What is a geographical indication? Conceptual analysis and its evolution, laws-international and national for its protection, problems and challenges along with case studies and empirical study conducted within the state of Kerala.
Introduction
History of GI
Features of GI
Who can apply for the registration of a GI?
Contents of the Application
GI in India
Examples of geographical indications
TRADEMARK AND GI
Indian Trademarks Act presentation with case study of
1. Amul vs Ichhamati Co-Operative Milk Producers Union Limited
2. SBL Limited v. Himalaya Drug Company
3. Colgate Pamolive Co vs Anchor Health and Beauty care
A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator of some kind which is used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to uniquely identify the source of its products and/or services to consumers, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities....
A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g. a town, region, or country)
Examples: Basmati rice, Swiss watches etc
A detail discussion on Trademark law in India and landmark cases relating to trademark infringement, passing off action and remedies thereof have been discussed in this ppt. Illustrations have been provided wherever necessary for more understanding.
Geographical Indications (GI)
Types of GI
Why GI needs to be protected?
Advantages of GI
How are GIs Protected?
WIPO and GI
GI in India
Registration process
GI in Tamil Nadu
Introduction
History of GI
Features of GI
Who can apply for the registration of a GI?
Contents of the Application
GI in India
Examples of geographical indications
TRADEMARK AND GI
Indian Trademarks Act presentation with case study of
1. Amul vs Ichhamati Co-Operative Milk Producers Union Limited
2. SBL Limited v. Himalaya Drug Company
3. Colgate Pamolive Co vs Anchor Health and Beauty care
A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator of some kind which is used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to uniquely identify the source of its products and/or services to consumers, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities....
A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g. a town, region, or country)
Examples: Basmati rice, Swiss watches etc
A detail discussion on Trademark law in India and landmark cases relating to trademark infringement, passing off action and remedies thereof have been discussed in this ppt. Illustrations have been provided wherever necessary for more understanding.
Geographical Indications (GI)
Types of GI
Why GI needs to be protected?
Advantages of GI
How are GIs Protected?
WIPO and GI
GI in India
Registration process
GI in Tamil Nadu
Presentation given at the 2010 Ohio GIS Conference on ODOT and partnerships formed that were mutually beneficial through cutting edge software developed by ODOT District 2.
Disputes between india and other countries in geographical indicationGANESH M
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION:
Definition:Any indication that identifies a product as originating from a particular place where a given quality , reputation or other characteristics of the product are essentially attributable to its geographical origin(TRIPS).
Samoa Agritourism Policy Setting Worskhop 2016
Linking Agriculture and Tourism through Policy setting:
Strengthening the local agrifood sector and promoting agritourism
Workshop organised by the Government of Samoa and CTA
in collaboration with PIPSO
Presentation held by Marie-Paule Rizo, Head, Industrial Design and Geographical Indications Law Section, WIPO, at the Brussels Briefing ‘Geography of food: reconnecting with origin in the food system’, organized by CTA on 15th May 2013.
More on: http://brusselsbriefings.net/
The Brussels Policy Briefing n. 53 on ”The next generation of farmers: successes and new opportunities” took place on 20th November 2018 (ACP Secretariat). It was co-organised by CTA, the European Commission (DG Devco and DG Agri), the ACP Secretariat and CONCORD.
Geographical indications (GIs) are categorized as a type of industrial property right in Vietnam and protection of GIs are regulated under the Law on Intellectual Property. A GI identifies a product as originating from a specific geographical location and possessing unique qualities or characteristics that are attributable to that location. GI protection can help build confidence among customers by providing assurance of the product’s authenticity and quality, as well as its cultural and traditional value.
For producers, GI protection can enhance the reputation of their products and increase their market value, as customers are willing to pay a premium for products with a recognized GI status. This can lead to increased income and job opportunities for local producers, as well as support for the development and promotion of regional economies.
Moreover, GI protection can contribute to sustainable development by preserving traditional production methods and promoting environmental and social responsibility. By promoting the use of local resources and supporting traditional agricultural practices, GI protection can help to maintain the biodiversity and cultural heritage of the region.
Overall, GI protection is an important tool for promoting and preserving the unique cultural and traditional value of local products, while also providing economic benefits to producers and contributing to sustainable development.
