed
considerable amount of phytoconstituents in grape fruits in which anthocyanins alone has been taken to evaluate
therapeutic effects on breast cancer cell MCF-7 cell viability test was carried out to determine cell proliferation. The
results revealed presence of anthocyanins in high quantity in the process of purification through various biochemical
methods that could ultimately be used for preventing cancerous cell proliferation which reduces the development of
cancer diseases. On comparison Grapes (Vitis vinifera) may serve as functional food with vital pharmaceutical and
biological value.
In vitro Shoot Micro Propagation of Medicinal Applications and Ornamental Val...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
This document summarizes research on micropropagation of the ornamental plant Cestrum nocturnum through tissue culture. Shoot tip explants from C. nocturnum were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium with various concentrations of plant growth regulators. The highest number of shoots formed with benzyladenine at 1.5 mg/L. Microshoots were rooted successfully using indole-3-butyric acid and indole-3-acetic acid. Over 90% of plantlets survived after hardening and acclimatization. The protocol supports mass propagation of C. nocturnum for horticultural and industrial uses.
Chickpea Seed Production Manual ~ icrisat.orgSeeds
This document provides an overview of chickpea seed production. It discusses the types of chickpea, general plant characteristics, climatic requirements, plant growth and development, seed systems in India, seed classes, seed production technology, management of diseases and insect pests, roguing, harvesting, threshing, seed processing, and storage. The goal is to provide comprehensive information on improved seed production technologies to grow a healthy chickpea seed crop and store chickpea seeds, which will be useful for all those involved in formal and informal seed systems.
Micropropagation is applied to multiply those species which are difficult to produce conventionally. The purpose of this study was to access in vitro propagation of Hoya kerrii, an important ornamental plant to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Microprogation of Hoya kerrii was initiated using leaf, petiole, root and inter-nodal segments of the selected plant as explants on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Leaf segments initiated callus earlier than inter-node, petiole and root. A significant amount of callus was produced in MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D gave the poorest callus.
Syzygium cumini, commonly known as jamun, is a tropical tree native to India and other parts of Asia. It produces purplish-black fruits that are high in anthocyanins. The tree has great economic importance as most parts are used in traditional medicine and its wood is strong and termite resistant. The fruits contain many phytochemicals and minerals that have been shown to have health benefits such as controlling blood sugar, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and more. There is potential for the fruits and other parts of the tree to be developed into nutraceuticals. However, more clinical research is still needed to study the effects of S. cumini extracts on human health.
1. The document contains 7 abstracts from the journal HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 1(3) from 2012. The abstracts discuss research on topics related to agroforestry, seed germination of fruit crops, effects of organic amendments on ashwagandha growth and yield, path analysis of tomato yield components, effects of chemicals on guava shelf life and quality, effects of ethrel on post-harvest papaya, and effects of zinc application on peach yield and quality.
2. The abstracts provide overviews of studies that analyzed the microclimate changes under trees in agroforestry systems, reviewed developments in seed germination of various fruit crops, examined the impact of organic amendments and bio
Potential Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes for Food through Drying o...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Potential Utilization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes for Food through Drying or Extraction Techniques by Nora Salina Md Salim in Novel Techniques in Nutrition & Food Science
GC-MS Analysis of Bio-Active Compounds in Aqueous Extract of Boerhaavia Diffu...ijtsrd
Medicinal plants have had a crucial role in human culture and civilization. The present study deals with the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy analysis of Boerhaavia diffusa, Euphorbia hirta and Amaranthus polygonoides, which have various medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate and characterize the chemical composition of the different crude aqueous extracts of these plant samples using PerkinElmer Gas Chromatography'Mass Spectrometry. Our results show that the compounds in the extract revealed by GC MS were the same as recorded in the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST library. The identity and quantity of the measured active compounds was correlated with the expected therapeutic effects. The content of active principles was determined. The quantity of the active principles in the plants was also determined. R. Ezhilarasi | Dr. B. Senthilkumar | Dr. K. Devi "GC-MS Analysis of Bio-Active Compounds in Aqueous Extract of Boerhaavia Diffusa, Euphorbia Hirta and Amaranthus Polygonoides" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29436.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/29436/gc-ms-analysis-of-bio-active-compounds-in-aqueous-extract-of-boerhaavia-diffusa-euphorbia-hirta-and-amaranthus-polygonoides/r-ezhilarasi
Breeding for agronomic traits, nutrient compositions and stress toleranceMonisha T
1) The document discusses genetic improvement research on the bottle gourd crop. It describes genetic variability found for fruit traits and progress made in breeding for qualitative and quantitative traits.
2) Research on bottle gourd's nutrients, anti-nutrients, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses is summarized. Methods used include genetics, genomics, genetic engineering, and genome editing.
3) One study identified relationships between the accumulation of cucurbitacins and drought tolerance mechanisms in bottle gourd under drought stress conditions. Promising drought tolerant varieties were identified.
