The productivity of sesame in Ethiopia is below the world average due to lack of high yielding improved varieties. Understanding of genetic variability of characters becomes essential. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the
extent of genetic variation among yield and 19 yield components. One hundred sesame genotypes were evaluated in 10x10 triple lattice design at Werer during 2017 and 2018. The combined analysis of variance showed that the genotypes differed significantly. Higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for shattering resistance, whereas plant height, number of capsules per plant, harvest index and seed yield showed medium values. High heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance were observed for shattering resistance, plant height, capsule per plant, harvest
index and seed yield. The present study revealed that to increase sesame seed yield, the genotypes should possess a
greater number of capsules, shattering resistance and high harvest index, which known to be important yield contributing
characters and selection based on these characters would be most effective. The D2 analysis exhibited the group of
genotypes into seven clusters. Assessment of sesame genetic resources with molecular markers assisted breeding should be
considered in the future.
Estimation of genetic parameters and selection of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L...Innspub Net
The purpose of this study was to obtain information about genetic parameters of agronomic characters of sorghum lines developed by Single Seed Descent as information for yield improvement through selection. The research was conducted from July to October 2014 in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia with an altitude of ± 240 m above sea level and a temperature of 27°C. The genetic materials used consisted of 201 RILs F5, and Numbu, Samurai-1, and Samurai-2 (national varieties), and a mutant B69 as check varieties. The experimental design used was augmented design. The results showed that the RILs F5 significantly different in the characters of seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight, and grain weight panicle-1. High broad sense heritability values and broad genetic diversity were observed in the character of the seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight and grain weight panicle-1. There were RILs F5 which have higher yield than the two parents and are uniform with lower within line variance. Selection was conducted based on grain weight panicle-1 increased 35.3% yield, but at the same time increased plant height by 5%. Simultaneous selection by grain weight panicle-1 and plant height increased yield by 21% and reduced plant height by -6.9%. This gives the opportunity to obtain shorter high yielding varieties.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Genetic and Morphological Diversity Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasica ca...Premier Publishers
Growing of Ethiopian mustard, as an oilseed and leaf vegetable require genetic improvement which relies on its genetic diversity. The experiment was executed to analyse genetic and morphological diversity of Ethiopian mustard land races at Holetta agricultural research center. Forty-nine genotypes collected from different agro ecologies were analyzed using morphological traits in order to assess the genetic and morphological diversity that exists in these materials. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared except seed yield per plant, fresh leaf biomass per plant topped at 40, 50 and 60 days of growth and number of intact leaves at flowering. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions that is important for selection and breeding. For yield component traits, high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations was observed in seed yield per plot and oil yield. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype, may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight(68.80%), followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid (62.58%), days to maturity(60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic (58.19%), linoleic (57.46%),leaf area (52..09%), oil content (50.33%), leaf width (48.29%),leaf length(46.28%), oil yield(44.84%), fresh leaf biomass at 50 days of topping(43.40%), seed yield per plot(42.99%), number of leaves at vegetative state(40.48%), seed yield of 50 days growth stage topped plants(38.85%) and primary branches (34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to high genotypic variance. Hence, a good progress can be made if some of these traits are considered as selection criteria for the improvement of yield, yield component and vegetative traits. The present study revealed the presence of considerable variability among genotypes for all traits compared except seed yield per plant, fresh leaf biomass per plant topped at 40,50 and 60 days of growth and number of intact leaves at flowering. These conditions indicate that there is good opportunity to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum Tube...Premier Publishers
