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- 1. The Early Church for Today Reformation 501 Part Two Ulrich Zwingli Menno Simons Henry VIII
- 2. TIME LINE LUTHER (1483-1546) ZWINGLI (1484-1531) HENRY VIII (1491-1547) SIMONS (1496-1561) CALVIN (1509-1563) TRENT (45-63)
- 3. TIME LINE LUTHER (1483-1546) ZWINGLI (1484-1531) HENRY VIII (1491-1547) SIMONS (1496-1561) CALVIN (1509-1563) TRENT (45-63) Columbus (d. 1506) Galileo (b. 1564) Da Vinci (1452-1519) Michelangelo (1475-1564) Copernicus (1473-1543)
- 4. The Early Church for Today Reformation 501 Ulrich Zwingli and the Swiss Reformation (The Sausage-Eater)
- 5. Swiss Confederacy Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater
- 6. Swiss Confederacy Renaissance Humanism Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater
- 7. Defining Renaissance Humanism 1. “Humanism (i.e. Renaissance) is not so much a philosophy as a method of questioning authority by which a number of philosophies – both religious and secular – are possible.” (Wells, p. 74) 2. It was a revival of the cultural legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity. 3. Renaissance Humanism re-evaluated their own culture by looking back at ancient Rome and seeing what was good.
- 8. Swiss Confederacy Renaissance Humanism Pastor at Glarus Studied Greek & Hebrew Writings of Erasmus Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater Zwingli discovers that the Ancient Church was different than the Church of his day.
- 9. Swiss Confederacy Renaissance Humanism Pastor at Glarus Studied Greek & Hebrew Writings of Erasmus Pastor at Zurich Sole Basis of Authority is Scripture Preaching through the New Testament Rejection of Veneration of Saints Questioning Hell Fire Abuses of Indulgences Nearly died due to the plague Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater
- 10. The Affair of the Sausages Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater
- 11. The Affair of the Sausages Secret Marriage Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater
- 12. The Affair of the Sausages Secret Marriage The Disputations Images (Statues) Mass (a New Liturgy) Baptism Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater
- 13. The Affair of the Sausages Secret Marriage The Disputations Images (Statues) Mass (a New Liturgy) Baptism Marburg Colloquy Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater
- 15. The Debate over the Eucharist
- 16. Roman Catholic’s Transubstantiation Even though the appearance of the elements remains the same the deeper reality is that the elements are changed into the blood and body of Christ.
- 17. Luther’s Consubstantiation Christ’s body is present in/with/under the elements.
- 18. Then there is Zwingli’s Memorialism. Simply, we remember. There is no miracle. Christ is present in the fellowship, but the elements remain the same.
- 19. The Affair of the Sausages Secret Marriage The Disputations Images (Statues) Mass (a New Liturgy) Baptism Marburg Colloquy Zurich Attacked Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater
- 20. He rejected the authority of the pope. He held to Scripture alone as his authority. He canceled many practices he did not find in the Bible. He claimed that his reformation was separate from Luther’s. Ulrich Zwingli; The Sausage-Eater
- 21. Which approach was correct, Luther or Zwingli? Luther’s approach was that if something is not mentioned in Scripture it is probably okay. We do what Scripture tells us, and if Scripture is silent we are free to choose. Zwingli’s attitude was that, it is okay only if it is mentioned. If Scripture does not mention it, don’t do it.
- 22. The Early Church for Today Reformation 501 Menno Simons and the Anabaptists (The Radical Reformation)
- 23. The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists The Beginnings
- 24. The Beginnings Zurich 1523, a Disputation. Zwingli wanted a decision about the Mass to be made by the City Council, but his more Radical friends thought that the Council didn’t have a right to make that decision. The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists
- 25. The Beginnings Zurich 1523, a Disputation. Simon Stumpf announced... "The decision has already been made by the Spirit of God.” The Bible is to be the authority, not the City Council. The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists
- 26. The Beginnings Zurich 1523, a Disputation. Simon Stumpf announced... "The decision has already been made by the Spirit of God.” The Bible is to be the authority, not the City Council. The Faith of the Tribe, or of the Individual. The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists
- 27. This goes all the way back to... Constantine, Charlemagne & Christendom! The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists
- 28. The Beginnings Should Infants be Baptized? City Council said “Yes”, the Radicals said “No”. A New Law requiring Infant Baptism. A Meeting of the Radicals... 1. They rejected the Law. 2. Then they Re-baptized adults baptized as children, 3. Without the Clergy! The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists
- 29. The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists The Beginnings The Madness of Munster
- 30. The Madness of Munster The Preacher: Bernard Rothman The Prophet: Jan Mathias The Antichrist: Franz van Waldeck The Rebel: Herbert Rusher The King: Jan Leyden
- 31. The Madness of Munster The Preacher: Bernard Rothman The Prophet: Jan Mathias The Antichrist: Franz van Waldeck The Rebel: Herbert Rusher The King: Jan Leyden Prepare the City for the Coming of Christ!
