Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs Southeastern Nigeria: using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques
The focus of this research is to model the geohydrology of the precambrian Oban Massif using
geospatial techniques. Groundwater control indicators such as geology, geomorphology, drainage density,
lineament density, land use / land cover and slope steepness were derived from landsat ETM+
imagery, ASTER
DEM and SRTM DEM. Image processing software such as ENVI 3.2, ARC GIS9.2 and PCI Geomatica were
used for image processing , digitizing and lineament density computation respectively. Weighted averages of the
groundwater controlling factors were used to produce thematic maps of geology, lineament density, drainage
density, slope steepness, land use/land cover and geomorphological units. The thematic maps were overlaid in a
GIS environment to model the ground water potential map of the area. Arc GIS, Arc View and Map Info were
used for geographic Information System analysis. ERDAS imagine 8.6 and ENVI 4.2 were used for
georeferencing, image analysis and coordinate transformation. ASTER DEM was used for analysis of
geomorphology. For vegetation, discrimination in land cover / land use mapping band 4: 3: 2 for landsat ETM+
was used. Unsupervised was used to have a general idea of the area. Supervised classification was used for
final land use/ land cover mapping. Result show that geology, lineament density, and slope steepness are the
most influential groundwater controlling factors of groundwater potential. Their degree of influence can be
summarized as geology > lineament density> slope>geomorphology>drainage density>land use / land cover.
From the groundwater potential map, four groundwater potential zones: very good, moderately good, fair and
poor. Successful boreholes drilled in the groundwater favourable potential areas should be reticulated to the
neighbourhood with poor groundwater potentials to salvage groundwater problem in the study area.
Artificial Recharge to Alluvial Aquifer, Northeastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan.IJRES Journal
Many engineering geology and structural geology aspects have been used in this study, to point out the suitability of the site for artificial recharge to alluvial aquifer, such as; rocks and soil types, seepage rate, structures and lineaments. The area is under lied by basement rocks with considerable thickness (10 to 15 m) of alluvial deposit. Overall soil type is sandy soil and its seepage rate is 34.56 Liter per hour. The most existing lineaments are trending toward NW direction while rocks foliation dipping toward WWN direction. The site is satisfied to be artificial recharge.
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data in exploring the environmental stresses and deterioration in ras gharib area, gulf of suez, egypt
Artificial Recharge to Alluvial Aquifer, Northeastern Nuba Mountains, Sudan.IJRES Journal
Many engineering geology and structural geology aspects have been used in this study, to point out the suitability of the site for artificial recharge to alluvial aquifer, such as; rocks and soil types, seepage rate, structures and lineaments. The area is under lied by basement rocks with considerable thickness (10 to 15 m) of alluvial deposit. Overall soil type is sandy soil and its seepage rate is 34.56 Liter per hour. The most existing lineaments are trending toward NW direction while rocks foliation dipping toward WWN direction. The site is satisfied to be artificial recharge.
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed dataoilandgas24
The integration of space born and ground remotely sensed data in exploring the environmental stresses and deterioration in ras gharib area, gulf of suez, egypt
Contributions of Satellite Images in the Diachronic Study of the Stanley-Pool...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With increased population now days, there is a marked change in morphology of the land when it comes the analysis of space images (satellite) using remote sensing. This study covers a sample application of the use of spatial imagery for mapping land cover in the Stanley-Pool (Congo - Brazzaville). The approach used here is based on confrontation of satellite data acquired on different dates (2001-2005). These images were chosen because of realization a demographic growth during this period. The results of this study show a great advance in land occupation which affected the whole of the autonomous port of Brazzaville.
Airborne gravity anomaly over Delta State in the Niger delta basin of Nigeria has been interpreted to obtain the structural trends/types and depth to basement in the state. The residual gravity anomaly obtained from a second order polynomial operation on the observed field data was enhanced by a first order filtering operation based on the regional geology. This was converted to a gridded data and analyzed qualitatively to reveal NS and EW trending subsurface structures. Inverse and forward modeling using Oasis Montaj software were applied to selected portions using geological models of sphere and dyke to reveal syncline and anticline structures at depths of between 2005 m to 7372 m, with density contrast of between 1.12 gcm-3 and 2.70 gcm-3. The Euler deconvolution operation with a structural index of one, reveal depths between 124.2 to 16,000 m. The results show that the maximum depth to basement in the area occurs in the northern part of the state with maximum depth of 16,000 m.
Geology is the one of the most interesting subject about mother earth which can be best studied on field. This report of geological field work done at Chobhar area, Kathmandu consists observation with analysis regarding geological features, structures and processes.
Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
Assesment of groundwater_potential_zones_for_bruhat_bangalore_mahanagara_pali...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
Groundwater is an important natural resource in present day, but of limited use due to frequent failures in monsoon, undependable surface water, and rapid urbanization and industrialization have created a major threat to this valuable resource. The present work is an attempt to integrate RS and GIS based analysis and methodology in groundwater potential zone identification in the BBMP study area with an aerial extent of 715.95 km2. By Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
In the agroecological zone of the Biemso basin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, soil erodibility
and rainfall erosivity patterns were estimated. The study aimed at investigating the temporal
variability of rainfall erosivity using the Fournier Index Method and assessing the soil
erodibility parameters of a Sawah site using the WEPP model. Four plots representing the
major land uses in the area for maize, oil palm, natural vegetation and plantain cultivation
were selected. Results showed that soil organic matter content ranged from 1.95 to 5.52%;
sand ranged from 14.34 to 31.86 %; silt ranged from 31.63 to 68.77%; clay ranged from 16.04
to 20.08% and very fine sand from 3.38 to 8.84%. The derived interrill erodibility (Ki) values
ranged from 44.26 to 51.70 kg s m-4 under all land uses considered at the study site and soils
in the study area were moderately resistant to erosion by raindrops. The derived rill erodibility
(Kr) values ranged from 0.005 to 0.012 s m-1 under all land uses considered at the study site.