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips.The objective of the experiment was to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in potato genotypes for tuber quality, yield and yield-related traits. Twenty four potato genotypes were evaluated at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2017. The results of the analysis of variance indicated there was highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits excepted peel content. The phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation ranged between 0.90 to 46.43% and 0.75 to 40.0%. Heritability in the broad sense (H2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 38.13 to 91.64% and 1.28 to 73.50%. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for shoot dry mass weight, average tuber number, average tuber weight, unmarketable tuber yield, small size tuber and large size tubers. Therefore, selection for these characters would be effective for the emerging processing industry and could be selected as parents for future crossing program in Ethiopia.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as a percent mean and character association for forty nine genotypes of Ethiopian mustards collected from different agro ecologies. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions which is important for improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed in seed yield per plot, oil yield per plot, and plant height. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight (68.80%) followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid(62.58%), days to maturity (60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic acid (58.19%), linoleic acid (57.46%),oil content (50.33%), oil yield (44.84%), seed yield per plot(42.99%),and primary branches(34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to the high genotypic and less environmental variance. In the correlation coefficient analysis, seed yield per plot showed positive correlation with oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. In the path analysis, number of primary branches and oil yield showed positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. In this study, seed yield per plot, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were found to be the most important components for the improvement of seed and oil. Therefore more emphasis should be given for highest heritable traits of mustard and to those positively correlated traits to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
Estimation of genetic parameters and selection of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L...Innspub Net
The purpose of this study was to obtain information about genetic parameters of agronomic characters of sorghum lines developed by Single Seed Descent as information for yield improvement through selection. The research was conducted from July to October 2014 in Bogor, West Java, Indonesia with an altitude of ± 240 m above sea level and a temperature of 27°C. The genetic materials used consisted of 201 RILs F5, and Numbu, Samurai-1, and Samurai-2 (national varieties), and a mutant B69 as check varieties. The experimental design used was augmented design. The results showed that the RILs F5 significantly different in the characters of seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight, and grain weight panicle-1. High broad sense heritability values and broad genetic diversity were observed in the character of the seed filling period, plant height, leaf number, panicle length, circumference panicle, panicle weight and grain weight panicle-1. There were RILs F5 which have higher yield than the two parents and are uniform with lower within line variance. Selection was conducted based on grain weight panicle-1 increased 35.3% yield, but at the same time increased plant height by 5%. Simultaneous selection by grain weight panicle-1 and plant height increased yield by 21% and reduced plant height by -6.9%. This gives the opportunity to obtain shorter high yielding varieties.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance of Kabuli Chickpea (Cic...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to assess the extent of genetic variability among yield and yield related traits in selected kabuli chickpea genotypes. Forty-nine kabuli chickpea genotypes were studied for thirteen traits at Debre Zeit and Akaki using 7x7 simple lattice design in 2018 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant difference among genotypes for all traits studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability among genotypes. High Phenotypic coefficients of variation and moderate genotypic coefficients of variation value were shown for number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant, respectively, indicating the possibility of genetic improvement in selection of these traits. High broad sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance were obtained for hundred-seed weight (91.88 and 23.81), number of pods per plant (68.07 and 28.13), number of secondary branches (80.92 and 27.80), number of seeds per plant (67.86 and 31.840), grain yield (62.33 and 24.42) and harvest index (75.70 and 28.17), respectively. This indicates that these characters could be improved easily through selection.