- 32. The Madness of Munster The Preacher: Bernard Rothman The Prophet: Jan Mathias The Antichrist: Franz van Waldeck The Rebel: Herbert Rusher The King: Jan Leyden What happened to the Separation of Church and State? Theocracy,
- 33. The Madness of Munster The Preacher: Bernard Rothman The Prophet: Jan Mathias The Antichrist: Franz van Waldeck The Rebel: Herbert Rusher The King: Jan Leyden
- 34. The Devil and the Devil’s Mother
- 35. The Madness of Munster The Preacher: Bernard Rothman The Prophet: Jan Mathias The Antichrist: Franz van Waldeck The Rebel: Herbert Rusher The King: Jan Leyden Meanwhile, back in the city… “One God, one pot, one egg, and one kitchen!”
- 36. The Madness of Munster All Other books were burned! There is no authority other than the BIBLE! The only commentary on the Bible was Rothman and Mathias.
- 37. The Madness of Munster The Preacher: Bernard Rothman The Prophet: Jan Mathias The Antichrist: Franz van Waldeck The Rebel: Herbert Rusher The King: Jan Leyden
- 38. The Madness of Munster The Preacher: Bernard Rothman The Prophet: Jan Mathias The Antichrist: Franz van Waldeck The Rebel: Herbert Rusher The King: Jan Leyden
- 39. The Madness of Munster The Attack
- 41. The Madness of Munster After the assault it was even more dangerous to be associated with the Anabaptist movement. They were viewed as fanatics who were conspiring to overthrow the existing order. Even though many of the Anabaptists in Germany rejected what had been going on at Munster and many of them were pacifists, they would be persecuted, jailed and at times executed.
- 42. The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists The Beginnings The Madness of Munster Menno Simons
- 43. Menno Simons The Man who Saved the Anabaptists The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists Anabaptist history can be divided into three periods... “Before Menno, under Menno, and after Menno".
- 44. Menno Simons The Man who Saved the Anabaptists Priest Transubstantiation On Re-baptism Death of Brother Peter Ungodly Doctrines of Munster Called to serve as Pastor The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists
- 45. The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists “For this I, my poor, feeble wife and children have for eighteen years endured extreme anxiety, oppression, affliction, misery and persecution, and at the peril of my life, have been compelled everywhere to live in fear and seclusion... ... we must look out, when the dogs bark, lest the captors be at hand.”
- 46. Menno Simons “True Christians do not know vengeance. They are the children of peace. Their hearts overflow with peace. Their mouths speak peace, and they walk in the way of peace.” “The regenerated do not go to war, nor engage in strife. They are children of peace who have beat their swords into plow shears and their spears into pruning forks, and know no war.” The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists
- 47. The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists The Beginnings The Madness of Munster Menno Simons Anabaptist Teachings 1. Believer's Baptism 2. Re-baptism 3. Pacifism 4. Nonhierarchical 5. Separate Church & State
- 48. “I think they were the only Reformation movement by faith alone!” Jürgen Moltmann The Radical Reformation; The Anabaptists
- 51. The Early Church for Today Reformation 501 Henry VIII and the English Reformation
- 52. The Defender of the Faith How did Henry earn the title The Defender of the Faith? For his criticism of Martin Luther’s reformation in his book, The Defense of the Seven Sacraments.
- 53. Why did Henry separate from the Roman Catholic Church? He wanted a divorce!
- 54. Two Problems... Pope Clement VII Charles V Holy Roman Emperor
- 55. Bring in the Bible... Leviticus 20: 21 “If a man marries his brother’s wife, it is an act of impurity; he has dishonored his brother. They will be childless.”
- 56. NO!
- 57. Meet the New Head of the Church of England! Act of Supremacy (1534) Declared that Henry was the "Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England"
- 58. Thomas Cranmer (A Lutheran sympathizer) Is appointed head bishop of England.
- 59. The Great Bible (1539) The First English Language Bible Authorized for Public Use.
- 60. Under Cranmer’s influence king Edward VI makes the Church of England more Protestant. The Book of Common Prayer The faith becomes more verbal, less visible... No stained glass No images (statues) No alter. Priests now marry.
- 61. Jane Grey The Nine-Day Queen
- 62. Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) will attempt a return to Catholicism. She begins promising tolerance. Then, force.