Assessing the Impact of GI on Kota Doria Weaver’s Viewpointijtsrd
India is a culturally diverse country with a wealth of handicrafts derived from tribal peoples and local communities traditional knowledge, which includes distinct materials, production processes, texture, colour, design and abilities for which each geographical location has its own name and fame. These handicrafts have the ability to alleviate poverty, boost local economies, and improve community bonds. In the field of Intellectual Property Rights, the term GI or Geographical Indication is becoming increasingly popular. A GI tag is a source of pride for both producers and consumers since it serves as a sign of quality, as well as a guarantee of uniqueness and the protection of rights for all parties concerned. It helps to build and reinforce skills and ethnicities while also aiding and improving society as a whole. The study focuses on the Kota Doria Saree, which is Rajasthans first GI recognized product. The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of GI certification on Kota Doria weavers’ life with respect to the awareness, accuracy of information, demand, sales, profitability and market expansion. Nidhi Suhag | Dr. Neeraj Rawat Sharma "Assessing the Impact of GI on Kota Doria: Weaver’s Viewpoint" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49413.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/49413/assessing-the-impact-of-gi-on-kota-doria-weaver’s-viewpoint/nidhi-suhag
Implementation of the TRIPS agreement and legal diversity, by Erik Thévenod-M...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/in-action/quality-and-origin-program/en
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Geographical indications trade in goods key legal issues_implications for afr...Susan Isiko
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IMPROVING GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS OF NIGERIA’S AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS THROUGH G...Sand Mba
The presentation made during a two days 3rd Non-Oil Exporter Dialogue meeting held in Lagos, Nigeria on the 3rd and 4th of July 2018, which was organized by Policy Development Facility Phase 2 (PDFII), a UKaid funded programme. The 2 days Dialogue meeting had over 100 non-oil exporters in attendance. My presentation was to introduce Geographical Indication to participants and the need for Nigeria to leverage it for trade competitiveness.
Many goods possess their particular properties due to their geographical origin.
GI is the best method to indicate the geographical origin of goods and services.
Many agricultural products; dairy products, wines and spirits owe their special quality and reputation to their geographical place of growth or processing.
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A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
Visit Now: https://www.tumblr.com/trademark-quick/751620857551634432/ensure-legal-protection-file-your-trademark-with?source=share
Matthew Professional CV experienced Government LiaisonMattGardner52
As an experienced Government Liaison, I have demonstrated expertise in Corporate Governance. My skill set includes senior-level management in Contract Management, Legal Support, and Diplomatic Relations. I have also gained proficiency as a Corporate Liaison, utilizing my strong background in accounting, finance, and legal, with a Bachelor's degree (B.A.) from California State University. My Administrative Skills further strengthen my ability to contribute to the growth and success of any organization.
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against which they can evaluate those classes of AI applications that are probably the most relevant for them.
2. OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2- CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS AND
EVOLUTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
CHAPTER 3-PROTECTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATION- AN INTERNATIONAL & NATIONAL
PERSPECTIVE
CHAPTER 4-PROBLEMS & CHALLENGES OF GIs
IN INDIA IN THE LIGHT OF CASE STUDIES
CHAPTER 5-GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS IN
KERALA- AN EMPERICAL STUDY
CHAPTER 6- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS
3. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
This paper examines the scope of legal provisions at the
international and national level, specifically the TRIPS and The
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection)
Act, 1999 so as to point out the lacunas and inefficiency in the
prevailing laws relating to the protection of geographical
indications.
Further, it analyses the problems and issues pertaining to the proper
enforcement of laws particularly within the State of Kerala so as to
suggest measures for improvement of the prevailing conditions
ensuring higher level of protection to G.Is.
4. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The benefits of G.I such as brand recognition, exposure,
increase in sale do not percolate down to the people who
are actually involved in the production or manufacture
of the product.
Lack of awareness among the people as well as the law
enforcement officers about G.I and its prospects.
Higher cost of production results in higher price for the
product.
Lack of decent pay force people to hunt for jobs that
fetch better income.
5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
To analyse the concept and scope of geographical indications.
To trace out the evolution of geographical indications and
their legal protection.
To examine and discuss the protection of geographical
indications at the international and national level along with
the recent WTO negotiations on improving protection for
geographical indications.
To identify and assess the problems and challenges of G.I in
India in the light of case studies.
To study and explore various geographical indications within
the State of Kerala.
To recommend and suggest measures to bring about
improvements to the field of geographical indications in
India.
6. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What is a G.I? For what type of products can G.I be used? Why is here a need for
the protection of G.I?
How did the concept of G.I evolve? What were the legal measures to protect G.I
before the enactment of TRIPS?
How is G.I protected internationally? What are the salient features of Art 22 and 23
of TRIPS? Whether there exist any inadequacies in Art 22 of TRIPS? If yes, what
are they? And how can the same be remedied? What are the recent WTO
negotiations in relation to improving protection for geographical indication?
What is the law governing G.Is in India? What are the salient features of the Act?