Genetic and Morphological Diversity Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasica ca...Premier Publishers
Growing of Ethiopian mustard, as an oilseed and leaf vegetable require genetic improvement which relies on its genetic diversity. The experiment was executed to analyse genetic and morphological diversity of Ethiopian mustard land races at Holetta agricultural research center. Forty-nine genotypes collected from different agro ecologies were analyzed using morphological traits in order to assess the genetic and morphological diversity that exists in these materials. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared except seed yield per plant, fresh leaf biomass per plant topped at 40, 50 and 60 days of growth and number of intact leaves at flowering. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions that is important for selection and breeding. For yield component traits, high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations was observed in seed yield per plot and oil yield. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype, may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight(68.80%), followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid (62.58%), days to maturity(60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic (58.19%), linoleic (57.46%),leaf area (52..09%), oil content (50.33%), leaf width (48.29%),leaf length(46.28%), oil yield(44.84%), fresh leaf biomass at 50 days of topping(43.40%), seed yield per plot(42.99%), number of leaves at vegetative state(40.48%), seed yield of 50 days growth stage topped plants(38.85%) and primary branches (34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to high genotypic variance. Hence, a good progress can be made if some of these traits are considered as selection criteria for the improvement of yield, yield component and vegetative traits. The present study revealed the presence of considerable variability among genotypes for all traits compared except seed yield per plant, fresh leaf biomass per plant topped at 40,50 and 60 days of growth and number of intact leaves at flowering. These conditions indicate that there is good opportunity to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Potato (Solanum Tube...Premier Publishers
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) used as fresh products and commercially processed foods such as French fries and chips.The objective of the experiment was to assess the nature and magnitude of variability in potato genotypes for tuber quality, yield and yield-related traits. Twenty four potato genotypes were evaluated at Holetta Agricultural Research Centre using a randomized complete block design with three replications during the growing season of 2017. The results of the analysis of variance indicated there was highly significant differences among the genotypes for all traits excepted peel content. The phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variation ranged between 0.90 to 46.43% and 0.75 to 40.0%. Heritability in the broad sense (H2) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) ranged from 38.13 to 91.64% and 1.28 to 73.50%. High phenotypic coefficients of variation and genotypic coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean were observed for shoot dry mass weight, average tuber number, average tuber weight, unmarketable tuber yield, small size tuber and large size tubers. Therefore, selection for these characters would be effective for the emerging processing industry and could be selected as parents for future crossing program in Ethiopia.
Out Crossing, Heterozygosis and Inbreeding with Environments Interaction in R...paperpublications3
Abstract:The progenies of five sorghum heterozygous populations’ cycles were tested under main and off-season on two different environments irrigated and rainfall conditions for their outcrossing, heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient using SSR markers,the marker combinations were optimized according to their fragment size. Multi-locus outcrossing rate (tm) and average single-locus (ts) outcrossing rates were estimated using the MLTR software, and TFPGA computer program. The outcrossing rate effected directly by the temperature and relative humidity (RH) during the initial flowering period, which the low temperature with high RH under main season is revealed positive increased in outcrossing than off-season. Progenies outcrossing rate revealed same trend with main population outcrossing and the same trend was observed heterozygosity with decreased in inbreeding coefficient. Higher levels in outcrossing rate and heterozygosity was detected under rainfall environment in two based population progenies, but in three advanced population cycles the outcrossing rate was higher under irrigated than rainfed environment. Inbreeding coefficient revealed negative relation with outcrossing rate and heterozygosity in different population’s progenies.
Keyword:environment, recurrent selection, outcrossing, sorghum, progenies.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as a percent mean and character association for forty nine genotypes of Ethiopian mustards collected from different agro ecologies. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions which is important for improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed in seed yield per plot, oil yield per plot, and plant height. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight (68.80%) followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid(62.58%), days to maturity (60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic acid (58.19%), linoleic acid (57.46%),oil content (50.33%), oil yield (44.84%), seed yield per plot(42.99%),and primary branches(34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to the high genotypic and less environmental variance. In the correlation coefficient analysis, seed yield per plot showed positive correlation with oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. In the path analysis, number of primary branches and oil yield showed positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. In this study, seed yield per plot, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were found to be the most important components for the improvement of seed and oil. Therefore more emphasis should be given for highest heritable traits of mustard and to those positively correlated traits to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Estimation of association among growth and yield related traits in Bread Whea...Premier Publishers
A total of twenty five bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for trait association and path coefficient analysis among yield and yield contributing traits at Gurage zone of two different environments. The genotypes were grown in triplicate randomized complete block design. Data were collected on 13 agronomic characters. It was found results that grain yield showed positive and significant correlations with above ground biomass, tillers per plant, kernel per spike, spikelet per spike and plant height at Fereziye and negatively correlated with tiller per plant (rg= -0.535) and plant height (rg= -0.284) at Kotergedra. Selection on the basis of positive association of grain yield with its contributing traits may be helpful to improve grain yield of wheat. Path coefficient analysis revealed that above ground biomass and tillers per plant exerted high and favorable direct effects on grain yield at Fereziye. Both genotypic and phenotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis revealed that grain filling period exerted high and favorable direct effect on grain yield at Kotergedra which indicated that selection on such traits may be useful to improve the grain yield. It was moreover suggested that the evaluation of wheat genotypes for grain yield under multi-zonal locations should be carried out to exploit more yield potential.