Rill erodibility values were higher at the foot slopes under all land uses except under Oil Palm
land use. Rainfall values exceeded the 20-25 mm threshold value for erosive rains. Erosivity
values determined for the study site revealed a moderate erosion risk in the major rainy season
(April-July); low erosion risk in the minor rainy season (August-October ) and very low erosion
risk in the dry season (November-March). It is recommended that soil and land management
practices that would reduce water erosion during the major rainy season should be implemented
such as bunding, mulching and contour farming.
Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Salinity using Remote S...Hamdi Zurqani
“The aim of this paper is to identify the change in saline soils (Sebkha) using Remote Sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques”.
Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones plays a vital role in sustainable management of groundwater resources. The present study is carried out to identify the groundwater potential recharge zones in Multan, Pakistan by using Remote Sensing (RS) & Geographical Information System (GIS) for augmenting groundwater resources. In Multan district (Punjab, Pakistan), the increasing population and expansion of land use for agriculture have severely exploited the regional ground water resources. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change is an accelerating phenomenon on the surface of earth driven by anthropogenic activities including urban expansion, deforestation, and climatic variations. Intensive pumping has resulted in a rapid decline in the level of water table as well as its quality. Better management practices and artificial recharge are needed for the development of sustainable groundwater resources. In order to address these issues Geographic information system (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) are the most efficient methods for the identification and detection of Land Use patterns. All of these techniques are used for mapping and identification of groundwater potential analysis. This groundwater potential information will be useful for the effective identification of appropriate locations for extraction of water. This study should be done to delineate groundwater potential recharge zones by using different thematic layers that were overlaid in ArcGIS. In the overlay analysis, the weights (for various thematic layers) are allocated based on a review of published literature or by expert opinion. The assigned weights are then normalized and modified using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The potential recharge map thus obtained and divided into four zones (poor, moderate, good, and very good) based on their influence to groundwater recharge.
The Quality of Ground Water for Selected Area in South of Babylon Governorate...iosrjce
City of Hillasuffers from the high shallow groundwater levels which causes serious problems to
agricultural and civil construction activities. five different tracks perpendicular to Shatt Al-Hilla channel are
selected beside large number of hand dug wells within the area to monitor the relationships among the levels of
water between these two water resources during one year,the results of many hydrochemical parameters
confirm the similar pattern of inter-relationships between the two water bodies. According to hydrogeochemical
measurements ,we find that the proportion of sulfates rate for these wells high and it hurts in the use of water
for several purposes ,the ratio of chlorides and other high and this shows that the water wells unfit for uses of
Agriculture purposes, but there is one well we have that shows the proportion of chlorides is a few , a high
proportion of sulfates From Sholler classification of study area with high concentration of Na +k and SO4was
observed because of the Fat'ha Formation, which contains gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite , are believed to be
the major source of SO4 and Mg in the water
Contributions of Satellite Images in the Diachronic Study of the Stanley-Pool...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With increased population now days, there is a marked change in morphology of the land when it comes the analysis of space images (satellite) using remote sensing. This study covers a sample application of the use of spatial imagery for mapping land cover in the Stanley-Pool (Congo - Brazzaville). The approach used here is based on confrontation of satellite data acquired on different dates (2001-2005). These images were chosen because of realization a demographic growth during this period. The results of this study show a great advance in land occupation which affected the whole of the autonomous port of Brazzaville.
Airborne gravity anomaly over Delta State in the Niger delta basin of Nigeria has been interpreted to obtain the structural trends/types and depth to basement in the state. The residual gravity anomaly obtained from a second order polynomial operation on the observed field data was enhanced by a first order filtering operation based on the regional geology. This was converted to a gridded data and analyzed qualitatively to reveal NS and EW trending subsurface structures. Inverse and forward modeling using Oasis Montaj software were applied to selected portions using geological models of sphere and dyke to reveal syncline and anticline structures at depths of between 2005 m to 7372 m, with density contrast of between 1.12 gcm-3 and 2.70 gcm-3. The Euler deconvolution operation with a structural index of one, reveal depths between 124.2 to 16,000 m. The results show that the maximum depth to basement in the area occurs in the northern part of the state with maximum depth of 16,000 m.
Geology is the one of the most interesting subject about mother earth which can be best studied on field. This report of geological field work done at Chobhar area, Kathmandu consists observation with analysis regarding geological features, structures and processes.
Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
Assesment of groundwater_potential_zones_for_bruhat_bangalore_mahanagara_pali...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
Groundwater is an important natural resource in present day, but of limited use due to frequent failures in monsoon, undependable surface water, and rapid urbanization and industrialization have created a major threat to this valuable resource. The present work is an attempt to integrate RS and GIS based analysis and methodology in groundwater potential zone identification in the BBMP study area with an aerial extent of 715.95 km2. By Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
In the agroecological zone of the Biemso basin in the Ashanti Region of Ghana, soil erodibility
and rainfall erosivity patterns were estimated. The study aimed at investigating the temporal
variability of rainfall erosivity using the Fournier Index Method and assessing the soil
erodibility parameters of a Sawah site using the WEPP model. Four plots representing the
major land uses in the area for maize, oil palm, natural vegetation and plantain cultivation
were selected. Results showed that soil organic matter content ranged from 1.95 to 5.52%;
sand ranged from 14.34 to 31.86 %; silt ranged from 31.63 to 68.77%; clay ranged from 16.04
to 20.08% and very fine sand from 3.38 to 8.84%. The derived interrill erodibility (Ki) values
ranged from 44.26 to 51.70 kg s m-4 under all land uses considered at the study site and soils
in the study area were moderately resistant to erosion by raindrops. The derived rill erodibility
(Kr) values ranged from 0.005 to 0.012 s m-1 under all land uses considered at the study site.