What are the steps and procedures involved in registration of a G.I? Whether
registration is mandatory? If yes, explain. If no, justify. What are the benefits of
registration?
What are the prospects and challenges of G.I in India? When is a registered G.I said
to be infringed? What there exists any legal provisions against infringement? If yes,
what are they?
What are the products for which G.I has been obtained within the State of Kerala?
What are the problems and challenges faced by the Keralites in relation to
registration of G.I? What are the prospective products in line for G.I registration in
Kerala?
Whether the enforcement of post G.I measures has been successful? If yes, justify. If
no, what are the inadequacies and how can the same be remedied? Whether any
measures can be adopted by the government/voluntary organisations in promoting
awareness of G.I and its registration? If yes, what are they?
7. HYPOTHESIS
1. The benefits of G.I tag accrue more in favour of
big traders and intermediaries.
2. Proper guidance and awareness programmes can
positively affect the enforcement of laws
3. Provision for decent pay can enhance the number
of people engaged in farming, weaving and
manufacturing processes, preserving the
production/manufacture of the traditional G.I
products.
8. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted in this study is
Empirical and the Researcher has used Analytical
method for completing the Research.
The subject has been analysed in the light of
various provisions under the Conventions,
Treaties and Agreements administered by WIPO,
statutory provisions and judicial pronouncement.
Various books, journals, magazines and websites
have been referred for the collection of the data.
Further, the researcher used questionnaire and
interviews as data collection methods for the
empirical study.
9. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION- THE
CONCEPT
A geographical indication is basically
a sign or a symbol
used on products that have a specific
geographical origin &
possess such features or qualities or reputation
that are due to that place of origin.
Since the quality or characteristics is dependent
on the geographical place of production, there is
a direct link between the product and the region
10. DEFINITION-TRIPS
Article 22 (1), TRIPS “indications which identify a good
as originating in the territory of a Member or a region
or locality in that territory, where a given quality,
reputation or other characteristic of the good is
essentially attributable to its geographical origin”
As such to qualify for protection as geographical
indication, an indication must:
Identify the goods and its area of geographical origin
Possess a given quality, reputation or other
characteristics, which
Is essentially attributable to its area of geographical
origin
11. DEFINITION -THE GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATIONS OF GOODS (REGISTRATION
AND PROTECTION) ACT, 1999
Sec 1(e), “an indication which identifies such
goods as agricultural goods, natural goods or
manufactured goods as originating, or
manufactured in the territory of a country, or a
region or locality in that territory, where a given
quality, reputation or other characteristic of such
goods is essentially attributable to its
geographical origin and in case where such goods
are manufactured goods one of the activities of
either the production or of processing or
preparation of the goods concerned takes place in
such territory, region or locality, as the case may
be.”
12. TYPE OF PRODUCTS FOR WHICH G.I
CAN BE USED
Section 2(f), G.I ACT 1999 defines “goods” to mean
any:
agricultural goods;
natural goods;
manufactured goods or;
any goods of handicraft or of industry and foodstuff
64%
26%
8% 2%
Handicrafts
Agricultural
Manufactured
Foodstuffs
13. EXAMPLES OF GI
National Level
•Kancheepuram Silk
•Madhubani paintings
•Alleppey Coir
•Malabar Pepper
•Blue Pottery of Jaipur
•Kashmir Pashmina
•Bikaneri Bhujiya
•Agra Petha
International level
•Roquefort Cheese
•Darjeeling Tea
•Bordeaux wine
•Idaho potatoes
•Jamaica Blue Mountain
Coffee
•Champagne
•Tequila
14. PURPOSE OF GI REGISTRATION
Confers legal protection.
Prevents unauthorized use of a Registered Geographical
Indication by others.
Promotes economic prosperity of producers of goods
produced in a geographical territory.
Excellent tool for the regional or community based economic
development.
Protection of Traditional Knowledge& community rights.
Boosts the export.
Serve as source identifiers for consumers. Helps producers
develop consumer loyalty.
Helps the consumers to associate a level of quality with the
product.
15. EVOLUTION OF LEGAL PROTECTION
SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATIONS
At global level, prior to TRIPS, no multilateral agreement dealing
with the protection of GIs as such.
Indication of source
Paris Convention (1883): Protection against False
indication.
Madrid Agreement (1891): False and deceptive
indication.
Appellation of origin
Lisbon Agreement (1958): Provided protection of
appellation of origin and their international registration.
Geographical Indications
TRIPS Agreement (1994): First International treaty
bound to protect GIs and to enforce its application.
