Nazism and the church
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Nazis and the Church
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http://www.nobts.edu/faculty/atoh/BulterR/CH2_Unit_1b.Martin_Luther.ppt
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The document provides information about key figures and events of the Protestant Reformation. It discusses criticisms of the Catholic Church that led Martin Luther to post his 95 theses in 1517, sparking the Reformation. Other reformers mentioned include John Calvin, William Tyndale, and Desiderius Erasmus. It also summarizes how the Reformation spread to England under Henry VIII, and the back-and-forth between Catholic and Protestant rule under the monarchs Mary and Elizabeth.
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The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's practices, such as selling indulgences, to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany. Luther's criticisms, aided by the spread of his ideas through the printing press, opened people's eyes to corruption and malpractices in the Catholic Church. When Luther refused to recant his criticisms at the Diet of Worms in 1521, he was excommunicated from the Church and went into hiding. This led to the formation of new Protestant churches that broke away from the Catholic Church's authority based on their own beliefs, such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism.
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The German Christians wanted to align Protestantism more closely with Nazi ideology by removing Jewish elements from the Bible and adopting Nazi rituals and symbols. The Confessional Church broke away in 1934 to oppose Nazi interference in theology. Some groups, like the German Faith Movement, sought to replace Christianity entirely with a new Nazi pagan religion. Initially many Protestants supported the Nazis due to shared social conservatism, but tensions grew as the Nazis attempted to coordinate the churches under the Reich Bishop. The Confessional Church resisted this Gleichschaltung and grew in opposition to Nazi policies on Jews and euthanasia. However, most churches avoided open confrontation with Hitler for fear of starting a Kulturkampf.
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Martin Luther was a German theology professor who helped start the Protestant Reformation. He was angry about the Catholic Church selling indulgences and in response wrote the 95 Theses criticizing the practice. The theses outlined Luther's reforms for the Church including justifying salvation by faith alone and rejecting the power and authority of the Pope. Luther was later excommunicated for his ideas but his writings spread Protestant teachings which divided Germany into Catholics and Protestants.
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Powerpoint created by Dr. Rex Butler at the New Orleans Theological Seminary. Available at:
http://www.nobts.edu/faculty/atoh/BulterR/CH2_Unit_1b.Martin_Luther.ppt
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Martin Luther was a German priest who sparked the Protestant Reformation by nailing his 95 Theses to a church door in 1517. The theses criticized the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences and called for reform. Luther's writings were spread widely by the printing press. In response, he was excommunicated by the Pope in 1520 and declared an outlaw by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther's ideas inspired many to break from Catholicism, leading to the establishment of Protestantism across Europe and the permanent division of Christianity.
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The document summarizes the key events of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation. It discusses early reformers like John Wycliffe and John Huss who criticized the Catholic Church. It then focuses on Martin Luther, who wrote the 95 Theses challenging indulgences and was excommunicated. The Peasants' Revolt in Germany and the Peace of Augsburg followed. The movement then spread through figures like Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, and John Knox. Protestantism established itself politically in different countries like Germany, Switzerland, Scotland, and England over time.
Martin luther
Martin Luther was a German monk who criticized corruption in the Catholic Church and called for reforms. In 1517, he nailed his 95 Theses criticizing the Church's sale of indulgences to a cathedral door in Wittenberg. This sparked the Protestant Reformation. Luther taught that salvation comes through faith alone, not good works. He translated the Bible into German so ordinary people could read it. Though excommunicated, Luther's ideas spread rapidly through the printing press. The Reformation divided Europe and led to new Protestant denominations like Lutheranism and Calvinism.
Maritin luther
Martin Luther was a German monk who in 1517 nailed his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's practices, especially selling indulgences, to a church door in Wittenberg. He wanted to reform the Church and believed salvation came through faith alone rather than good works. Though excommunicated, Luther's ideas spread rapidly through pamphlets and the printing press. This led to the establishment of Lutheranism and the Protestant Reformation, dividing Western Christianity between Catholic and Protestant denominations.