Rill erodibility values were higher at the foot slopes under all land uses except under Oil Palm
land use. Rainfall values exceeded the 20-25 mm threshold value for erosive rains. Erosivity
values determined for the study site revealed a moderate erosion risk in the major rainy season
(April-July); low erosion risk in the minor rainy season (August-October ) and very low erosion
risk in the dry season (November-March). It is recommended that soil and land management
practices that would reduce water erosion during the major rainy season should be implemented
such as bunding, mulching and contour farming.
Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Salinity using Remote S...Hamdi Zurqani
“The aim of this paper is to identify the change in saline soils (Sebkha) using Remote Sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques”.
Assessment of Spatial and Temporal Variations of Soil Salinity using Remote S...
Similar to Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs Southeastern Nigeria: using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques
Delineation of potential groundwater recharge zones plays a vital role in sustainable management of groundwater resources. The present study is carried out to identify the groundwater potential recharge zones in Multan, Pakistan by using Remote Sensing (RS) & Geographical Information System (GIS) for augmenting groundwater resources. In Multan district (Punjab, Pakistan), the increasing population and expansion of land use for agriculture have severely exploited the regional ground water resources. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change is an accelerating phenomenon on the surface of earth driven by anthropogenic activities including urban expansion, deforestation, and climatic variations. Intensive pumping has resulted in a rapid decline in the level of water table as well as its quality. Better management practices and artificial recharge are needed for the development of sustainable groundwater resources. In order to address these issues Geographic information system (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) are the most efficient methods for the identification and detection of Land Use patterns. All of these techniques are used for mapping and identification of groundwater potential analysis. This groundwater potential information will be useful for the effective identification of appropriate locations for extraction of water. This study should be done to delineate groundwater potential recharge zones by using different thematic layers that were overlaid in ArcGIS. In the overlay analysis, the weights (for various thematic layers) are allocated based on a review of published literature or by expert opinion. The assigned weights are then normalized and modified using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The potential recharge map thus obtained and divided into four zones (poor, moderate, good, and very good) based on their influence to groundwater recharge.
The Quality of Ground Water for Selected Area in South of Babylon Governorate...iosrjce
City of Hillasuffers from the high shallow groundwater levels which causes serious problems to
agricultural and civil construction activities. five different tracks perpendicular to Shatt Al-Hilla channel are
selected beside large number of hand dug wells within the area to monitor the relationships among the levels of
water between these two water resources during one year,the results of many hydrochemical parameters
confirm the similar pattern of inter-relationships between the two water bodies. According to hydrogeochemical
measurements ,we find that the proportion of sulfates rate for these wells high and it hurts in the use of water
for several purposes ,the ratio of chlorides and other high and this shows that the water wells unfit for uses of
Agriculture purposes, but there is one well we have that shows the proportion of chlorides is a few , a high
proportion of sulfates From Sholler classification of study area with high concentration of Na +k and SO4was
observed because of the Fat'ha Formation, which contains gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite , are believed to be
the major source of SO4 and Mg in the water
Evaluation of morphometric parameters derived from Cartosat-1 DEM using remot...Dr Ramesh Dikpal
The quantitative analysis of drainage system is
an important aspect of characterization of watersheds.
Using watershed as a basin unit in morphometric analysis
is the most logical choice because all hydrological and
geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The
Budigere Amanikere watershed a tributary of Dakshina
Pinakini River has been selected for case illustration.
Geoinformatics module consisting of ArcGIS 10.3v and
Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) version 1 of
resolution 1 arc Sec (*32 m) data obtained from Bhuvan
is effectively used. Sheet and gully erosion are identified in
parts of the study area. Slope in the watershed indicating
moderate to least runoff and negligible soil loss condition.
Third and fourth-order sub-watershed analysis is carried
out. Mean bifurcation ratio (Rb) 3.6 specify there is no
dominant influence of geology and structures, low drainage
density (Dd) 1.12 and low stream frequency (Fs) 1.17
implies highly infiltration subsoil material and low runoff,
infiltration number (If)1.3 implies higher infiltration
capacity, coarse drainage texture (T) 3.40 shows high
permeable subsoil, length of overland flow (Lg) 0.45
indicates under very less structural disturbances, less runoff
conditions, constant of channel maintenance (C) 0.9 indicates
higher permeability of subsoil, elongation ratio (Re)
0.58, circularity ratio (Rc) 0.75 and form factor (Rf) 0.26
signifies sub-circular to more elongated basin with high
infiltration with low runoff. It was observed from the
hypsometric curves and hypsometric integral values of the
watershed along with their sub basins that the drainage
system is attaining a mature stage of geomorphic development.
Additionally, Hypsometric curve and hypsometric
integral value proves that the infiltration capacity is high as
well as runoff is low in the watershed. Thus, these mormometric
analyses can be used as an estimator of erosion
status of watersheds leading to prioritization for taking up
soil and water conservation measures.
Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones in Vaippar Basin, Tamil Nadu, I...SagarChougule11
Groundwater is prominent part of the earth’s fresh water as well as main source of drinking water and survival source for many lives on earth. Groundwater potential zone identification can be done using advanced as well as recently developed geospatial technology such as Remote Sensing and GIS. GIS technology is useful for capturing, storing, and analyzing spatial data with the help of computer programming techniques. Here in identification of groundwater potential zone using of spatial elements which are related for infiltration of water into ground. For the groundwater potential zone analysis using of spatial layers like geology, geomorphology, rainfall, lineament, land use/land cover, drainage density, soil texture, soil depth etc.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Watershed management: Role of Geospatial Technologyamritpaldigra30
Watershed management is the study of the relevant characteristics of a watershed which is done to enhance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal and human or other living communities within the watershed boundary.