Barley is one of the most important traditional crops in Ethiopia which is a major center of genetic diversity for barley along with other crop plants species. Two hundred seven accessions and 18 released varieties were laid down in 15*15 simple lattice design and planted in 2008 main cropping season (June to Nov) at Kokate. The objective of the study was to conduct the morphological characterization and to determine the nature and degree of variability in morpho- agronomic traits of landrace of barley in southern Ethiopia collections. The proportion of genotypes in kernel row number were 26.6, 15.3, 16.6, 41.5 and 0.4% for two rowed with lateral floret, two rowed deficient, irregular, six rowed with awns on lateral floret and branched heads, respectively. Genotypes with white kernel color (57.5%) and amber (normal) lemma color (50%) were dominant. The highest diversity indices pooled over the characters within zones/ special woredas were recorded for accessions sampled from Dawro (H’= 0.75 ± 0.05) followed by Sheka (H’=0.74 ± 0.07), Gamgofa (H’ =0.70 ± 0.05) and Keffa (H’= 0.70 ± 0.08). These zones can be used for in situ conservation for barley landraces as representatives of southern Ethiopian high lands. The barley genotypes were clustered into five distinct groups of various sizes based on 8 qualitative traits. The estimates of diversity index (H’) for each trait in each of the three altitudinal class has shown that polymorphism was common in varying degrees for most traits, implying the existence of a wide range of variation in the materials.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Phenotypic variability and racial classification of landraces of sorghum (Sor...Innspub Net
A morpho-botanical analysis of 76 sorghum accessions collected from the department of Donga, the northwestern
part of Benin was carried out. An agro-morphological assessment of accessions was conducted based on 15
descriptors (10 quantitative traits and 5 qualitative traits). The experiment was laid at alpha lattice design with three repetitions. Four races (guinea, durra, caudatum and bicolor) were identified with high proportion of accessions of guinea race (86.84%) and low proportion of other races such as durra (5.26%), caudatum (2.63 %) and bicolor (1.32%). Kafir race was missed from the collection. The analysis of agro-morphological characters of accessions showed a significant phenotypic variability of sorghum local varieties kept and managed by farmers in Donga. The principal component analysis (PCA) performed on quantitative traits showed three axes accounted for nearly 70% of the total variation. The first axis represents plant height, diameter of third internodes, leaf length and leaf width of the third internodes; the second axis accounts for length of peduncle while the third one stands for the weight of 1,000 grains. On the basis of the quantitative and qualitative traits studied, ascending hierarchical classification according to Ward aggregation criteria differentiated four groups structured around key variables such as morpho-physiological characteristics of grains (color, size, degree of bitterness) and race. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Estimate of Genetic Variability Parameters among Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea ...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 wet season in Ethiopia across four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Twelve quantitative parameters were studied. The analysis of variance revealed the prevalence of significant difference among the genotypes for all studied parameters. Based on mean performance of genotypes Beha gudo, Manipeter and Werer-962 were found to be best for grain yield in kg/ha. High to moderate estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were exhibited by all characters except for SHP and NSP indicating that those characters could be used as selection indices for crop improvement. High heritability was observed for 100SW (91.2%), AGBP (90.3%), NBP (90.2%), PH (89.4%), NMP (86.8%), NSPOD (85.7%), HI (83.7%) and KY (79.7%) accompanied by high genetic advance indicating the predominant role of additive gene action and the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of groundnut genotypes based on these characters. Low broad sense heritability and low genetic advance was observed only for SHP and NSP indicating low genetic potentials for these characters and non-additive gene effect prevails.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Standard heterosis of pipeline maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids for grain yield an...Premier Publishers