— A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of potting media on sprouting and seedling growth of grape cuttings. Three grape varieties viz. Red globe, Thomson seedless and Crimson seedless were planted in four different growth media: CS-Canal silt, CSFYM-Canal silt (75%) + FYM (25%), CSB-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (75%) and CSBCP-Canal silt (25%) + Bagasse (50%) + Coco peat (25%). The experiment was conducted in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) along with three replications. The results revealed that almost all observed parameters were significantly influenced by the potting media. However, grape varieties and their interaction with the potting media exhibited non-significant effect for sprouting percentage and most of the seedling related attributes of growth. Minimum days to sprouting (6.78),highest sprouting percentage (84.44), maximum rooting percentage (84.44) and maximum chlorophyll content of leaves (56.23) were observed from the cuttings planted in CSBCP. However, maximum number of sprouts (5.55), number of leaves (13.77), fresh weight of leaves (2.27g), fresh weight of the roots (2.16 g), were observed from CSB. No grape seedling mortality was also observed CSB and CSBCP growth media. On the basis of varietal comparison, Thompson seedless exhibited the best results for number of leaves per cutting (11.50), fresh weight of the roots (1.64 g) and number of roots per cutting (29.17 g) as compared to rest of the grape varieties. The research establishes the potential for locals to use available materials in potting media preparation for healthier and stronger grape seedlings for subsequent improved grape plantation.
Determine the Efficiency of Two Different Methods Used for the Extraction of ...ijtsrd
The plant Moringa oleifera is a rich source of bioactive chemicals and antioxidants. The present study was focused to determine the efficiency of two different method used for the extraction of polyphenols present in the leaves of moringa oleifera. The attempt was made to check the efficiency of both methods used for the extraction process such as soxhlet extraction method and maceration and determined the accuracy of both methods by HP TLC, FTIR and UV Visible spectroscopy. Moringa oleifera possesses relatively higher content of polyphenols. Epidemiology research repeatedly shows that eating foods high in phytochemicals, such as fruits, vegetables, and herbs, reduces the prevalence of disease in people. The presence of polyphenolic chemicals is primarily responsible for this advantageous effect. Because of their strong ability to entrap the free radicals linked to many diseases, polyphenols have attracted a lot of attention. Neel R. Shah | Mrs. Renuka Singh "Determine the Efficiency of Two Different Methods Used for the Extraction of Polyphenols from Moringa Oleifera Leaves" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53890.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/home-science/food-science/53890/determine-the-efficiency-of-two-different-methods-used-for-the-extraction-of-polyphenols-from-moringa-oleifera-leaves/neel-r-shah
Trichoderma is a filamentous fungus that is widely distributed in the soil, plant material, decaying vegetation, and wood. It belongs to the family Hypocreaceae. They have high potential for colonizing their habitats and have various applications in food industry, agriculture, as a biocontrol agent with mechanism involving antibiosis, competition, mycoparasitism, promotion of plant growth, solubilization and sequestration of inorganic plant nutrients, inducing resistance and inactivating pathogen’s enzymes and also as a source of transgene. The major driving force for investigation of biocontrol with Trichoderma is sustainability. As a plant symbiont and effective mycoparasites, numerous species of this genus have the potential to become biofungicides. the extensive studies on Trichoderma, including its diverse physiological traits available, is still progressing and making these fungi versatile model organisms for research on both industrial fermentations as well as natural phenomena. Jasmine Chughasrani | Abhishikta Dasgupta | Rutuja Das "Applications of Trichoderma- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38341.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/38341/applications-of-trichoderma-a-review/jasmine-chughasrani
This document provides details about a proposed research study on physiological attributes of drought tolerance in contrasting genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The study will evaluate the effects of drought on various morpho-physiological attributes in 10 mustard genotypes (6 drought tolerant and 4 drought susceptible). The experiment will use a randomized block design with two treatments (control and drought conditions), three replications, and 10 genotypes. The objectives are to study the effects of drought on growth, yield, physiological indices, and correlation of traits with yield under drought.
Banana is the fourth largest produced food crop of the world and its demand is increasing day by day. It is available throw out the year and its cost is very less in comparison to other fruits. With the development in science new tissue culture protocols are standardized for mass propagation of Musa (Banana) on the basis of effects of plant growth regulators. BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine), KN (Kinetin) are most widely used cytokinins for shoot proliferation and IAA (Indole -3-acetic acid), NAA (Naphathalene acetic acid) are widely used auxins for root induction.
Effect of incubation temperature on lesion diameter of Penicillium expansum o...Innspub Net
Current research work was conducted to determine impact of various genotypes and heat on shelf life of apple. Study was carried out in vitro. Effect of temperature on lesion diameter of fungal growth in most prominent apple fruit varieties growing in Pakistan was assessed. Four temperature (5, 15, 25 and 35°C) treatments were provided to fruits of each variety after inoculation with spore suspension adjusted at 106spores/ml and growth of P. expansum was measured for 12 days at 3 days interval. Pathogen showed maximum growth (23mm) at 25°C while minimum (11mm) at 5°C in all varieties and moderate growth was observed at 15°C and 35°C. Golden delicious apple which have thin cuticle and prone to injuries more frequently as compared to other varieties was found most susceptible at all temperatures while Red delicious proved to be the most resistant against growth of pathogen at all temperature sets comparatively. It was concluded that Red delicious is most resistant against pathogen studied consequently can be saved for longer time without providing extraordinary conditions while Golden delicious apple should be kept in special environment to reduce damage of product after harvesting due to its most susceptibility against blue most disease.