This PPT dscribes the Role of Geospatial Technology in Watershed Management
Matthew Cahalan Georgia Water Resources Conference PresentationMatthew Cahalan
This is the poster I presented at the 2015 Georgia Water Resources Conference. It focuses on my M.S. thesis research that seeks to answer this fundamental question: "why do sinkholes form where they do?". This question was answered using an improved remote sensing sinkhole mapping procedure, integration of many datasets (i.e., hydrologic, anthropogenic, geologic, geomorphologic, and hydrogeologic), and spatial statistics (i.e., ordinary least squares and geographically weighted regression). This poster / my presentation was voted as one of the top 3 posters at the conference.
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...IOSR Journals
Abstract. This article presents a case of application of geostatistical methods in geotechnical engineering:
There is a railway platform, going to be built on compressible soils which presents important settlement.
Geotechnical data were analyzed by a geostatistical approach using GIS software to characterize the spatial
variability of the thickness of the compressible soils and their deformation Module.
Then these data were crossed with settlement calculations by oedometer method to estimate the distribution of
soil compaction on the entire site.
Key words: Morocco, Kenitra, geotechnical studies, settlement, geostatistics, kriging.
Investigation of Groundwater Potential and Aquifer Protective Capacity of Par...Premier Publishers
The aim of this study was to investigate groundwater potential and aquifer protective capacity of an area behind the College of Science, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun-Warri area of Delta State, Nigeria. The data was acquired using ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter and processed using IPI2win and Interpex software. Five Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out with maximum current electrode separation (AB) of 120 m. The VES curves generated from the data revealed HKH curve type for VES 1 and VES 2, KQH curve for VES 3 and KH curve for VES 4 and 5. Five resistivity layers were identified for VES 1 - 3 while four resistivity layers were identified for VES 4 – 5. Analysis and interpretation of VES data obtained from the study area showed VES 3, VES 4 and VES 5 to be most appropriate locations to be explored for borehole development due to low resistivity of the weathered/fractured aquiferous layers coupled with the relatively high thicknesses of the weathered layers. However, all the aquifers in the VES locations are poorly protected due to the very low aquifer protective capacity parameters in the VES locations.
Abstract Remote sensing has its application in various fields like geology and mineral exploration, geomorphology and modern geomorphic process modeling, nature mitigation studies, hazard zone mapping, eco system study in hills, plains, riverine, coastal, marine and volcanic landforms, forest and biomass inventory, fishery. Remote sensing plays a vital in various fields. This technique along with the GIS has been to study the geomorphological, hydro geological, land use/land cover, lithological, structural aspects/ features in the parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block of TamilNadu. Integrated approach using geographic information system provides cost effective support in resources inventory including land use mapping, comprehensive data base for resources, analytical tools for decision making and impact analysis for plan evaluation. GIS accept large volumes of spatial data derived from a variety of sources and effectively store, retrieve, manipulate, analyze and display all forms of geographically referenced information. Maps and statistical data can be obtained from the spatial integration and analysis of an area using GIS software. In order to assess the natural resource availability and its potentiality in parts of Anaimalai, Pollachi and Udumalpet block, Tamil Nadu, an integrated remote sensing and GIS based study has been conducted by adopting the standard procedures. The groundwater potential zone of any area is depends on geological formations; geomorphologic unit’s recharges characters, topography, and thickness of weathered and fractured zones. In the present study, area was taken to locate groundwater potential zones by integrated different thematic maps, remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. To find out the ground water potential zones, different thematic maps have been prepared and integrated each of them. They are mainly geology, geomorphology, land use / land cover, lineament etc. Groundwater potential zones have been prepared with help of integrating different thematic maps. This study area is finally to get the groundwater potential zones we have to classified few area such as high, moderate and low potential zones. Index Terms: Remote sensing, GIS, lithology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, landforms etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Identification Of Soil Erosion Prone Zones Using Geomatics Technology In Part...IJERA Editor
Soil erosion is the removal and subsequent loss of soil by the action of water, ice, wind and gravity. Soil erosion is a process that occurs naturally at a slow rate. The average natural geologic rate of soil erosion is approximately 0.2 tons per acre per year. Erosion is the process were by the earth or rock is loosened or dissolved and removed from any part of earth‟s surface. Geological erosion is the rate at which the catchment or land would normally be eroded without any disturbance by human activity. If man alters the natural system by means of various land use practices that is caused accelerated erosion. The present study area is covering Parts of North Arcot The area is lies between E78°30'-E78°45' lattitudes N12°15'-N12°30„. The total aerial extent of the study area is 720 sq.km. It falls in the survey of India Toposheet 58 L11 on 1:50,000 scale. The IRS – 1D satellite imagery data were subjected to different types of image enhancement techniques and soil erosion areas were mapped out and GIS databases were generated showing the soil erosion areas using Arc Map 9.1 version. GIS overlay function was executed between soil erosion prone areas and the various controlling variables and the area has been fragmented into a number of polygons of land segments depending upon the controlling variables. Finally, the remedial measures were suggested for each land segment according to the controlling variables.