The knowledge of gene action and heterosis also helps in identification of superior F1 hybrids in order to use further in future breeding programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of standard heterosis of the pipeline maize hybrids for grain yield and yield related traits. A total of eleven pipeline maize hybrids and two standard checks (BH546 and BH547) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications during the 2015 main cropping season at Northwestern Ethiopia. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for most grain yield and yield related traits indicating the existence of genetic variation among the evaluated genotypes. The standard heterosis ranged from -38.72 to 33.65%and the highest heterosis was recorded for CML395/CML202//CML464 cross. The observed highest heterosis for grain yield and related traits indicated the possibility of increasing yield by exploiting heterotic potential of maize genotypes. The information generated by this study could be useful for researchers who need to develop high yielding maize hybrids.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analysis in Upland Rice...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield related traits in some upland rice genotypes. A total of 23 rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at Pawe and Assosa. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for most of the traits at individual and across locations, and error variances of the two locations were homogenous for most of the traits including grain yield. Moreover, the genotypes showed wider variability for grain yield in the range between 3707-6241kg/ha, 4853-7282kg/ha and 4280-6761kg/ha at Pawe, Assosa and over locations, respectively. A relatively high (>20%) phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were estimated merely for number of unfilled grains per panicle. High heritability estimates (> 60%) were obtained for all of the traits, except plant height and Protein content. A relatively high genetic advance was obtained for traits like unfilled grains per panicle and fertile tiller per plant. Thus, this study revealed that there was higher genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which could be potentially exploited in future breeding programs.
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Estimation of association among growth and yield related traits in Bread Whea...Premier Publishers
A total of twenty five bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for trait association and path coefficient analysis among yield and yield contributing traits at Gurage zone of two different environments. The genotypes were grown in triplicate randomized complete block design. Data were collected on 13 agronomic characters. It was found results that grain yield showed positive and significant correlations with above ground biomass, tillers per plant, kernel per spike, spikelet per spike and plant height at Fereziye and negatively correlated with tiller per plant (rg= -0.535) and plant height (rg= -0.284) at Kotergedra. Selection on the basis of positive association of grain yield with its contributing traits may be helpful to improve grain yield of wheat. Path coefficient analysis revealed that above ground biomass and tillers per plant exerted high and favorable direct effects on grain yield at Fereziye. Both genotypic and phenotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis revealed that grain filling period exerted high and favorable direct effect on grain yield at Kotergedra which indicated that selection on such traits may be useful to improve the grain yield. It was moreover suggested that the evaluation of wheat genotypes for grain yield under multi-zonal locations should be carried out to exploit more yield potential.