Other Reformers
The document provides background information on four influential figures of the Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther, John Calvin, William Tyndale, and Desiderius Erasmus. It summarizes their key beliefs and contributions to the growing discontent with the Catholic Church. Martin Luther believed salvation came through faith alone and nailed his 95 Theses criticizing Church practices. John Calvin taught predestination and led the church in Geneva. William Tyndale translated the Bible into English against Church rules. Desiderius Erasmus questioned Church rituals and wanted better understanding between people.
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Martin Luther's nailing of his 95 Theses to the church door in Wittenberg in 1517 is seen as sparking the Protestant Reformation. The document outlines several issues with the Catholic Church that paved the way for reform, including corruption such as the selling of indulgences, as well as political conflicts between popes and kings that undermined the Church's authority. Luther's spreading of his teachings through writings helped grow the new Protestant movement against Catholic doctrine and power of the papacy. The Reformation transformed Christianity in Europe.
Reformation Day Party 2011, Martin Luther
This document provides background information on Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. It discusses Luther's spiritual crisis and breakthrough understanding of justification by faith alone. It describes how Luther initially intended his 95 Theses to spark academic debate but it led to controversy. Luther was eventually declared a wanted man by the Pope and faced trial before the Emperor, where he refused to recant his writings and teachings.
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The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences. Luther studied the Bible and concluded that faith alone, not good works or sacraments like confession, were necessary for salvation. When the pope excommunicated Luther in 1521, many German princes adopted Lutheranism, seeing it as a way to assert independence from the Catholic Church and Holy Roman Empire. Luther's writings spread his message of reform and Protestantism took hold across Germany and Scandinavia, though Luther himself struggled with the Peasants' War and maintaining control over the growing movement.
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This document summarizes key aspects of Martin Luther's theological development and writings. It notes that Luther experienced anxiety about his identity from a young age and took a sacred vow to enter a monastery. He was troubled by a sense of "tyranny over his soul" due to a misunderstanding of justification by faith alone rather than works. Reading a passage about the just living by faith led Luther to a breakthrough where he defined justification as God's passive justice through which we are made righteous by faith. The document also describes Luther critiquing Aristotle's influence on scholastic theology and calling for secular rulers to take up church reform by dismantling Rome's worldly power.
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The document discusses the spread of the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation throughout Europe. It describes how the Medici family in Florence supported artists and pushed forward the Renaissance. It then discusses how figures like Martin Luther criticized the corruption of the Catholic Church and sparked the Protestant Reformation by nailing his 95 Theses to a church door in 1517. Finally, it summarizes the devastating 30 Years War between Protestants and Catholics in Europe from 1618-1648 and the Treaty of Westphalia that ended the war.
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This document provides classroom expectations and materials for a history lesson on Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. It includes expectations for student behavior and work, as well as rewards for good performance. The lesson will cover what people believed religiously in the 16th century and introduce Martin Luther, his 95 protests against the Catholic Church, and how this led to changes in the Church and the Reformation. Students will complete activities designing a Martin Luther poster and writing a poem for homework.
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The Protestant Reformation began in the 16th century as a religious reform movement that divided Western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant branches. Martin Luther, a German monk and theology professor, nailed his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church practices like indulgences to a church door in 1517. This sparked the Reformation. Luther questioned Church doctrine on salvation and advocated faith alone rather than faith plus good works. He was excommunicated in 1521 but his ideas spread rapidly with the help of the printing press. The Reformation divided Europe and led to new Protestant movements like Calvinism and Anabaptism, while the Catholic Church launched its own reforms through figures like Ignatius of Loyola and councils like Trent.
Ch. 6 Sec. 3 Reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in the 16th century as religious leaders like John Wycliffe, John Huss, and Martin Luther criticized corruption and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation spread ideas like salvation through faith alone and scripture as the sole religious authority. This led to greater religious freedom and priorities on education and family life. The Roman Catholic Church responded with efforts to counter the Reformation like the Jesuits and Inquisition. Religious conflicts ensued during this period of significant religious change in Europe.