Analgesic activities of Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ra...Uploadworld
Geodorum densiflorum, Diospyros blancoi, Baccaurea ramiflora and Trichosanthes dioica are four
important medicinal plants used traditionally in various iseases. Different parts of these plants have been used in different painful conditions
Development of Flat Lima Beans Pickles Enriched with Spirulinaijtsrd
The product is different from the regular way of availability and to choose acceptable level of ingredients is important as more amount can cause unacceptable taste, texture and aroma of the product and hence standardization of the product is necessary. The creation of the product emphasis on the nutritional health of the consumer, ingredients used for this product has many health benefits hence standardization of the product is necessary. This literature focuses on many idea of new product development. Flat lima beans are consumed by many people but the product prepared in this study is not much available in the market, the product is enriched by spirulina due to its abundance health benefits. The information or studies available regarding methodology are limited for this product. Benefits of prebiotics include improvement in gut barrier function and also improving host immunity, reduction of potentially pathogenic bacteria e.g., Clostridia and consumer will come across with these benefits due to product created in this study. People also deficient in Vitamin B1 will also meet the nutritional benefits as flat lima beans are good source of Vitamin B1. This study will be helpful to gain perception of new product development, the market for the new product and the demand of consumers regarding nutritious and convenient food product. Product is nutritious as the aim is to provide health benefits. Product development includes all phases of creating a product, from the initial Product development includes all phases of creating a product, from the initial connected with the formulation of a new product on the market or the modification and presentation of an existing product on the market. The focus of the product development is therefore on the processes in the entire life cycle of a product, be it an idea, an innovation or consumption. Raksha Dinesh Gupta | Roonal Kataria "Development of Flat Lima Beans Pickles Enriched with Spirulina" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56361.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/home-science/food-science/56361/development-of-flat-lima-beans-pickles-enriched-with-spirulina/raksha-dinesh-gupta
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
monk fruit
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Introduction, adaptation
and characterization of monk fruit
(Siraitia grosvenorii): a non‑caloric
new natural sweetener
Shivani1,4
, Babit Kumar Thakur1,4
, C. P. Mallikarjun1
, Mitali Mahajan1,4
, Priya Kapoor1
,
Jigyasa Malhotra2
, Rimpy Dhiman3
, Dinesh Kumar2,4
, Probir Kumar Pal1,4*
&
Sanjay Kumar3,4
Siraitia grosvenorii, an herbaceous perennial plant, native to the southern parts of China, is commonly
used as a low-calorie natural sweetener. It contains cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides known
as mogrosides.The extract from monk fruit is about 300 times sweeter than sucrose. In spite of its
immense importance and International demand, Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) is not commercially
cultivated outside China since scientific information for cultivation of this species is lacking. Planting
material of monk fruit plant was not available in India.Thus, the seeds of monk fruit were introduced
in India from China after following International norms.Then the experiments were conducted
on different aspects such as seed germination, morphological and anatomical characterization,
phenology, flowering and pollination behaviors, and dynamic of mogroside-V accumulation in fruit.
The hydropriming at 40 °C for 24 h was found effective to reduce the germination time and to increase
the germination rate (77.33%).The multicellular uniseriate trichomes were observed in both the leaf
surfaces, however, higher trichomes density was observed in the ventral surface of males compared to
females.The microscopic view revealed that the ovary was trilocular (ovary consists three chambers)
having two ovules in each chamber or locule. Most of the fruits were globose or oblong type with
5–7 cm in length and 4–7 cm diameter. Mogroside-V content in fruit at 80 days after pollination was
0.69% on dry weight basis.The rate of increase of mogroside-V accumulation from 50 to 70 days was
very slow, whereas a sharp increase was observed from 70 to 80 days.The higher receptivity of stigma
was observed with fully open flowers.The floral diagram and formula have also been developed
for both male and female flowers. Our results highlighted that monk fruit can be grown in Indian
conditions.
Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex A. M. Lu & Zhi Y. Zhang commonly known as Monk fruit or Luo Han
Guo, is an herbaceous perennial plant which belongs to the family of Cucurbitaceae. It is native to the southern
parts of China prevalent in Yongfu, Longsheng and Lingui Counties in northern Guangxi province, and also
distributed in Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi
provinces1–3
. These provinces have approximately 70%
mountainous area with an annual mean temperature of about 16–20 °C and annual average precipitation is
1500–2002 mm4
. The planting areas of monk fruit are generally distributed at an altitude range of 200–800 m
with slopes gradient greater than 15°4
. In China, it has been being cultivated in particular regions for more
than 200
years3
. The economic part of the species is fruit, which contains a sweet, fleshy, and edible pulp that is
being widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 300 years for the treatment of lung congestion,
colds and sore
throats5,6
. It has been reported in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, since 1977. The monk fruit contains
cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides known as mogrosides. There are different types of mogrosides namely
mogroside-III (MIII), mogroside-IVA (MIVA), mogroside-IV (MIV), mogroside-V (MV), iso-mogroside V
OPEN
1
Division of Agrotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource
Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Post Box No. 6, Palampur, HP 176 061, India. 2
Division of Chemical Technology, Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Post Box No. 6,
Palampur, HP 176 061, India. 3
Division of Biotechnology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute
of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Post Box No. 6, Palampur, HP 176 061, India. 4
Academy of
Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.*
email: pkpal_agat@yahoo.in
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved
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(IMV), 11-oxomogroside-V (OMV) and siamenoside I (SI) etc. The extract from monk fruit have been estimated
to be about 300 times as sweet as
sucrose7
, and is generally recognized as
safe8,9
.
Among the known mogrosides, mogroside-V is extremely sweet and low in
calories10,11
. Modern medicinal
research shows that the ripe fruit extract and individual compound (especially mogroside-V) have anti-tumor12,13
,
antidiabetic14–19
, anti-inflammatory20
and anti-oxidative21
properties. As the world working towards better-
ment of health and fitness, there is a huge need of natural, high potency and low or zero-calorie sweeteners
over conventional dietary sweeteners in the food and beverage
industries22
. Due to intense sweetness, monk
fruit becomes second important source of natural sweeteners right after Stevia rebaudiana23
. Global monk fruit
market forecasts that the period of 2019–2026 is expected to register a steady Compound Annual Growth Rate
(CAGR) of 4.37%24
. However, its market share is small as compared to the alternative sweetener market due to
the limited supply, which remains about 2.2%25
.