Barley is one of the most important traditional crops in Ethiopia which is a major center of genetic diversity for barley along with other crop plants species. Two hundred seven accessions and 18 released varieties were laid down in 15*15 simple lattice design and planted in 2008 main cropping season (June to Nov) at Kokate. The objective of the study was to conduct the morphological characterization and to determine the nature and degree of variability in morpho- agronomic traits of landrace of barley in southern Ethiopia collections. The proportion of genotypes in kernel row number were 26.6, 15.3, 16.6, 41.5 and 0.4% for two rowed with lateral floret, two rowed deficient, irregular, six rowed with awns on lateral floret and branched heads, respectively. Genotypes with white kernel color (57.5%) and amber (normal) lemma color (50%) were dominant. The highest diversity indices pooled over the characters within zones/ special woredas were recorded for accessions sampled from Dawro (H’= 0.75 ± 0.05) followed by Sheka (H’=0.74 ± 0.07), Gamgofa (H’ =0.70 ± 0.05) and Keffa (H’= 0.70 ± 0.08). These zones can be used for in situ conservation for barley landraces as representatives of southern Ethiopian high lands. The barley genotypes were clustered into five distinct groups of various sizes based on 8 qualitative traits. The estimates of diversity index (H’) for each trait in each of the three altitudinal class has shown that polymorphism was common in varying degrees for most traits, implying the existence of a wide range of variation in the materials.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Phenotypic variability and racial classification of landraces of sorghum (Sor...Innspub Net
A morpho-botanical analysis of 76 sorghum accessions collected from the department of Donga, the northwestern
part of Benin was carried out. An agro-morphological assessment of accessions was conducted based on 15
descriptors (10 quantitative traits and 5 qualitative traits). The experiment was laid at alpha lattice design with three repetitions. Four races (guinea, durra, caudatum and bicolor) were identified with high proportion of accessions of guinea race (86.84%) and low proportion of other races such as durra (5.26%), caudatum (2.63 %) and bicolor (1.32%). Kafir race was missed from the collection. The analysis of agro-morphological characters of accessions showed a significant phenotypic variability of sorghum local varieties kept and managed by farmers in Donga. The principal component analysis (PCA) performed on quantitative traits showed three axes accounted for nearly 70% of the total variation. The first axis represents plant height, diameter of third internodes, leaf length and leaf width of the third internodes; the second axis accounts for length of peduncle while the third one stands for the weight of 1,000 grains. On the basis of the quantitative and qualitative traits studied, ascending hierarchical classification according to Ward aggregation criteria differentiated four groups structured around key variables such as morpho-physiological characteristics of grains (color, size, degree of bitterness) and race. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Estimate of Genetic Variability Parameters among Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea ...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 wet season in Ethiopia across four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Twelve quantitative parameters were studied. The analysis of variance revealed the prevalence of significant difference among the genotypes for all studied parameters. Based on mean performance of genotypes Beha gudo, Manipeter and Werer-962 were found to be best for grain yield in kg/ha. High to moderate estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were exhibited by all characters except for SHP and NSP indicating that those characters could be used as selection indices for crop improvement. High heritability was observed for 100SW (91.2%), AGBP (90.3%), NBP (90.2%), PH (89.4%), NMP (86.8%), NSPOD (85.7%), HI (83.7%) and KY (79.7%) accompanied by high genetic advance indicating the predominant role of additive gene action and the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of groundnut genotypes based on these characters. Low broad sense heritability and low genetic advance was observed only for SHP and NSP indicating low genetic potentials for these characters and non-additive gene effect prevails.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Standard heterosis of pipeline maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids for grain yield an...Premier Publishers
The knowledge of gene action and heterosis also helps in identification of superior F1 hybrids in order to use further in future breeding programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of standard heterosis of the pipeline maize hybrids for grain yield and yield related traits. A total of eleven pipeline maize hybrids and two standard checks (BH546 and BH547) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications during the 2015 main cropping season at Northwestern Ethiopia. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for most grain yield and yield related traits indicating the existence of genetic variation among the evaluated genotypes. The standard heterosis ranged from -38.72 to 33.65%and the highest heterosis was recorded for CML395/CML202//CML464 cross. The observed highest heterosis for grain yield and related traits indicated the possibility of increasing yield by exploiting heterotic potential of maize genotypes. The information generated by this study could be useful for researchers who need to develop high yielding maize hybrids.
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analysis in Upland Rice...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield related traits in some upland rice genotypes. A total of 23 rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at Pawe and Assosa. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for most of the traits at individual and across locations, and error variances of the two locations were homogenous for most of the traits including grain yield. Moreover, the genotypes showed wider variability for grain yield in the range between 3707-6241kg/ha, 4853-7282kg/ha and 4280-6761kg/ha at Pawe, Assosa and over locations, respectively. A relatively high (>20%) phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were estimated merely for number of unfilled grains per panicle. High heritability estimates (> 60%) were obtained for all of the traits, except plant height and Protein content. A relatively high genetic advance was obtained for traits like unfilled grains per panicle and fertile tiller per plant. Thus, this study revealed that there was higher genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which could be potentially exploited in future breeding programs.