Fri papal response to luther
This document contains classroom assignments and activities about the Renaissance, Reformation, Pope Leo X, and Martin Luther. Students are asked to complete a Venn diagram comparing the Catholic Church and Protestants during this time period. They also analyze a portrait of Pope Leo X and create a fold-out biography of Martin Luther from both a Catholic and Protestant perspective.
VisualConditions-9d467ded-635472512898158451
This document provides context about religion and the church in Germany in 1935. It discusses how Hitler stated that Christianity was the foundation of German morality. It describes how the Nazi regime aimed to make Protestant churches instruments of Nazi policy through the "German Christian" movement. However, this movement was rejected by some Christian leaders who formed the "Confessing Church" in opposition to the German Christians' racist and totalitarian views. By March 1935, hundreds of Confessing Church leaders had been arrested and sent to concentration camps for denying the German Christians' position. The document also quotes a passage expressing the belief that Christianity can only strongly affect German culture when "released" from its "unnatural connection" to Judaism.
History Reform
The document summarizes key events and figures of the Protestant Reformation. It began in the 16th century as Martin Luther protested the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences and doctrines through writings like his 95 Theses. This led to his excommunication by Pope Leo X and condemnation. The Council of Trent later addressed Protestant heresies and reaffirmed Catholic teachings. Overall, the Reformation started a separation between Protestantism and Catholicism in Christian theology and traditions.
8 reformation timeline 1 page
This document provides a condensed timeline of key events during the Protestant Reformation from 1440 to 1564. It highlights the roles of important figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII and key Anabaptist leaders. Major events included Luther posting his 95 Theses in 1517, his appearance before the Diet of Worms in 1521 where he refused to recant, the Peasant's War from 1524-1526, and the publication of Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536. The timeline also notes the growing persecution of Anabaptists and their beliefs in martyrdom, as well as developments like the English Act of Supremacy in 1534 that made Henry VIII the head of
Ch. 6 Sec 3
The Reformation began in the 15th-16th centuries as reformers like John Wycliffe, John Huss, and Martin Luther spoke out against corruption and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. They emphasized scripture alone, faith alone, and the priesthood of all believers. Their teachings spread Protestantism and influenced others like Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin. In response, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Counter Reformation to defend its doctrines through means like the Jesuits and Inquisition. Religious wars broke out across Europe during this period of upheaval and change in the Christian church.
Chapter 11
The Reformation began in Germany in the early 16th century, sparked by Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences. Luther's ideas spread rapidly with the help of the printing press. Other reformers like Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin also criticized Catholic doctrine and established reformed churches. The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 officially divided Christian lands between Catholic and Lutheran. The Counter-Reformation strengthened the Catholic Church, while the English Reformation established the Church of England under Henry VIII and Edward VI. The Reformation transformed religious and family life across Europe.
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Hitler initially claimed that Christianity was the foundation of German morality when he rose to power in 1933. However, he implemented policies to exert control over Christian churches in Germany. This included establishing a unified Protestant Reich Church to replace existing denominations. Christian symbols and traditions were also replaced with pagan references to Germanic culture. While the Vatican signed an agreement not to interfere in politics, opposition to Nazi policies from clergy like Martin Niemoller led to imprisonment. Hitler's attempts to control the churches met with varying success locally and faced ongoing resistance from clergy and religious groups like Jehovah's Witnesses.
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The document discusses opposition to the Nazi regime in Germany between 1933-1944. It describes the various forms of opposition, ranging from widespread grumbling over economic issues to political activism and assassination attempts on Hitler. However, it notes that during this time period, very little of the opposition truly threatened Nazi power. It then examines some of the key reasons for this, including that most Germans initially supported the regime due to restoring order and the economy, and the Nazis were extremely effective at controlling dissent through intimidation and eliminating political opponents early on. Furthermore, the different opposition groups had differing end goals, preventing them from coordinating effectively against the regime.
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1) Various groups opposed Nazi rule in Germany between 1933-1945, including youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates and White Rose Group, churches like the Confessional Church, and socialists/communists like the Communist Party.