This species is not widely cultivated due to lack of agronomic practices, non-availability of quality planting
material, poor adaptability, and less scientific knowledge, which are the main reasons for the limited supply.
During the twentieth century, the
1st
attempt had been made for domestication in U.S. by Professor G.W.
Groff26
.
However, the flowers did not appear may be due to the high summer
temperature1
. Till date, there is no evidence
of the species being domesticated and cultivated in other countries than
China27,28
. The main reasons for its
failure are inherent
heterozygosity29
among the seed raised plants, dioecious in
nature30
, slow and low germina-
tion rate due to hard seed coat. Natural pollination is almost impossible due to the specific male and female
flower structure and the sticky pollen grains, which cannot be pollinated by wind or
insects29
. Moreover, life of
flower is short and intense, and pollen viability is affected over
time29
. Also, there are conventional techniques of
asexual reproduction such as grafting and rooted cuttings, but they are time consuming, sensitive to viral infec-
tions and, often tedious and impractical for large scale
use31,32
. All these factors are the bottleneck for any crop
for commercial cultivation. Simultaneously, the natural populations of monk fruit are rapidly declining due to
over-exploration and habitat
fragmentation33
. Few studies have been conducted on
chemistry6,33–38
and molecular
aspect of monk
fruit39–41
. However, agronomic and physiological aspects are lacking. Thus, to meet the increasing
demand in the international markets, there is an urgent need to domesticate and to develop Good Agricultural
Practices for introduction in new areas. Simultaneously, it is necessary to understand the basic physiology, life
cycle and growth behaviors for any species to introduce in new ecosystem. However, this type of information
is lacking in the literature. Therefore, our main objectives were (1) to understand the complete life cycle for its
adaptations in new environmental conditions; (2) morphological, anatomical, and chemical characterization
to understand whether it is behaved like native places. Thus, a numbers of experiments were conducted under
controlled and open field conditions.
Result and discussion
Seed germination studies. The data presented in Table 1 revealed that time required for germination
and germination rate were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by the pre-sowing seed stratification. Averaged across
the duration, the days required for germination were reduced significantly (P ≤ 0.05) from 19 days with normal
water to 12 days with hot water treatment. This result could be due to the fact that hot water increased seed coat
permeability for water to increase seed hydration and for gaseous exchange. Irrespective of water temperature,
hydropriming for 48 h significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced the germination time compared with 24 and 72 h. The
interactions between hydropriming and duration of priming on germination time and germination rate were sig-
nificant (Table 1). Seeds, hydroprimed at 40 °C or room temperature for 48 h, reduced the germination time by
Table 1. Effect of seed stratification on date of sprouting and germination rate of monk fruit.
Hydropriming (H) Duration (h) of hydropriming (D) Germination time (day) Germination rate (%)
Normal water
24 31.0 56.89
48 11.0 60.44
72 14.0 76.89
Average 19.0 64.74
Hot water
24 12.0 77.33
48 11.0 68.00
72 13.0 49.78
Average 12.0 65.04
Averages across water temperature
24 21.5 67.11
48 11.0 64.22
72 13.5 63.33
SEm ± for hydropriming (H) 0.63 1.30
CD (P = 0.05) for hydropriming (H) 1.96 NS
SEm ± for duration of hydropriming (D) 0.77 1.59
CD (P = 0.05) for duration of hydropriming (D) 2.40 NS
SEm ± for H × D 1.09 2.25
CD (P = 0.05) for H × D 3.39 7.02
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved
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20 days compared with hydropriming at room temperature for 24 h. However, when seeds were hydroprimed at
40 °C, there were no significant differences between hot water and normal water on the duration for germination
time. Similarly, interaction effect between water temperature and duration of hydropriming on germination rate
was found significant. Germination rate was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased from 56.89% with 24 h to 76.89%
with hydropriming at 72 h under room temperature condition. However, when seeds hydroprimed at 40 °C, the
germination rate was reduced at 49.78% with 72 h from 77.33% with 24 h priming. Thus, the best interaction
result was obtained from hydropriming with hot water for 24 h (Table 1). The positive effects of seed priming
have been noticed previously to increase the germination rate for many
species42,43
. In this experiment, low ger-
mination rate with long hydropriming (72 h) at 40 °C was probably due to the damage of cell. On the other hand,
high germination rate with short hydropriming (24 h) at 40 °C was probably due to the fact that physiologically
active state of pre-germinated seeds was improved. Priming with hot water is known to increase imbibition,
which stimulates germination related biochemical activities, and ultimately weaken the
endosperm44,45
.
Morphological study of different parts of Monk fruit. Vegetative parts. At both the vegetative
and reproductive stages, morphological studies were done to understand the plant adaptations and behavioral
changes in Palampur conditions. It has been observed that mature seeds of monk fruit show radial striae and fur-
rows while side view possess erose margins (Fig. 1a), which are similar to earlier description given by
Swingle1
.
Epigeal or epigeous germination (Epi = upon; geal = soil) behavior was observed, which is the established rule in
Figure 1.
Different parts of Siraitia grosvenorii, seed (a); pentangular stem (b); heart shaped leaf (c); napiform
root (d); and fruit (e).
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved
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Cucurbitaceae family46,47
. In Palampur conditions, the length of plant was recorded up to 15 m, whereas 3–5 m
has been reported from
China1,48
. Its stem is weak, herbaceous, climber, angular, and green in color (Fig. 1b).