- 63. Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) will attempt a return to Catholicism. She begins promising tolerance. Then, force. Henry divorced her mother, Mary was declared illegitimate. 1553; Mary renounced the Act of Supremacy.
- 64. Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) will attempt a return to Catholicism. She begins promising tolerance. Then, force. Cranmer is imprisoned, Broken, Finally executed.
- 65. Elizabeth I would again change England’s direction, moving it back on path to Protestantism. In 1559 Elizabeth restores supremacy, her title is now, “The Supreme Governor of the Church of England.”
- 66. Elizabeth I would again change England’s direction, moving it back on path to Protestantism. Make everybody happy with ... Protestant Doctrines & Roman Catholic Practices
Editor's Notes
- At this time the Swiss were sending mercenaries throughout Europe. Zwingli opposed this.
- Not a list of doctrines. LOOKING BACK FOR INSPIRATION!
- Erasmus’ Greek NT. Greek on the left and Latin on the right. Luther begins with a Spiritual Problem. Zwingli beings with Humanism.
- This is the event that began Zwingli’s Reformation (Luther’s Wittenberg Door). Lent, 1522; he ate and preached on the freedom of Christians to fast or not to fast during Lent. Did he eat sausages during Lent, probably not. But he did defend those that did. People had been arrested for doing so.
- Anna Reinhart (d. 1531)
- Zurich was attempting to come to terms of the ramifications of Reformation. So, now what do we do?
- A gathering for discussion of theological questions. Due to the pressing concerns of Catholic intervention the Reformers wished to Unite. (United we stand, divided we fall) A meeting at Marburg Castle, Marburg, Hesse, Germany to settle on a Common Confession.
- Attempted to solve a disputation between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist. It took place between 1 October and 4 October 1529.
- The reaffirmation of this doctrine was expressed, using the word "transubstantiate", by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215. In 1551, the Council of Trent confirmed the doctrine of transubstantiation as Catholic dogma.
- A Real Presence! Luther is preserving the Presence. As that heat invades a horse shoe placed in the fire, so Christ’s body joins with the bread and wine. As Paul calls it “Bread”, not “Flesh”, 1 Cor. 10:16; 1 Cor. 11:28.
- No Real Presence in the elements. Nothing but Bread and Wine. A wedding ring.
- Kappel in 1531, 5 Catholic States feared the spread of Protestantism. 7000 Catholics against 2000 Protestants, 500 Protestants died. Zwingli’s body taken and burned as a heretic.
- Luther had art work in his church buildings. Luther had Christmas trees. He was more open to doing more things. Zwingli was against anything that looked Catholic. Zwingli restricted expression. The Bible doesn’t say that so we shouldn’t do it, or, the B doesn’t say not to so we can.
- Many hold to the beginnings at the events in Zurich, Others prefer to speak of many beginnings across Europe, Still others want to claim an Apostolic Succession of True Believers since the Early Days.
- 1. They wanted separation of Church and State. 2. Zwingli wanted to go with the decisions of the City Council.
- 1. We now have clear Separation of Church and State. 2. Zwingli wanted to go with the decisions of the City Council.
- This goes all the way back to Constantine, Charlemagne and Christendom!
- The Three “C”s. Luther will get upset about this. It will lead to a Secular (Nonreligious) Society! Also, an Individualistic Faith! You can’t convert a nation, you convert people. Can you have Separation of Church and State and still have Christendom?
- New Law, within a week all children were to be baptized. Believer’s Baptism. The Swiss Anabaptist beginnings.
- No, not everyone was on the same page.
- Began as Roman Catholic. He joined the Reformers becoming a Lutheran. He taught as in the book of Acts, “All believers were together and had everything in common.” (Acts 2:43) Rothman declared that Munster was a rich city and would share its wealth with all who came and joined the Company of Christ. Not surprisingly the population of the city skyrocketed. Hundreds, even thousands flocked to the city, many of them poor and needy.
- Jan Mathias had a powerful presence, tall, gaunt, and bald with a long flowing beard. He dressed in a long black robe resembling a prophet from old. With the increase in the number of Anabaptists in the city their political clout grew. Mathias was not opposed to the use of violence. After much persuasion he agreed to allow those who wished to leave do so unmolested, as long as they left their belongs behind.
- It was already a little like that with van Waldeck.
- Waldeck was a baron who held the title of Prince (and bishop) of Munster. His city had been taken over by, what he considered, a bunch of lunatics. But, he had no army. Waldeck had to hire mercenaries.
- He borrowed cannons. Two huge ones were loaned to him. One was nicknamed “The Devil” and the other, “The Devil’s Mother”.