2) The churches, especially the Catholic Church, opposed the Nazis by refusing to be controlled by the Nazi government and issuing statements against Nazism, leading the Nazis to arrest priests and remove religious symbols.
3) The military also provided some opposition, as senior figures like General Ludwig Beck opposed Hitler's aggressive foreign policies and planned a coup, though it ultimately failed.
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The Nazis faced resistance from the churches as they sought to control religious groups and implement their ideology across Germany. They tried to undermine the Protestant churches and influence the Catholic church via a concordat. However, some church figures openly criticized Nazi policies like euthanasia plans. The Confessional Church opposed efforts to Nazify Protestantism, and figures like Bonhoeffer criticized Nazism and were imprisoned. Overall, historians view the churches' opposition as mixed, focusing more on protecting their own positions than broadly opposing Nazi ideology.
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© Copyright 2022
This blog includes footnotes:
https://seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/milestones-memoirs-of-cardinal-joseph-ratzinger-future-pope-benedict-xvi/
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• How both the experiences of World War I and World War II affected the calling of the Second Vatican Council.
• How Ratzinger loved books, including books by Martin Buber, book by St Augustine, The Confessions, St Thomas Aquinas, Yves Congar, and the book by Henri de Lubac, Catholicism.
• Ratzinger’s views on the patristic method and the historical-critical method of biblical interpretation, dogma, and liturgy.
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• His ordination and Psalm 84.
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• His friendship and academic debates with Hans Kung.
• His appointment as Archbishop of Munich and Freising.
• How he adopted as his episcopal motto the phrase from the Third Letter of John, Co-worker of the Truth.
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• Mussolini’s relationship with the Catholic Church and Pope Pius XI, singing the Concordat, the Lateran Treaty of 1929, and Pope Pius XII.
• Relations between Mussolini, El Duce, and the pope would remain cordial until 1938, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, when Mussolini went full Nazi and started persecuting the Jews.
• How Hitler was able to rise to power by posing as an enemy of the communists after the Reichstag Fire, and having the Reichstag pass the Enabling Act making him dictator, and later Fuhrer, of the Third Reich.
• Hitler in the 1920 Nazi Party platform supported the notion of positive Christianity which sought to fuse Christianity with Nazi racial ideology.
• How Cardinal Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, and Pope Pius XI negotiated the Reich Concordat with Papen and Hitler.
• How Hitler promoted Positive Christianity and the German Christian Church, which was a Nazi church with pagan ideology, to control the Protestant churches.
• How Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer formed the Confessing Church Movement to counter the Nazi corruption of the churches in the Barmen Agreement.
• How church leaders, including Bishop von Galen, compelled the Nazis to back down from their extreme sterilization and euthanasia programs that preyed on the disabled, the feeble, and the mentally ill.
• How the papal encyclical “With Burning Concern,” released by Pope Pius XI, opposing Nazi brutality and anti-Semitism, was read on Palm Sunday in every Catholic Church in Germany.
This YouTube video: https://youtu.be/QZgIv9rNP_8
Main YouTube Video, Christians Keep the Faith in Nazi Germany: https://youtu.be/QP9UR8fqfvs
© Copyright 2022:
Blog for this video: https://seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/christians-surviving-fascism-in-world-war-ii-what-were-the-major-concerns-of-the-church/
Please support our channel by purchasing the books we discuss from Amazon, we receive a small associate’s commission, book links are in our main blog:
http://www.seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/christians-under-hitlers-german-nazi-regime/
Hitler and Nazi Germany - resistance to the regime, 1933 39
While Nazi rule was oppressive and totalitarian, there was opposition from various groups in Germany between 1933-1945. Youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates and White Rose students distributed anti-Nazi materials and hid deserters. The Catholic and Protestant churches publicly criticized Nazi policies like euthanasia and removing crucifixes from schools. Workers organized underground groups and engaged in strikes and protests. The military also opposed Hitler over his aggressive foreign policies and some generals planned coups, while the Abwehr intelligence agency supported anti-Nazi activities. Assassination attempts were made, most notably the 1944 plot by the Kreisau Circle. However, this opposition ultimately failed to overthrow the Nazi regime.