Stem is pentangular with ridges and furrows. Stem surface is covered by small hair like outgrowth. It has alter-
nate type of branching pattern. The length of internodes was up to 30 cm, whereas only 3–9 cm long internodes
have been reported in Chinese
conditions1
. A few members of Cucurbitaceae are perennial in nature, out of
which 50% are
dioecious49,50
. Monk fruit is one of the perennial dioecious of Cucurbitaceae.
Though, the leaf’s shape was not different from earlier
reports1,48
, the size was relatively larger under Palam-
pur conditions (Fig. 1c). We have registered leaf size up to 32 cm long and 25 cm wide. However, earlier it has
been reported about 12–23 × 5–17
cm1,48
. At initial growth stage, branched tap root was noticed, but at active
growth stage it was looked like a napiform root, which was about 10–20 cm in diameter (Fig. 1d). In contrary,
fusiform and sub-globose types of roots (10–15 cm) have been reported in earlier
reports1,48
. The matured fruits
were pepo type, which is an indehiscent fleshy single-celled many-seeded berry (Fig. 1e). Most of the fruits
were globose or oblong with 5–7 cm in length and 4–˗7 cm diameter in Palampur conditions, which are little
bit smaller than earlier reported (6-11 cm long and 3–-8 cm broad) from China 1,48
. The variation in fruit shape
among the cultivars and/or populations has been already reported. The square-round shape has been reported
for Pufengqingpi
cultivar51
.
Reproductive parts. The unisexual flowers were observed in the axil of leaf. Male flowers were in racemose
inflorescence. Female flowers were arranged either solitary in the axil of leaf or in racemose cluster (2–5 in
number). Both flowers were characterized by yellow in color, pedicellate, ebracteate, incomplete, actinomorphic,
pentamerous, and regular (Fig. 2a,b). Bract was not observed. Both male and female flowers were incomplete
since androecium and gynoecium were not found in the same flower. Female flowers were epigynous with floral
parts such as the petals and stamens were attached to the upper part of the ovary. Syncarpous ovary with fused
carpels was observed, and inferior ovary positioned below the floral parts. In female flower, two groups of two
fused staminodes (Fig. 2h) and one single staminode were observed. In our studies, simple style and trifid stigma
with bifid lobes were observed (Fig. 2g), whereas 3-lobed and sometimes each bifid lobe have been reported
from China1
. At the time of full blooming stage, the ovary size was recorded about 15 × 8 mm. Five sepals which
were observed in both the flowers (male and female), were green in color and united at the base (Fig. 2i,j). Five
free-petals were arranged in quincuncial aestivation, in which two petals or sepals were positioned internally
and two petals or sepals were placed externally, and the fifth part was situated externally at the margin and two
of the petals (nos. 1 and 2). In spite of five stamens in male, they appeared as three with two groups of two fused
stamens forming two compound stamens (Fig. 2e) and one simple stamen (Fig. 2f). In male flower, anther pos-
sesses a single pollen-locule of S-shaped with outer descending arm (longer) and inner ascending arm (shorter).
Pistillode (sterile pistil) is not found in male flower, although it is usually present in many genera of Cucurbita-
ceae. Corolla size of male flower was up to 4.5 cm long and 3.8 cm wide (Fig. 2c), which was larger than earlier
reported by Anmin and
Jeffrey48
. Based on our studies, the floral diagram and formula (Fig. 2) have been devel-
oped for both male and female flowers.
Anatomical study of different parts. Vegetative parts. The structural organizations of leaf, stem and
root of monk fruit were studied (Fig. 3). It was observed that stem was pentangular with ridges and furrows,
and vascular bundles were arranged in two rings at the base of each furrow and ridge (Fig. 3a). Vascular bundles
were bicollateral, closed, and endarch (metaxylem present towards the periphery and protoxylem towards the
center). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that protoxylem contained narrow vessels and
cell wall thickenings in the form of rings or helices, whereas metaxylem contained larger vessels and cell wall
thickenings in the form of transverse bars like ladder (Fig. 3d). Transverse section of leaf through midrib region
(Fig. 3b) showed hydrocentric or concentric amphicribral vascular bundles (xylem lies towards the center and
are completely surrounded by phloem) (Fig. 3e). Both the leaf surfaces were covered with hair like outgrowths
known as trichomes, which are multicellular uniseriate (Fig. 3g,h). Paracytic type stomata were observed on the
ventral surface (lower epidermis) of leaf. The guard cells were surrounded by two subsidiary cells that positioned
parallel to the long axis of pore and guard cells (Fig. 3i). Differences in trichomes density were observed between
male and female plant leaves (Fig. 3g,h). The higher trichomes density was observed in ventral surface of male
leaves compared with ventral surface of female leaves (Fig. 3g,h). However, higher stomatal density was observed
in ventral surface of female leaves than male leaves. Transverse section of lateral root showed that the vascular
bundles were radial (Fig. 3c). The closed view of xylem and phloem (Fig. 3f) showed that xylem was in ring
shaped and phloem was small compressed cells.
Reproductive organs. Male and female flower petals surfaces of monk fruit were covered with the small mul-
ticellular uniseriate hair like trichomes. Close microscopic view of vertically dissected ovary is presented in
Fig. 4a,b. Microscopic view reveals that ovary is trilocular (ovary consists three chambers) having two ovules
in each chamber or locule (Fig. 4c,d). Similar observations have been reported by
Swingle1
through serial
microtome cross-sections study of ovary. Ovules were borne at the center of an ovary on an axis formed from
joined septa showing axile placentation (Fig. 4a,b).