Groundwater prospecting and Aquifer Delineation using Vertical Electrical Sou...iosrjce
A total of twenty seven (27) vertical electrical soundings (VES) where carried out on the basement
complex area of Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano with a spread of 40m-45m adopted. The results
obtained revealed three to four geo-electric layers of the subsurface. The third weathered basement and a forth
fractured basement rock constitutes the Aquiferous water bearing layers with resistivity ranges from 6Ωm -
265Ωm respectively with average thickness of 19m and 15m respectively. The result shows the weathered
regolith to be thicker than the fractured bedrock layer; average depth range of boreholes in the area is between
30m-35m while the average static water levels in dug wells is 8.3m. It is highly recommended that a spread of
between 75-85m be used in the future and also the use of EM method to locate deep fractures as important in
maximizing the borehole yield.
Similar to Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs Southeastern Nigeria: using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs Southeastern Nigeria: using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG)
e-ISSN: 2321–0990, p-ISSN: 2321–0982.Volume 3, Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 27-40
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 27 | Page
Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban
Massif and environs Southeastern Nigeria: using Remote Sensing
and Geographic Information System Techniques
G. U. Sikakwe1
, E.E.U. Ntekim1
, D. A. Obi1
and A.M George2
1
Department of Geology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
2
Department of Physics, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
Abstract: The focus of this research is to model the geohydrology of the precambrian Oban Massif using
geospatial techniques. Groundwater control indicators such as geology, geomorphology, drainage density,
lineament density, land use / land cover and slope steepness were derived from landsat ETM+
imagery, ASTER
DEM and SRTM DEM. Image processing software such as ENVI 3.2, ARC GIS9.2 and PCI Geomatica were
used for image processing , digitizing and lineament density computation respectively. Weighted averages of the
groundwater controlling factors were used to produce thematic maps of geology, lineament density, drainage
density, slope steepness, land use/land cover and geomorphological units. The thematic maps were overlaid in a
GIS environment to model the ground water potential map of the area. Arc GIS, Arc View and Map Info were
used for geographic Information System analysis. ERDAS imagine 8.6 and ENVI 4.2 were used for
georeferencing, image analysis and coordinate transformation. ASTER DEM was used for analysis of
geomorphology. For vegetation, discrimination in land cover / land use mapping band 4: 3: 2 for landsat ETM+
was used. Unsupervised was used to have a general idea of the area. Supervised classification was used for
final land use/ land cover mapping. Result show that geology, lineament density, and slope steepness are the
most influential groundwater controlling factors of groundwater potential. Their degree of influence can be
summarized as geology > lineament density> slope>geomorphology>drainage density>land use / land cover.
From the groundwater potential map, four groundwater potential zones: very good, moderately good, fair and
poor. Successful boreholes drilled in the groundwater favourable potential areas should be reticulated to the
neighbourhood with poor groundwater potentials to salvage groundwater problem in the study area.
Key words: geohydrology, thematic maps, reticulated, supervised unsupervised classification
I. Introduction
The provision of water for drinking and other domestic uses in rural communities is largely by
harnessing of groundwater through hand dug wells. This is common in Cross River State, and particularly Oban
Massif, which lies in the Precambrian weathered basement rocks with unconfined and shallow water table.
Groundwater exploitation in hard rock terrains is only feasible; because in basement complexes where water is
restricted to secondary porosity and thus to the fractures and the weathered zones, most areas experience water
shortage because drilling on hard rock has low success ratio. The study of lineaments has been proposed by
Meijerink (1986) to alleviate the problem.
Geohydrology and groundwater exploration refers to the identification and location of zones of
groundwater recharge in a particular river basin or a catchment. Knowledge of the geology of the terrain,
topographic and surface features are mapped in a bid to evaluate from peak to valley area where water from
different higher elevations can move and accumulate (Candra and Manisa 2012). The delineation of such places
from the entire area, are then earmarked for groundwater exploration. Remote Sensing and GIS is a rapid and
cost effective tool in producing valuable data on geology, geomorphic units, lineaments, drainage, land cover
and land use and slope steepness that assist in revealing groundwater potential zones, which can be combined
with follow up hydrogeological investigations (Mayilvagan, et al 2011).
The traditional approach of groundwater exploration applying geological, hydrogeological and
geophysical methods are expensive in relation to high cost of drilling, time consuming and cumbersome for
groundwater exploration on a regional scale (Ndatuwong and Yadev, 2014). In addition, these methods of
investigation do not always take into consideration the different factors that govern the occurrence and
movement of groundwater (Ndatuwong and Yadev 2014). Existing papers on the application of remote sensing
and GIS elsewhere on groundwater occurrence and mapping can be found in Mayilvigan et al 2011, Sitender
and Rajeshwaren 2011, Ndatong and Yadev 2014, Talabi and Tijani 2011 etc, although Edet et al 1998
researched on groundwater exploration in the study area using remote sensing from a different standpoint. The
objective of this study is to use the technique of remote sensing and GIS to identify the geohydrological
condition of the study area for future groundwater resources development, identify groundwater recharge and
2. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
discharge zones and recommend appropriate methods to salvage the problem of potable water scarcity in the
area.
II. Study area
The study area Oban Massif and environs is situated in Akamkpa and Biase Local Government area in
Cross River State. The study area is located between latitudes N050
18’ 57.7’’ to N050
45’ 26.8’’ and longitudes
E080
34’ 39.4’’ to E0080
05’ 20.5’’ as shown in Fig. 1. The area encompass Oban Hills and forest which have a
common boundary with Ebonyi State along the Cross River channel. It is bounded by the Calabar Flank in the
south and bounded by the Mamfe Mbayment in the North (Fig. 1). The area was selected to reflect abortive
boreholes within the Precambrian basement of the Oban Massif and the prolific aquiferous sedimentary terrain
in the adjoining Mamfe Mbayment.