Protestant Reformation
William Shakespeare was an English Renaissance writer. Some of his most famous quotes reflect on themes of wisdom, love, and greatness. The document also provides background on the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century and its effects. Martin Luther's nailing of his 95 Theses challenging Catholic Church practices in 1517 is seen as marking the start of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation transformed Christianity and had wide-ranging impacts across Europe.
Nazi Germany - policies on religion and the churches
This page considers how Hitler's government attempted to control and use religion to ensure Nazi success in Germany.
Ch. 15 cultural transformations 1450 1750
1. The document summarizes the Protestant Reformation and spread of Christianity from 1450-1750. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther and movements like the Counter-Reformation.
2. Christianity spread globally through missionary work and colonization, often blending with local religions. In Latin America, Catholicism syncretized with indigenous beliefs while Protestantism took hold in North America.
3. Other religious traditions like Islam, Hinduism, and Chinese folk religion also expanded during this period, with movements like Sufism, Bhakti, and Neo-Confucianism gaining popularity. Cultural exchange and syncretism were common as religions spread.
Martin Luther (1).pptx
Martin Luther was a 16th century German monk and theologian whose beliefs helped spark the Protestant Reformation. On October 31, 1517, Luther nailed his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic indulgences to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. This sparked debate and helped spread his ideas challenging Catholic doctrine. Luther came to believe that salvation came through faith alone, not good works. His translation of the Bible also helped spread his reforms across Europe.
HISTORY YEAR 10: OPPOSITION TO HITLER AND NAZIS
There were several groups that opposed Hitler and the Nazis in Germany. The White Rose group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign calling for opposition to the Nazi regime. Members were discovered and executed in 1943. Some Catholic priests and the Archbishop of Munster opposed Hitler's policies and actions. Protestant pastors formed the Confessional Church in opposition to Hitler's control of the church. In 1944, the failed assassination attempt by the Kreisau Circle led by Colonel Stauffenberg resulted in over 5,000 executions in retaliation.
Chapter 3 PPT.ppt
The document summarizes key aspects of the Protestant Reformation and its impacts. It describes how (1) Martin Luther broke from the Catholic Church over issues like indulgences and salvation by faith alone, founding Lutheranism; (2) John Calvin established Calvinism which emphasized predestination; and (3) the Peace of Augsburg allowed German states to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism.
Graffiti on a wall of shame history 2 lesson 5 church
The document discusses the rise of totalitarian ideologies like nationalism, communism, and fascism in 20th century Europe that replaced traditional religion. It describes how these new political religions led to conflicts and human rights abuses. Specifically, it discusses the Berlin Wall, World War I, the rise of Nazism in Germany, communism in Russia, and the impact of World War II on religious groups in occupied territories.
17 renaissance and reformation in northern europe
This document provides information on the Renaissance and Reformation in Northern Europe. It discusses key figures like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli who led the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church. The Reformation started in 1517 when Luther posted his 95 Theses criticizing the Church. The document also summarizes developments in science with figures like Copernicus and Vesalius, as well as the arts in places like Flanders and the Netherlands during this period. Major artists mentioned include Jan van Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, and Hieronymus Bosch.
Protestant reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther issued his 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church abuses such as the selling of indulgences. Luther's movement sparked a religious revolution in Germany and other states. By 1555, the Peace of Augsburg forced the Holy Roman Empire to allow German states to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism. Other reform movements like Calvinism and the Church of England also emerged during this period of religious upheaval in Western Europe.
2 zwingli anabaptist henry
The document provides an overview of key figures and events in the Protestant Reformation, including:
1) Ulrich Zwingli led the Swiss Reformation and rejected practices not found in the Bible such as images in churches. He differed from Luther in viewing the Eucharist as a memorial rather than Christ's real presence.
2) The Anabaptist movement began as the more radical wing of the Reformation but was disrupted by the events in Munster where they briefly took control of the city and imposed strict biblical law.