16. SCOPE OF THREE LEGAL CONCEPTS
INDICATION OF SOURCE
Any symbol or geographical
name
Not conditional on link between
geographical origin and product
characteristics
APPELLATION OF ORIGIN
Only geographical names (not
other symbols)
Conditional on link between
geographical origin and
quality/other characteristics (not
reputation) of the product.
GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATION
Any symbol or geographical
name
Conditional on link between
geographical origin and
quality/reputation/other
characteristics of the product.
17. PROTECTION OF GIs –AN
INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
ARTICLE 22
G.Is in general
ARTICLE 23
Wines and Spirits
ARTICLE 24
International
Negotiations;
Exceptions
TRIPS
18. SALIENT FEATURES OF ARTICLE 22,
23
• TRIPS provides for a two-level system of protection
for G.Is
ARTICLE 22
Applicable to all G.Is irrespective of product categories.
Conditional protection: Aims at preventing misuse of
G.Is only when it is likely to mislead the public as to
true place of origin of the product or constitutes an act of
unfair competition.
ARTICLE 23
Applicable only for G.Is designating wines and spirits.
Unconditional protection :Protection is not conditional
on whether the public is misled or whether the misuse
constitutes an act of unfair competition.
19. ONGOING DEBATE AT WTO
Extension of scope of Art 23 to include all categories of
products.
Countries opposing extension: Uruguay, Chile, Australia,
New Zealand, Guatemala, Canada and Argentina
Countries in favour of extension: India, Kenya, Bulgaria,
China, Pakistan, Sri Lanka ,Switzerland, Czech Republic,
Thailand and Turkey
The issue constituted an essential part of the ‘Doha Work
Programme, 2001’.
However on account of varied perspectives among the
WTO members, not much development has been attained
in the negotiations as yet.
20. PROTECTION OF GIs- A NATIONAL
PERSPECTIVE
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration &
Protection)Act, 1999
Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection)
Rules, 2002.
Both of which came into force with effect from 15th September
2003.
WHO CAN APPLY FOR REGISTRATION?
Any association of persons; or
Producers; or
Any organization; or
Authority established by or under the law.
The applicant must represent the interest of the producers.
Authorised user.
21. WHERE TO APPLY?
The Central Government of India has established the Geographical
Indications Registry with all India jurisdiction in Chennai.
Every application shall be filed in the office of the G.I Registry.
CONTENTS OF APPLICATION
i. A statement as to how the GI serves to designate the goods as
originating from the concerned territory of the country/region.
ii. The class of goods to which the GI shall apply.
iii. The geographical map of the territory of the country/region/locality in
which the in which goods originate or are manufactured.
iv. The particulars of appearance of the GI.
v. A statement containing particulars of the producers of the concerned
goods as may be prescribed.
vi. Other particulars as may be prescribed such as the that of the mechanisms
to ensure standards, quality, integrity, special human skill involved.
vii. Inspection structure to regulate the use of G.I
23. PROHIBITION OF REGISTRATION OF
CERTAIN GIs
The use of which would be likely to:-
deceive or cause confusion
contrary to the law in force
Comprises of:-
scandalous and obscene matter
any matter likely to hurt religious susceptibilities of
any class/section of citizens of India
Determined to be generic names
Which although literally true as to the territory, region or
locality in which the goods originate, but falsely
represent to the persons that the goods originate in
another territory, region or locality, as the case may be.
24. INFRINGEMENT OF GIs
A registered G.I is said to be infringed if a person, not
being an authorized user, thereof:
Uses such G.I in a manner so as to indicate or suggest that
such goods originate in a geographical area other than the
true place of origin of such goods in a manner that
misleads the persons as to the geographical origin of such
goods;
Uses any G.I in such manner so as to constitute an act of
unfair competition including passing off in respect of
registered G.I;
Uses another G.I to the goods which, although literally true
as to the territory from which the goods originate, falsely
represents that the goods originate in the territory in respect
of which such registered indication relates.
25. RELIEF FOR INFRINGEMENT OF GIs
CIVIL REMEDIES
Relief may be granted in the form of
Injunction (interim and permanent)
either damages or account of profits and
delivery-up of the infringing labels and indications for
destruction or forfeiture of goods that bear false
representation of an existing G.I.
