Christopher Nolan is known for directing films with themes of deception, authority, identity, memory, time, and obsession with the death of female characters. He often uses techniques like close-ups of objects, reverse narratives, flashbacks, black and white/mirrors and reflections, and slow motion. Many of Nolan's films like The Dark Knight Rises and Inception feature overlapping casts including Tom Hardy, Cillian Murphy, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Marion Cotillard, and Michael Caine.