3) Menno Simons helped stabilize the Anabaptist movement by rejecting the violence in Munster and emphasizing pacifism and separation of church and state.
Nazi consolidation
The Nazis consolidated their regime through Gleichschaltung, centralizing control over all aspects of German society. They eliminated political opposition through violence, imprisonment, and banning opposing parties. Propaganda was used extensively to spread Nazi ideology and control information. With the Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling Act, Hitler eliminated parliamentary challenges to his power. By mid-1934, the Nazis had dismantled unions, political parties, and independent organizations in Germany and established a single-party Nazi dictatorship.
Pope Pius XII, Wartime Pope, Axis Powers March Across Europe
Pope Pius XII, Wartime Pope, Axis Powers March Across EuropeReflections on Morality, Philosophy, and History
Pope Pius XII led the Catholic Church under the rule of the fascist leader Mussolini, ally and admirer of Hitler. Mussolini was a friend and partner of the Catholic Church, though he was less of a friend after he went full Nazi in 1938 and started actively persecuting the Jews. The complete archives of Pope Pius XII were opened in 2019, and David Kertzer was waiting for the archives to open so he could begin his next enthralling book, The Pope at War.
We must remember one important fact: in 1939 and 1940, Hitler had triumphantly conquered continental Europe, and nobody could imagine how Churchill and England could once again challenge Hitler in Europe after the evacuation of English and French soldiers from the beaches of Dunkirk. The consensus was, whether they liked it or not, that the Catholic and Protestant Churches would have to learn how to live under the brutal regime of Nazi Germany, no reprieve was expected, many felt that the war would soon be over with the Nazis triumphant, all across Europe. That probably would have been true had someone other than Winston Churchill had been appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain.
We discuss:
• Why the Catholic Church saw Communism as a much greater threat to the church than fascism.
• How the fascist regimes of Mussolini’s Fascist Italy, General Franco’s Nationalist Spain, and General Petain’s Vichy France were friends of the Catholic Church, while Hitler’s Nazi Germany persecuted the church immediately after he seized complete power.
• Why Cardinal Pacelli was selected as Pope Pius XII after the death of Pope Pius XI.
• How Hitler’s failed Beer Hall Putsch tried to copy Mussolini’s successful March on Rome.
• How the Germans conquered continental Europe with the Blitzkrieg through Poland, then France.
• How after the Germans invaded Poland, Pope Pius XII released the encyclical Summi Pontificatus, On the Unity of Human Society.
• How the pope was advised of the Jewish concentration camps and death camps, and the persecution of Catholic clergy and intellectuals in Poland.
• How the Dreyfus Affair and Jewish ghettoes were evidence of anti-Semitism among Catholics.
• How the Battle of Britain, and later Operation Barbarossa, then the Battle of Stalingrad, started to turn the tides of war against the Axis powers.
• How Mussolini’s losses in North Africa, then Greece, compelled Hitler to commit German troops to win these conflicts.
This YouTube video: https://youtu.be/L1bkOQNrlzg
You will also enjoy: Christians Keep the Faith in Nazi Germany: https://youtu.be/QP9UR8fqfvs
Mussolini’s Fascist Regime and the Catholic Church
YouTube: https://youtu.be/LvNynEdZFuM
© Copyright 2022:
Please support our channel by purchasing the books we discuss from Amazon, we receive a small associate’s commission, book links are in our blog:
https://seekingvirtueandwisdom.com/pope-pius-xii-wartime-pope-axis-powers-march-across-europe/
The Reformation
The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when German monk Martin Luther publicly challenged Catholic Church practices such as selling indulgences and corruption within the Church hierarchy. He posted his 95 Theses criticizing these practices, which were then widely printed and circulated. This sparked the growing Protestant movement that sought to reform the Church and its teachings. The Reformation resulted in a split between Catholics and Protestants and growing conflict between them. It also weakened the power of the Pope and Catholic Church, while increasing the power of European monarchs.
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I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
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I use my own material and material from colleagues who have presented their work also on internet.
I claim nothing. This is merely educational fair use.
Educational fair use:
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