◦ Case laws:
Scotch Whisky Association v. Pravara Sahakar
Karkhana Ltd
Scotch Whisky Association & Others v. Golden
Bottling Limited
26. • CRIMINAL REMEDIES
OFFENCE PUNISHMENT
falsifying and falsely
applying GIs to goods, or
selling goods to which
false GIs is applied
Imprisonment 6months-3yrs
and a fine of not less than Rs
50,000 but may extend to Rs
2,00,000
falsely representing a GI as
registered
with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to 3 yrs, or
fine or both
In case a person already
convicted of the above
offences is again guilty of
any such offence
For the second and for every
subsequent offence he/she
shall be punished with an
imprisonment for a term not
less than 1yr, but which may
extend to 3yrs and fine which
shall not be less than Rs
1,00,000 but may extend to Rs
2,00,000
27. PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES OF
GIs IN INDIA
1. Enforcement of the legal provisions within and outside
India
2. Brand building, promotion and marketing
3. Registration in foreign countries
4. Defining geographical boundaries
5. Appropriate identification of goods
6. The question of beneficiaries
Case studies
Darjeeling tea
Basmati rice
Payyanur Pavithra ring
28. GIs IN KERALA
21 products registered as GI.
Comprising of around 8.82% of the total GI
registered products in India.
Majority-agricultural goods (52.8%), rest handicrafts.
Significance of G.I in Kerala
Enhanced its export.
Promoted international trade.
Contributed in the economic development and
advancement of tourism within the State.
29. EMPIRICAL STUDY ON THE
REGISTERED GIs IN KERALA
UNIVERSE:REGISTERD PROPRIETORS/AUTHORISED
USERS OF GIs IN THE STATE OF KERALA
SAMPLE: 30 IN NUMBER
METHOD : SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
30. Unique features
•Created from a special metal
alloy.
•Eliminates secondary
reflections and aberrations.
•Fully handmade and brittle.
•Craftsmen use traditional,
indigenous methods and
materials to produce the
reflecting wonder.
• Takes several days to months
to complete.
•Often believed to bring good
luck and prosperity.
ARANMULA KANNADI
32. CHENDAMANGALAM DHOTIES & SET
MUNDU
Unique features
•Method of production.-
hand-woven and require
immense skill and effort.
•No chemicals used in
the manufacturing or
processing stage
•Handloom industry
provides for
manufacturing count
cotton combed yarn of
120s,100s and 80s.
Higher counts ensure that
the products do not
shrink on washing.
33. KUTHAMPULLY SAREES
Unique features
•Well known for
manufacturing finer
count cotton yarn of
counts 80 and 72.
•No bleaching or dyeing
involved in the
manufacturing process
except dyed yarn for the
border or cross-border
of the sarees.
•The yarn used is of
natural coloured grey
cotton yarn and so the
products are eco-
friendly causing no
harm to the body of the
users
34. VAZHAKULAM PINEAPPLE
Unique features
•Well known for its
delicious taste, aroma
and flavour.
•Fruit is a good source
of carotene, vitamin
minerals and energy.
•The uniqueness is
attached to the agro
climatic conditions
that are prevailing in
the region.
•FLO standards in
cultivation restrict the
use of any chemical
pesticides banned by
WHO.
35. MALABAR PEPPER AND ALLEPEY
GREEN CARDAMOM
Unique features
•Malabar Pepper: The warming spice
has got a sharp, hot and biting taste
which is its distinct feature
•Allepey Green Cardamom: This
grade is unique in its colour, size,
chemical constituents and oil content
•Uniqueness is also attributable to the
agro-climatic factors
36. MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Benefits do not percolate down the line to the actual
beneficiaries who are involved in the production of these
G.I registered goods.
The main hindrance to effective enforcement of laws is
the lack of awareness among the people about the
concept of G.I.
Lack of decent pay will result in the labourers opting for
jobs with better pay, outcome of which would be
shortage in the number of people engaged in the age old
profession causing big threat to the
production/manufacture of these traditional G.I
products.
37. PROSPECTIVE G.Is IN KERALA
Kozhikodan Halwa Nilambur teak
Guruvayur Pappadam
38. SUGGESTIONS
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Establishment of a multilateral system for notification
and registration of geographical indication.
Extension of additional protection as under Article 23
protection to all G.I irrespective of their nature.
NATIONAL LEVEL
To give legal enforcement power to the Registering
authorities constituted for the purpose under the Central
Government.
Establishment of a “National watch dog agency.”
Adopt measures to educate the producer/manufacturers
and related labourers about the significance of G.I, and to
gather them to form a registered society.
39. Special incentive scheme by the Central government
Adopt strategies to build reputation and goodwill of the G.I
registered products
REGIONAL LEVEL
Establishment of a common facility centre within the State.
Establishment of a common showroom within the State.
Initiatives by the State government to conduct awareness
programmes by way of campaigns, seminars and
exhibition.
Initiatives by the State government to ensure that rebates
are granted to the producers/manufacturers without any
time delay.