The area experience a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, with an annual rainfall of
about 2000mm and temperature range of 280
C to 360
C. Temperatures and humidity are generally high averaging
about 260
C and 800
C (Okereke et al 1996). The soil is mostly lateritic due to weathering products from granites
granites and other volcanics. The soil is suitable for cultivation of vegetables and tuberous crops hence there is
small scale farming by the locals around the area. CRBDA, (2008) reported the mean daily relative humidity
and evaporation of 76.86% and 3.85mm/day respectively in the study area.
Figure 1 Location Map of the study area
III. Methodology
3.1 Data used
Landsat 7 sensor satellite imagery ETM+
thermatic mapper of 30m spatial resolution acquired in 2000.
The imagery used comprised path 189 row 190 path 190 and row 55 of 2001 and 2002 respectively. Other
ancillary data include ASTER DEM and SRTM DEM down loaded from NASA’s land process distribution
centre Ames Research Centre (www.nasa.gov/centre/ames/home, a geological map on a scale of 1:500,000 and
hydrogeological and structural map on a scale of 1:250,000. A map projection of UTM zone was downloaded
3. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
from global land cover and land use facility from the website data service (glovs.usgs.gov) including field
observation data were used in this study for validation.
3.2 Method
This includes the production of thematic layers on slope steepness, geomorphology, land use and land
cover of the area, lineaments, drainage and geology. Thematic layers were prepared using Geographic
Information System (Arc GIS 9.2). the groundwater potential map was produced by weighted linear
combinations, where each class individual weight was multiplied by the map scores and then the result . in the
application of multicriteria evaluation, a set of relative weights was assigned for each map using the continuous
weighting scale established by Satty, (1977). The weights calculated for each factor map based on the relative
importance to groundwater accumulation. The groundwater potential index was then gotten by computing the
individual indicator scores and then summing up as given in the following expression as given by Shetty et al
(2008).
GPI pixel score = WGXvalue +WGmXvalue + WDDXvalue + WsXvalue + WGXvalue + WLUXvalue
WG = rank of geology Xvalue = pixel rating in each map
WGm = rank of geomorphology
WDD = rank of drainage density
Ws = rank of slope
WLD = rank of lineament density map
WLU = rank of land use /land cover
IV. Result and discussion
4.1 Slope Steepness
Slope is one of the factors governing the percolation of groundwater into the subsurface, this makes it a
suitable groundwater indicator. Infiltration is higher in gentle sloped area than at steep slopes, because at high
slope area surface runoff is enhanced allowing minimal residence time for rainwater that explains why there is
less infiltration at high slopes compared to gentle slopes. Slope amount was analysed from SRTM DEM. The
derivation of slope amount using spatial analysis was classified into five classes Fig 2 as shown in table 1.
Reclassified slope map showing zones of favourable groundwater accumulation are presented in Figure 2.
Table 1 showing slope classification
Slope class Slope in degrees
1 0-6
2 6-12
3 12-20
4 20-23
5 33-76
Slope range from 0-6 was classified as very good for groundwater for groundwater accumulation. Class
of slope ranging from 6-12 was identified as good for groundwater potential. Slope grouped into a range of 12-
20 was described as suitable for moderate groundwater storage. While slope class from 20-23 was considered to
be fair and 33- 76 were adjudged to be poor for groundwater accumulation. Slope steepness has as a
groundwater control indicator has average contribution for groundwater accumulation (Shetty el 2008). Slope
steepness has is influential in groundwater potential such that Teixeira et al (2008) assigned it 14% weighting
percentage in groundwater modeling in hard rock terrain in Portugal.
4. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
Figure 2. Slope map of the study area
Figure 3. Stability range of slope for groundwater occurrence in the study area
4.2 Geomorphology
Hydogeomorphological classification (Figuere 4 was based on digital elevation model (SRTM) and
visual interpretation of landform features was based on local knowledge of the landform types in the study area.
Remote sensing studies provides an advantage for better studies of hydrogeomorphological units in combination
5. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
with geological parameters in this study which is considered very important technique in the preparation of
integrated hydrogeomorphological maps for groundwater targeting (Nduwatong and Yadev 2014).
A classification of five different landforms modeled in the study area is presented in Fig. 4 and
summarized in Table 2. The stability ranges of groundwater accumulation of the area is shown in figure 5.
About 50% of the study area is made up of pedilpains. The Precambrian basement rocks dominated the
eastern flank of the Oban Massif. The plains have a good to very good potential with high yield wells and
characterized by gentle to flat slopes. This conforms with the findings of Sereme (2003). Das (2002) suggested
that channel filled sediments and pediments with moderate thickness >20m and weathered materials have good
potential aquifers.
Table 2 showing geomorphic units of the study area
Hydrogeomorphological units Description Groundwater prospect
peaks Mountain peak poor
Ridges Isolated chain mountains fair
Scarps Steep slopes adjacent to steep v- shaped
gullies representing fault lines
moderate
Terraces/pediments Conservatively inclined erosion surfaces
formed by runoffs covered with alluvium or
soil
good
Plains and pediplains Flat to gentle sloping topographic features
forming plateaus at basaltic rock in
crystalline rocks represent pediplains or
flood plains
Very good
Channeled filled land cover and high lineament concentration sites are good artificial recharge sites
(Das 2002). Talabi and Tijani described hilly areas poor water prospect zones in the basement complex of
region of in Ekiti State southeastern Nigeria. The pediplains are favourable and are good groundwater potential
sites (Sitender and Rajeshwari 2011).the geology of an area is strongly influenced by lithology and structure of
the underlying formation (Shetty et al 2008).
Figure 4. Geomorphology units of the study area
6. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Figure 5. Stability ranges for groundwater accumulation in the study area
4.3 Land use / land cover
One of the factors influencing groundwater occurrence is physical processes acting upon because it is a
reflection of the area. Land use / land cover was interpreted from landsat images by visual inspection,
unsupervised classification and supervised classification and printouts from bands 5, 4, and 3 (Fig. 6). The
physical processes caused by land use / land cover are impact of climate change, geologic and topographic
conditions on the distribution of soils, vegetation and occurrence of water (Ndatong and Yadev 2014).