Reproductive stage and behaviors. We have categorized the reproductive stage in five distinct phases
such as (i) bud stage (ii) partially open (iii) fully open flower (iv) wilting stage and finally (v) senescent stage
(Table 2). Our study revealed that ovary at bud stage of female flower was reddish green in color, size varied
from 1–5 mm in length and stigma was not visible. In partially opened flower, the color of the ovary was reddish
green, 7–9 mm in size, and stigma lobes were visible and yellow in color. In fully open flower, ovary remained
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reddish green; 10–15 mm in size, pedicel 4–9 mm and stigma was fully visible and yellowish in color. In wilted
stage, color of the ovary was reddish brown, 7–9 mm in size, pedicel 4–7 mm, stigma was fully visible and yel-
low in color. At senescent stage, ovary converted into brown in color, 4–6 mm in size, pedicel also 4–6 mm, and
stigma was fully visible with blackish yellow in color (Table 2).
Receptivity of stigma was also studied and presented in Fig. 5. The bubbling from stigma showed the recep-
tivity of stigma (Fig. 5). As per our observation, anthesis stage (full opened) of the female flower bud was found
the best stage for the receptivity of pollen grains for fertilization (Fig. 5c). Thus, it is clear that fully open flower
stigma has higher receptivity than others, and it is the best stage for fertilization for fruits setting. It could be an
immense practical important for manual pollination during commercial cultivation as it is a dioecious plant. In
male flower, size, color, length of the pedicel, anther texture, color and availability of pollen grains at different
stages have also been observed (Table 2). During male bud development, it was noticed that color of the bud was
changed from reddish green to brown during different stages. The length of petiole was also varied, and it was
up to 15 mm. Color of the anthers was bright yellow and changed to light yellow at wilted and senescence stage.
Pollens were available in fully open male flower, yellow in color, bright and sticky, after that they became black
in color at wilted and senescent stage. Thus, it is clear that the stage III (fully open male flower) is best stage for
highly viable pollens as per our observation.
Figure 2.
Different parts of Siraitia grosvenorii flowers, male inflorescence (a); female flower (b); male petal
dorsal surface (c); female petal dorsal surface (d); stamen compound (e); simple stamen (f); stigma (g);
compound staminode (h); male sepals (i); and female sepals (j). Floral formula of male (k) and female (l) flower.
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Flowering, pollination behavior and fruit development. The flowering pattern, pollination behavior
and fruit setting time were also recorded to draw a complete life-cycle of monk fruit in a new agro-climatic
conditions. The data showed that male flowers were appeared earlier than female flowers during the experi-
mental years. This result was probably due to the fact that male plant entered into the reproductive phase earlier
compared with female plant. In another study, it has been reported that male flowers bloom 2 weeks before the
first female flowers in Momordica charantia during long day
conditions52
. The shifting of flowering season was
also observed in this investigation. In 2018, flowering season started in the mid of July, and September was peak
month; however, in 2019, flowering season started in mid of May, and August was peak month. The shifting of
flowering season and differences in duration of flowering might be due to age difference of the plant or changes
of weather parameters (Fig. 6), which influenced the flowering related physiological activities. In contrast, flow-
ering season of monk fruit is May–July in
China48
. This difference might be due to climatic factors.
To test the possibility of natural pollination, few numbers of female flowers were left without disturbance and
any physical obstacle in the field conditions. All the female flowers were dried up along with the petals (Fig. 7a).
Vectors like honeybees and ants were seen in male flowers, but these insects did not visit female flowers. This
phenomenon indicates that the chance of absence of nectar in female flower of monk fruit is very high. Similar
observation has been reported in Momordica species, in which male flowers possess nectar, pollen and fatty oils,
while female flowers contain only fatty
oil53
. The another possible cause of failure for natural pollination was short
life of female flowers (2 days). Thus, manual pollination technique is practiced in China for fruit
setting54
. The
Figure 3.
Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) micrographs of transverse sections of stem (a); leaf through
midrib (b); root (c); vascular bundle of stem showing metaxylem, protoxylem and phloem (d); vascular bundle
of leaf (e); root section showing xylem and phloem (f); lower surface of male leaf (g); lower surface of female
leaf with magnifying view of trichome (h); and stomata on lower epidermis (i).
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Figure 4.
Vertically dissected view of monk fruit ovary (a); closed view of dissected ovary showing the
arrangement of ovules (b); microscopic view of T.S. of ovary showing axile placentation (40x magnification) (c)
and SEM view of T.S. of ovary (d).
Table 2. Developmental stages of male and female flowers of Siraitia grosvenorii based on major
morphological characteristics.
Developmental
stage Plant type
Physical
appearance
Bud Flower
pedicel
(length in
mm)
Stigma Anther
Pollen
condition
Petal
condition Color Size (mm) Visibility Color Color Texture
Stage I
Male
Small green
bud
Close
Reddish
green
1–4 1–5 – –
Bright yel-
low
Smooth Not available
Female
Small green
bud
Close
Reddish
green
1–5 1–2 Not visible – – – –
Stage II
Male
Partially
open flower
Opening
Reddish
green
3–6 3–15 – –
Bright yel-
low
Light dusty
Some adhere
to petals
Female
Partially
open flower
Opening
Reddish
green
7–9 1–5
Stigma lobes
can visible
Yellow – – –
Stage III
Male
Fully open
flower
Open
Reddish
green
9–16 10–15 – –
Bright yel-
low
Dusty
Available and
extensively
attached
Female
Fully open
flower
Open
Reddish
green
10–15 4–9 Fully visible Yellow – – –
Stage IV
Male Wilted flower Closing
Reddish
green to
brown
9–12 10–15 – – Light yellow Little dusty
Few pollen
are left
Female Wilted flower Closing
Reddish
brown
7–9 4–7 Fully visible Yellow – – –
Stage V
Male
Senescent
flower
Close
Reddish
green to
brown
9–10 10–15 – – Light yellow Smooth
Very few pol-
len are left
Female
Senescent
flower
Close Brown 4–6 4–6 Fully visible
Blackish
yellow
– – –
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Figure 5.
