The document discusses several key elements of horror films, including icons, narrative devices, codes and conventions, sounds, rating certificates, and institutions. Icons in horror films usually involve a memorable weapon or facial feature of the villain. Narratives can be linear, non-linear, or multi-narrative. Horror films aim to scare viewers safely and use shots like high angles to make villains seem threatening. Iconic horror music builds tension. Rating certificates depend on a film's content, with 18 ratings allowing more graphic violence. Major studios like New Line Cinema have produced popular and profitable horror franchises.

1. The History Of Horror
By Tom Royston

2. Icons
• Icons are a main part of the content in Horror
films, looking at many different varieties of Horror
films such as Halloween, which is a psychological
horror/thriller, has one specific weapon the butchers
knife. Then the films like Friday 13th and Nightmare
On Elm Street, these also have one weapon that is
almost a part of the villain, the machete for Jason
whilst Freddy uses the claw on the gardening glove.
Looking at each individual Horror villain they all have
an icon that can either be part of them or the
weapon, a mask or facial scar is an icon such as
Michael Mayers’ mask and Pinheads face.

3. Narrative Devices
• This can be any of the following; Flexi Narrative, linear
narrative, multi narrative or more. Generally, the narrative
structure of any work can be divided into three sections,
which is referred to as the three-act structure: setup,
conflict, resolution. A non-linear narrative is one that does
not proceed in a straight-line, step-by-step fashion, such
as where an author creates a story's ending before the
middle is finished. Linear is the opposite, when narrative
runs smoothly in a straight line, when it is not broken up.
An example of a non-linear narrative is the 1994 film Pulp
Fiction. The film is ostensibly three short stories, which
upon closer glance are actually three sections of one
story with the chronology broken up. An example of a
straight narrative is the Exorcist as it follows one persons
story throughout the entire film.

4. Codes And Conventions
• The codes and conventions of horror
• Horror films are generally designed to scare the viewer, to show the darkness and
evil that can be in our world whilst keeping the viewer safe from danger, open your
eyes to the vulnerability of certain places or people.
• Horror films can use a wide variety of shots and angles but more often than not they
use high angle shots to make the villain look more menacing and use point of view
shots or tracking shots to show where the person you are following is heading or
looking toward. Extreme close ups are used to show emotion and emphasise the
subject. Tilting the camera can be a way of portraying disorientation, whilst using the
dollying shot to make the character and viewer seem like they are being following or
following someone.
• In horror films they will most likely use a dark setting and a house that is old and not
used anymore. This gives the feeling that this can either be haunted or used to be
part of the villain and this is absent from their lives showing that they lose things
from their lives, often showing how this is a connection between the place where the
film is set and the villain.

5. Iconic Sounds
• Using the music from Halloween this is the
beginning of the era of horror music this is used to
create tension and build suspense it is relatively
plain and simple rather than complicated composed
music. This gives a horrible eerie feeling to the
viewer and is used when someone if being followed
or sneaking around.

6. Certificate Ratings
• Often a horror film will be an 18 depending on the content, the
shining, the exorcist, Friday 13th and A Nightmare on Elm
Street are all 18 Certificated. The omen and the ring are both
15.
• A 15 rated film must not endorse discriminatory language or
behaviour. Drug taking may be shown but the film as a whole
must not promote or encourage drug misuse. The misuse of
easily accessible and highly dangerous substances (for
example, aerosols or solvents) is unlikely to be acceptable.
Strong threat and menace are permitted unless sadistic or
sexualised. Dangerous behaviour (for
example, hanging, suicide and self-harming) should not dwell
on detail which could be copied. Easily accessible weapons
should not be glamorised. Anything that breaks the boundaries
of these may break into an 18 film or even an R18 film.

7. Institutions
• New Line Cinema produced many horror blockbusters,
these include;
• The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)
• The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006)
• Friday the 13th (2009)
• The Final Destination (2009)
• A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010)
• These films making over $450 million in box office alone.