Reclassified land use / land cover (figure 7 showed five classes of based on which land features are
favourable for groundwater potential. Zones in water and wetland areas are graded as very good for groundwater
potential. This views square with findings of Das (2002) and Ganapuram et al (2008) who described wet lands
as favourable groundwater potential sites. Forested areas were described as in this study as moderate to good
groundwater potential zones. Vegetation can affect groundwater storage either positively by trapping water on
foliage and causing the water to go down through the roots to recharge ground water or negatively through
evapotranspiration where water droplets is frequently intercepted by vegetation thereby decreasing recharge
(MAB CONSULT (2002). Cultivated grassland was graded as good due to the furrows created by farming
operations that enhance the residence time of water on the surface and so enhance infiltration to recharge
aquifers. Settlements were described as poor groundwater areas due mostly to concretization.
Land with different vegetation cover can benefit groundwater infiltration through roots that help loosen
the rock and soil for easy water percolation. Organic matter in soil heightens the formation of structural
composition resulting to elevated hydraulic conductivity decrease direct runoff by vegetation and increasing the
chances of infiltration to recharge aquifers (Teixera et al (2008).
7. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
Figure 6. Land cover /Land use Map of the study area
Figure 7. Stability range of Land use/Land Cover for groundwater accumulation in the study area
8. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
4.4 Drainage
The drainage (figure 8) was analysed from SRTM DEM and topographical map. The dominant
drainage pattern in the basement area ranges from rectangular to sub parallel. In the sedimentary area , it ranges
from subdendritic to anomalous. The drainage density map (figure 9) shows ranges of drainage and their
groundwater potential suitability as 0-0.46 graded as very good, 0.46-1.39 considered to be good, 1.39-2.38
described to moderate and 2.38-3.77 classified as fair for groundwater accumulation. The drainage pattern of an
area is controlled by the underlying lithology and can be used to deduce the regional fracture pattern of an area
(Edet 1990, Anor et al 1990). Dense drainage pattern depicts high of fracturing of the underlying rocks.
Drainage pattern in an area is a reflection of subsurface formations while drainage density is proportional to
surface runoff (Faniran and Jeje 2002, Talabi and Tijani, 2011).
Low drainage density enhances chances of recharge and contributes positively to groundwater potential
if other groundwater indicators are favourable (Edet et al 1994 and Talabi and Tijani 2011). In the comparison
of two formations, the one with a higher drainage density is less permeable as such a poor groundwater potential
indicator (Edet et al 1998). These fundamentals were taken into consideration in the drainage modeling program
for groundwater potential in this study.
Figure 8. Drainage map of the study area
9. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
Figure 9. Stability range of drainage density map for groundwater accumulation in the study area
4.5 Lineaments
Lineaments in this study were modeled from satellite imagery (figure 10). Lineaments were extracted
using lineaments extraction algorithm of PC1 Geomatica software. Lineaments were extracted by edge detection
thresholding and lineaments extraction steps such as; filtering of the input landsat imagery using the Gaussian
function. The lineament density map was computed using the script PL-DENS.
The lineament density map (Fig.11) in this study was classified into five classes based on their
suitability for groundwater storage. Lineament ranges from 0.2-2.95 were described as scanty. Lineament
density range from 6.25-9.55 is recognized as moderate and from 9.55-13.28 was described as high lineament
density and where lineaments range of 13.28-22.13 is of high lineament. Reclassified lineament density map
(Fig. 6) show that very high lineament density has very good potential for ground water accumulation, while the
high and moderate lineament density zone represent good to moderately good groundwater storage potential. On
the other hand, the sparse lineament density region is considered to be of fair to groundwater storage potential.
The scanty lineament density is considered to be of poor groundwater capacity.
Groundwater potential in Precambrian crystalline igneous and metamorphic rocks is generally
governed by the presence of fractures and the degree of their connectivity (Angyekum and Dapaah- Siakwan
2006). In hydrogeological applications structural trends such as discontinuities in form of faults, joints, bedding
planes or foliation, drainage lines (lineaments) are very useful (Mogaji et al 2011). Research shows that
lineament density intensity decreases with increasing distance away from the lineament (Shetty et al 2008).
Lineament density studies enable s good understanding of flow systems, because faults and fracture zones act as
path of high permeability and concentrated groundwater flow or acts as barrier to flow (Contes, et al 2008,
Mejerink 2007).
Lineaments can be used to infer groundwater flow paths and storage as well as transmissivity,
hydraulic conductivity and storage coefficient of geological formations (Teixeria et al 2008). This forms th basis
of applying lineament density in this study for groundwater modeling. Automated lineaments extraction has
advantage over manually digitized ones due to its ability to uniform approach to different imageries and its
ability to extract lineaments not recognizable by the human eye (Hung et al 2005).
10. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
Figure 10. Lineament Map of the study area
Figure 11. Stability range of lineament density map for groundwater accumulation
11. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
4.6 Geology
The geology of the area is mostly weathered granites banded amphibolites, pegmatite gniesses and the
western flank is mostly granodiorite and of schistose rocks. In the sedimentary region we have consolidated
sandstones and gravelly sands (Fig.12). Reclassified geological map (Fig. 13) shows that sandstones, silts and
gravelly aquifer were classified as very good for groundwater storage while weathered pegmatites were ascribed
to be of good aquiferous units. Banded amphibolites and schist were considered to be moderately good aquifers.
