This document discusses several genre theories proposed by film theorists like Rick Altman and Christian Metz. Altman suggested analyzing genres from semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic approaches, looking at elements like settings, themes, and how audiences interpret them. Metz analyzed how genres develop through experimental, classical, parody, and deconstruction stages. The document provides examples analyzing how genres like thriller and horror use common conventions and how more recent films challenge conventions through hybridization or technological updates.
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2. RICK ALTMAN
Rick was the man who suggested that in order to fully
understand the concept of a genre you need to take a 3 point
approach;
♥ Semantic
♥ Syntactic
♥ Pragmatic
3. RICK ALTMAN
Semantic:
The semantic approach is looking at the building blocks of what
makes up a genre, for example; typical costumes, props and
settings. In the Thriller genre the typical props used would be;
knives, guns and fake blood, the typical costumes would be; a
scary masks and dark clothing and finally the typical settings
would be the woods and haunted houses.
4. EXAMPLE – THE BLACK SWAN
(DARREN ARONOFSKY, 2010)
Costumes: black (to connote evil), white (to connote
good) & red contact lenses to make the black swan look evil.
Props: fake blood, knives, drugs & mirror.
Setting: A very low lighting dance studio.
5. RICK ALTMAN
Syntactic:
This approach is the deeper structure of the genre which would be
the; themes, narrative and character’s relationship. For example in
the Thriller genre the conventional themes would be; death, revenge
and isolation. The conventional narrative would be psycho killer
goes after innocent protagonist and murder. Finally the character
relationship would be that the protagonist has a bad past with the
antagonist.
6. EXAMPLE – SLEEPING WITH THE
ENEMY
Themes: domestic violence, revenge and jealously.
Narrative: A young woman fakes her own death to get
away from the domestic violence and her husband stalks her
to try and find if she’s still alive.
Character's relationship: manipulative relationship
where the husband is so controlling that the wife decides to
fake her own death.
7. RICK ALTMAN
Pragmatic:
Altman realised that the genre of media txt can be decoded
differently by different members of the audience, which he see’s
as active. This means that to develop the genre you need to
realise that the audience will not always understand the genre
the same as other members of the audience. For example a
Thriller film may be terrifying to one person but to another be
comical.
8. STEVE NEALE
Repetition & Differences:
Steve Neale suggested that genres can either repeat conventions or
they can challenge them. For example Scream (Wes Craven, 1996)
would have followed conventions set by Alfred Hitchcock whereas a
film like Chatroom (Hideo Nakata, 2010) would have challenged
these conventions by including technology for the psychopath to
mess with the teenagers minds and encourage them to commit
suicide.
9. EXAMPLE
The audience may feel that Thriller comes hand in hand with
Horror as they may see conventions featured in Horror films
that are also featured in Thriller films. For example I
personally think that most Horror films also count as Thriller
films as they use similar conventions and they make you
jump with fear.
10. CHRISTIAN METZ
Christian was a French theorist who believed that genres go
through a cycle of changes as time goes on. These stages are:
♥ Experimental
♥ Classical
♥ Parody
♥ Deconstruction
11. CHRISTIAN METZ
Experimental:
This is the stage in which generic conventions and codes are put
in place. An example of this in the Thriller genre is Alfred
Hitchcock’s 1960’s film Psycho which featured a psychopathic
killer and extreme violence, these are both conventions of the
Thriller genre.
12. CHRISTIAN METZ
Classical:
This is the stage where conventions and codes are being
followed and can be seen as a guideline for other films who want
to be part of the genre. For example the Thriller/Horror film
Scream followed conventions set by Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho
such as; a psychopathic killer and extreme violence.
13. CHRISTIAN METZ
Parody:
Now that conventions have been set then directors can create
parody films although for this stage to work, the audience must fully
understand the classical stage. An example of a Thriller Parody
would be Scary Movie (Keenen Ivory Wayans, 2000) which parodies
Scream. If you didn’t understand the conventions of the Thriller
genre then you wouldn’t understand the references in Scary Movie.
14. CHRISTIAN METZ
Deconstruction:
This is the development stage where the film being made will
challenge conventions or merge the genre with another to create a
hybrid e.g. rom com is a hybrid of romance and comedy. An
example of a Thriller film in the deconstruction stage would be
Unfriended (Levan Gabriadze, 2014) as it features the psycho killer
as being behind a computer screen instead of in real life like
Scream.