Microscopic view of stigma receptivity at different stages, bud (a); partially opened flower (b); fully
opened flower (c); wilted flower (d); and senescent flower (e).
Figure 6.
Monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures (°C), relative humidity (RH%) rainfall (mm),
and sunshine hours (SS) during the plantation and study seasons of 2018 (a) and 2019 (b).
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manual pollination technique was also adopted in our studies. After fertilization, ovary was started to develop
into fruit, and the length and diameter of ovaries were increased steadily at initial stage; however, no changes in
size were observed after 40 days of pollination (Fig. 7b).
Chemical characterization and dynamics of mogroside‑V accumulation. The understanding
about the dynamics of mogroside-V accumulation in fruits in a particular location is required to harvest qual-
ity fruits. The data revealed that the accumulation of mogroside-V was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) affected by the
stage of fruit harvesting (Fig. 7c). The representative chromatogram for the mogroside-V standard has also
presented in Fig. 7d. The maximum mogroside-V content (0.69% in dry sample) was recorded with fruit har-
vested at 80 days after pollination, which was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) different from fruits harvested at 50, 60, and
70 days. The magnitude of mogroside-V accumulation in fruits was 80 > 70 > 60 > 50 days after pollination in this
present experiment. The rate of mogroside increase from 50 to 70 days was very slow, whereas sharp increase
was observed from 70 to 80 days (Fig. 7c). In earlier study, it has been reported that the range of mogroside-V
content in dried fruit is from 0.5–1.4%6
. This difference was probably due to harvesting time, seasonal variation
and habitat35
. Tang et al.33
also reported that the mogroside-V content was sharply increased from 50 to 70 days
after fertilization, and levels were constant after 85 days. At the early stage of fruit development, the mogroside II
E and mogroside III are developed, which are bitter and tasteless, respectively, and these gradually decrease with
maturity of
fruits35
. Therefore, the fruit should not be harvested based on size since the distinction of harvest-
ing stages by shape is difficult. It is clear from the present study that the fruit harvesting time is one of the key
agronomic factors to maintain the quality of fruits.
Conclusions
It is fact that monk fruit has been successfully grown and harvested quality fruits in Indian soil. The hydroprim-
ing at 40 °C for 24 h is the effective technique to reduce the germination time and to increase the germination
rate. Based on the physical appearance the reproductive stages have categorized in five distinct phases such as
(i) bud stage (ii) partially open (iii) fully open flower (iv) wilting stage and finally (v) senescent stage. It is also
validated that possibility of natural pollination is very less or nil. Thus, for commercial cultivation, manual
pollination technique should be adopted at fully open flowering stage as the stigma receptivity is higher at this
stage. This study also examined that the quality of fruits is largely governed by the harvesting time. The fruit
Figure 7.
Unfertilized female flower due to failure of natural pollination (a); growth pattern of monk fruit (b);
dynamic of mogroside-V accumulation in fruits (c); and chromatogram of mogroside-V standard (d).
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should not be harvested before 80 days after pollination to maintain the quality in terms of mogroside-V. Fur-
ther studies are required to understand deep physiology and different aspect of agronomy particularly role of
nutrient management.
Materials and methods
Introduction of planting material and experimental location. Planting material of monk fruit plant
is not available in India for the cultivation. Thus, the seeds of monk fruit were introduced in India from China,
through Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR),
New Delhi, with Import Permit No. 168/2017, in 2018. Seeds were received from ICAR-NBPGR after quarantine
clearance. As per guideline, the plants were initially grown under controlled conditions at CSIR-IHBT, Palam-
pur, India for one year with proper vigilance of ICAR-NBPGR. During this period no pathogen or disease has
been noticed. After that, the plants were grown in poly-house as well as open field conditions at experimental
field of CSIR-IHBT, Palampur (32° 06′ 05″ N; 76° 34′ 10″ E) at an altitude of 1393 amsl. Soil of the experimental
field is slightly acidic in nature. The weather parameters such as rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures,
relative humidity, and sunshine hours of the plantation site during the growing seasons are presented in Fig. 6.
Seed germination studies. For seed germination study, 450 seeds were randomly selected from the popu-
lation of 1 kg seeds. Selected seeds were washed with tap water to remove all the impurities attached with them.
Experiment was conducted with six treatment combinations comprising stratification of seed with hot (40 ± 2
°C) and normal water (~ 20 ± 2 °C) at different durations (24, 48 and 72 h). For each treatment, 25 seeds were
used with three replications. The seeds were kept for germination in petri dishes over moist filter paper. All
dishes were kept in the seed germinator with temperature and relative humidity ranged from 25 to 27 °C and
85–90%, respectively. The filter papers of petri dishes were regularly moistened with distilled water and moni-
tored daily for radicle emergence. The numbers of germinated seeds for each treatment were counted every day
up to 45 days.