Dolerites and diorites were assigned to fair in ground water storage, but unfractured granite gneiss and
granodiorite were noted to be poor aquifers unless when imparted with secondary porosity. Pegmatites are
commonly a locus of tectonic movement and can be prolific conduits for groundwater (Hazell, Cratchy and
Jones 1992). Granitc rocks offer lowest yield boreholes owing to their impervious nature. The sedimentary
region is mainly sandstones, silts, gravelly sands, clays and shales which are porous enough to be good aquifers.
The lithology of the exposed rock is germane in controlling recharge. Some studies ignore this factor once
drainage and lineament analysis are done. For example Edet et al (1998), Edet at al (1994), Edet (1990) and
Mogaji et al (2011). This may be on the premise that lineament and drainage are indicators of primary and
secondary porosity (El –Naqa et al (2009), but this does not suffice. Badmus and Olatinsu (2010) contended that
borehole failure is mostly attributed to the type of geologic formation.
Figure 12. Geologic map of the study area
12. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
Figure 13. Stability range of reclassified geologic map for groundwater accumulation
4.7 Groundwater potential of the study area
The groundwater potential map (figure 14) was produce from the overlay of the six thematic maps of
groundwater controlling factors: geology, geomorphology, lineament density, slope steepness, drainage density
and land use /land cover. Results of the GIS modeling revealed that the study area is subdivided into four
groundwater potential zones described as very good, moderately good, fair and poor. The zone reported as very
good falls in the sedimentary areas. this is because sandstones are favourable groundwater zones (Weight,
2004). Lineament density were more concentrated in the very good groundwater potential zones which falls
within the sedimentary zone. This is in symmetry with the findings of Anudu, et al (2011) in the basement and
adjoining sedimentary areas in Nassarawa state. A comparison of figure 9 and 5 by overlaying the the lineament
map over the groundwater potential map one can infer that the presence of lineaments alone does not imply that
an area is a prospective water potential zone. It is easy to see that numerous lineaments occur in some
groundwater poor prospect zones, rather geological and geomorphological parameters favor the zone to have
good groundwater potential. This fact was also validated by Shetty, et al (2008).
From this modeling program it is obvious that the principal groundwater potential indicators in the
study area are geology, slope and lineaments. This is in concord with similar investigations done elsewhere by
MAB CONSULT (2000) in Moyale Subbasin Diere Arero in borenzia zone of Orombia regional state.
Geomorphic units such as plains, pediplains and floodplains were indicated in the groundwater potential zones
as very good, for groundwater targeting. This is in agreement with the groundwater prospecting conducted by
Ganapuram et al (2009) and Sitender and Rajeshware (2011) in the Musi Basin and thurijapurin watershed jn
Thiruvaransnone district respectively.
13. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Figure 14. Groundwater potential map
V. Summary
The Oban Massif is in the Precambrian basement complex with a top lateritic overburden underlain by
weathered granitic rocks which constitute the unconfined aquiferous units. Groundwater occurrence in the
basement is controlled by the type of geologic formation, lineament density and slope steepness.
Hydrogeomorphic units, drainage, land use and land cover are ancillary groundwater controlling factors. It can
be summarized that the degree of groundwater controlled in the study area is of the order
geology>lineaments>slope>geomorphic units>drainage>land use and land cover. The adjoining sedimentary
terrain has a better groundwater recharge and prospect than the basement terrain. The most prolific
hydrogeomorphological unit is the wetlands compared to channels, pediments and peaks in the study areas with
gentle slopes, scanty drainage density, weathered fractured basement rocks or alluvium and gravelly sandstones,
high lineament density and cultivated farmlands are favourable groundwater potential sites , high lineament
density are possible recharge zones. The recharge zone is mostly from the eastern Oban Massif. The direction of
groundwater flow is from the eastern Oban Massif to the western flank enroute the adjoining sedimentary
sandstone aquifer.
Aquifer test parameters obtained from the field in drilled boreholes in the areas designated as very
good and good water potential areas show better groundwater prospect. Aquifer parameters obtained from
aquifer test in boreholes of the study area indicating better borehole performance clearly corresponded with the
zones identified from modeling as good water prospective zones. Groundwater modeling in this study using
geographic information system (GIS) identified typically four classes of groundwater prospective zones in the
area, labeled as very good, moderately good, fair and poor groundwater prospective zones.
VI. Conclusion
Groundwater potential in the basement rocks of the Oban Massif and the adjoining sedimentary terrain
is governed principally by geologic formation, lineament density, and slope steepness. Well yields in the
basement can only be improved based on the impartation of secondary porosity. For a successful groundwater
exploration, a thorough understanding of the geologic formation is condition precedent. Geospatial technique
holds promise for groundwater exploration in basement rocks. A comprehensive study of groundwater control
indicators of an area is crucial to meet success in groundwater exploration. Some high lineament density points
may coincide with drainage lines, so lineament density is not an overriding groundwater control factor.
14. Geohydrological study of weathered basement aquifers in Oban Massif and environs ….
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03212740 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Geospatial technological application in the analysis of geological structure at a regional extent is cost effective.
It can be used for planning and quick decision making on the exploration, exploitation, and management of
groundwater in a particular geological terrain.
High lineament density zones are possible recharge zones. Areas delineated as good to very good
groundwater potential zones should be used for follow up hydrogeologiacal exploration in the area. Where
groundwater potential is reported to be poor, drilled and successful boreholes in good groundwater prospect
zones should be reticulation the poor ground water potential neighbourhood. Also in poor groundwater potential
zones, artificial recharge, rainwater harvesting and hydraulic fracturing should be carried out to surmount water
scarcity problem and bring succor to the affected residents of such areas. artificial recharge methods such as
drilling holes that can store water to facilitate infiltration to deeper layers can be used.
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