- Meanwhile, back inside the city, now known as New Zion, the new city of Jerusalem, Jan Mathias scratched together an army and continued the cleansing. Following the lead of the early Church described in the book of Acts all possessions were to be gathered and redistributed. Not to hand over your possessions was considered an act of rebellion.
- Rothman and Mathias became the “Final Interpretive Authority” of Scripture. What the book burning actually did was it took away all of the commentaries and views that could oppose Rothman and Mathias. There were to be no opposing views. Even though the Bible was the only book in town, it wasn’t the authority; it was the words of two men, one of which considered himself a prophet. This put Mathias in a position equal to (or greater than) the pope!
- There was a revolt inside the city. It was lead by a blacksmith by the name of Herbert Rusher. The crowds were gathered to witness the execution. Mathias himself drew his sword, then he hesitated. Even though he looked formidable, he had never actually killed a man before.
- One of his closest allies, a young man named Jan of Leyden grabbed a spear and thrust into the blacksmith’s back. He then took a pistol and shot the dying man. King Jan was a tyrant. Anyone who questioned him was executed. He took everything from the people. He declared polygamy legal to give legitimacy to an adulterous affair of his. The people in the city were trapped. Outside were the invading forces and inside the benevolent dictatorship of a madman.
- The moats that protected the city had been drained and straw mats were woven to act as bridges across the muck. The Devil and the Devil’s Mother were loaded and prepared. The time was set for the attack, tomorrow at sunrise. Eventually two guards would turn and show them the way in.
- John of Leiden, Bernhard Knipperdolling and, Bernhard Krechting tortured, executed and placed in cages.
- The Man who Saved the Anabaptist.
- Baptist historian William Estep suggested that…
- Studying for priesthood he said he never read the Bible for fear it would mislead him. Trans caused him to study the Bible. He also would read Luther. After hearing of a man executed for being rebaptism Menno studies it in scripture. Peter was associated with the Munster Anabaptist and killed after taking over a monastery. Menno Simons joined the Anabaptist movement.
- He traveled, often in secret, teaching the authority of Scripture, believer’s baptism, pacifism and most importantly, Christ as the foundation of the faith.
- Jürgen Moltmann spoke at the "Unfinished Worlds: Moltmann at 90" Conference in 2016 at Emory. The faith of the Individual, not of the Tribe. Christ Alone, rather than earthly institutions.
- Dirk Williams: Fleeing across a frozen lake, Dirk returned to rescue one of the men pursuing him. He was rewarded by being executed, burnt. They were often executed by drowning, mocking the second baptism.
- Maybe this is the opposite of the Anabaptists.
- Henry obviously had help in writing this. Pope Leo X gave him the title.
- He wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon, widow of his brother Arthur. Cat’s son died early, only surviving child was a girl named Mary. And marry Anne Boleyn (Maid of Honor to Catherine). Henry wanted a son to continue the royal line.
- The pope was between a rock and a hard place (Charles and Henry). Catharine was Charles’ aunt! The pope needed to be on good terms with Charles, who had recently sacked Rome. And had taken the pope prisoner! Pope was more afraid of Charles than Henry. Charles was the one that tried Luther at Worms.
- Their marriage would be annulled and not allowed to see her daughter Mary. She appears to have been a devout Catholic.
- Eventually Henry would have six wives. Was this a valid point?
- He would marry Anne, but eventually have her executed. Anne is the mother of Elizabeth.
- What would you have done if you lived in England at the time? Cranmer was married to a Lutheran! Do you think Henry was concerned about doctrine?
- Every parish was required to purchase a copy of an English Bible and place it in ‘some convenient place’ for all to see and read. To meet this demand, the Great Bible, so called because of its size, was put into production.
- Son of Henry and Jane Seymor Bk of Common Prayer is influenced by Calvinism. Catholicism grew up in the Middle Ages with illiterate people. Protestantism will deal with more literate congregations.
- Great granddaughter of Henry VII (Henry’s father), first-cousin of Edward VI. Edward VI proclaimed her as Queen in his will. She was intelligent, educated, and Protestant willing to continue Edward’s reforms. Eddy also proclaimed both Mary and Elizabeth as illegitimate and thus no right to the throne.. The Council removed her (executed).
- Daughter of Henry and Catherine 5 year reign.
- Daughter of Henry and Catherine 5 year reign.
- 5 year reign.
- Daughter of Henry and Anne.
- Kept a lot of people happy, but not all. Was this a good strategy? James I would follow
- We can’t end on a unhappy note, so… We’ll get some beer from Luther, and some sausages from Zwingli, And have a happy Puritan.