Morphological studies. For morphological analyses, 5 males and 5 female plants of monk fruit were ran-
domly selected and tagged, which were free from all biotic and abiotic stresses. Different parts of plants such
as leaf, stem, roots and flowers were randomly collected from the selected plants. Collected parts were washed
with tap water to remove the impurities from their surfaces, and then keenly observed using light microscope
(40× magnification) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). For microscopic studies, different parts of the
monk fruits were fixed in FAA solution (formalin, acetic acid, 95% ethanol, distilled water, 10:5:50:35, v/v) under
smooth vacuum for 1 h, then dried for 12 h at room temperature55
. Ovary of the female flower was also dissected
transversely, and observed under the microscope (40× magnification). Data were recorded for both male and
female plants of monk fruit.
Anatomical studies. For anatomical studies, different parts of male and female plants were collected from
tagged plants. Samples were collected during both the vegetative stage and reproductive stage. The samples of
leaves, stem and flowers were washed to remove the impurities from their surface with tap water. Anatomical
studies of plants were done by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to understand the difference between
male and female plants. For microscopy study, fresh samples of monk fruit plant such as leaf, stem and root were
collected. These different parts were dissected and mounted on the metal stub using sticky carbon disc and then
coated with gold, finally samples were observed in SEM.
Phenological and reproductive studies. The size and color of the ovary, length of the pedicel, stigma
visibility and color of the female flower have been recorded at different stages. The bud size and color, flower
pedicel, anther color and texture, and availability of pollens of the male flower have been recorded at different
stages of development.
Stigma receptivity and pollination behavior studies. To study the stigma receptivity, female flowers were ran-
domly selected and tagged with date of pollination. Tagged flowers were collected at five different stages based
on physical appearance like bud stage, partially open, fully open, wilted and senescent stage of flower. Three
tagged flowers were used at each stage. All the floral parts were removed and the stigmas from the flowers were
kept on slide. A solution of 6% hydrogen peroxide was dropped on stigma and observed under microscope (40×
magnification). The release of oxygen bubbles due to the direct action of oxygenated water with enzymes present
in the stigma was considered as mark of receptivity of
stigma56
.
For pollination behavior studies, total twenty female buds of same age group were selected. Half of them were
kept for natural pollination, and remaining half were manually pollinated. After opening of the female buds, data
on changes of bud in size have been recorded time to time.
Floral diagram and formula. To draw floral diagram of male and female flower, we observed the floral
buds that were partially opened. Then, we pluck the floral buds after observing their anterior and posterior
sides from the mother axis. In bracteolate flowers, bracteoles were drawn in section on the left and right sides
of the diagram. The number of sepals and their arrangement in relation to the mother axis and aestivation were
noted. Keeping all these points in view, transverse sections of sepals between the mother axis and the bracteole
have been drawn. If sepals are odd in number, then sepal would be drawn either posterior or anterior to the
flower, i.e., opposite the mother axis or opposite the bract, respectively. The different floral whorls of the flowers
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were represented in concentric circles, the sepals on the outermost circle, then, the petals, stamens and carpels
towards the inner side. After drawing floral diagram, floral formula has been developed. Floral formula pro-
vides information regarding symmetry, sexuality and interrelationship of various floral parts viz., calyx, corolla,
androecium and gynoecium.
Chemical characterization and dynamics of mogroside‑V accumulation. To know the mogro-
side-V content and its dynamics in fruits in Indian conditions the female flowers were tagged with date of pol-
lination to harvest at a particular day. The fruits were harvested at 50th, 60th, 70th, and 80th day after pollination
(DAP) for chemical analysis. For chemical analysis 100 mg of each powdered sample was taken and extracted
in 70% of methanol by sonication method. Samples were sonicated for 10 min followed by centrifugation at
8000 rpm for 10 min. This process was repeated three times up to 5 mL of solvent. The samples were filtered
through 0.22 µm syringe filter and transferred into vials for further analysis. Standards were prepared with 1 mg
of mogroside-V obtained from Sigma Aldrich and dipped in 70% methanol, filtered with syringe of 0.22 µm and
transferred into vials. The standards were run before the sample to observe the standard peaks of mogroside-V.
Then, UPLC-PDA quantification of morgoside-V in samples was performed by Waters Acquity UPLC, H-class
system. The analytical column used was Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 1.8 µm). Detection
wavelength was set at 205 nm. Elution was performed at a solvent flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The gradient elution
system was used, mobile phase A contained 0.1% formic acid in water, mobile phase B was acetonitrile (ACN).
The gradient started from 0 min at 20% B; then from 0 to 1.50 min, 20% B; 1–3 min, linear gradient from 20 to
40% B; 3–3.50 min, 50% B; 3.50–6.50 min, 25% B, and 6.50–7.0 min, 20% B, then again mobile phase ran on
initial conditions, 7–8 min, 20% B, to equilibrate column on initial conditions.
Statistical analysis. The data on seed germination were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using Statistica 7 software (Stat Soft Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA). Means were separated by the least
significant difference (LSD) value when the F-test was significant (P ≤ 0.05). In case of Mogroside-V, the LSD was
considered to compare between means at P ≤ 0.01.
Received: 23 September 2020; Accepted: 19 February 2021
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Acknowledgement
The authors are highly grateful for regular encouragement from Director, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur. The authors
are thankful to Dr. Avnesh Kumari for technical support. The authors acknowledge the Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research (CSIR) for financial support. This study was carried out under the project No. MLP-0147
funded by CSIR, Govt. of India.
Author contributions
S. Morphological and anatomical characterization, phenological study, manuscript writing. B.K.T. Pollination
and phenology study, manuscript writing. M. Pollination and phenology study. M.M. Seed germination study.
P.K. phenology study. J.M. Chemical analysis. R.D. Stigma receptivity. D.K. chemical analysis. S.K. overall guid-
ance. P.K.P. Conceive the idea, overall guidance, and manuscript writing.
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