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Character...ijtsrd
Durum wheat is the second most important triticum species next to bread wheat. Ethiopia is one of the centers of diversity for durum wheat. The present study was to determine the interrelationship and direct and indirect effects of yield component traits on grain yield of Ethiopian landraces durum wheat for further breeding activities of yield improvement. Out, 97 durum wheat accessions along with 3 improved varieties were evaluated in 10 x 10 simple lattice design during 2018 main cropping season at Mata Sub site of Haro Sabu Agricultural Research Center. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all traits. More than 36 of accessions were superior in mean grain yield than the standard checks. Grain yield exhibited positive and significant correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic level with most of the characters such as plant height rp = 0.22, rg = 0.25 , harvest index rp=0.79, rg = 0.78 , biological yield rp = 0.31, rg = 0.30 , number of kernels per spike rp = 0.17, rg = 0.21 , spike length, rp = 0.36, rg = 0.39 , and hectoliter weight kg hl 1 rp = 0.44, rg = 0.45 . The association between yield, and yield related characters through phenotypic genotypic path coefficients revealed that biological yield, spike length, harvest index and plant height exerted highest positive direct effect on grain yield. This suggests that simultaneous improvement in these characters might be possible Zewdu Tegenu | Dagnachew Lule | Gudeta Nepir "Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characters in Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) Accessions in Western Oromia, Ethiopia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28112.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/28112/correlations-and-path-analysis-of-some-quantitative-and-qualitative-characters-in-durum-wheat-triticum-turgidum-l-accessions-in-western-oromia-ethiopia/zewdu-tegenu
Genetic Variability, Heritability And Genetic Advance For Vegetable Yield And...Premier Publishers
The present study was carried out to estimate the genetic variability for vegetable yield and yield-related traits among Ethiopian kale accessions. The experiment was carried out using 7x7 simple lattice design at Debre zeit Agricultural Research Center during 2017 main cropping season. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences (p<0.01) among accessions for all traits except days to second leaf picking. High genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were estimated for the number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf matter content, fresh biomass and leaf yield. High broad sense heritability coupled with high Genetic advance as the percent of mean were obtained for the number of leaves per plant, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf matter content, leaf width, leaf petiole length, leaf petiole thickness, fresh biomass and leaf yield. It can be concluded that variation generated for these traits is mainly due to genetic and moderate role of environmental factors and these were the most important for selection criteria in developing high yielding Ethiopian kale accession. In general, the present study revealed the presence of variability among accession for most studied traits.
Comparative potential on yield and its related characters in fine riceInnspub Net
A total of twenty fine grain rice cultivars including fifteen land races, three developed (Paijam, BR-49 and BR34) and two exotic (Philippine katari and Ranjit) varieties were collected from different parts of Bangladesh to identify the yield enhancing characters and to select desirable cultivars with high yield potential and high aroma emission from rice grain. The experiments were conducted in Aman season in 2013, in the Plant Breeding Research Field, HSTU, Dinajpur. Genetic variation for yield (t/ha) and other fourteen yield related characters like, plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), panicle weight (gm), total tillers/plant, productive tillers/plant, rachilla/panicle, sterile grain/panicle, total grain/panicle, 1000-grain weight (g), grain length (mm), grain breadth (mm), aroma content (%), days to 50% flowering, days to maturity was estimated. All the characters showed high heritability except sterile grain/panicle, indicated better progress under selection. High heritability (98.65%) was revealed by productive tillers/plant, suggested that the character would be less affected by environment. The cultivar, Ranjit produced the highest yield (4.96 t/h).The highest aroma contents in Kalozira (35%) and Kalosoru (30%) was estimated. The highest yield (4.96 t/h) was obtained from Ranjit and it was statistcally similar with the yields of Bolder (4.68 t/h), Malsira (4.25 t/h), Kalozira (4.33 t/h), BR-49 (4.26 t/h). The simultaneous consideration of yield potential and aroma emission from
rice grain, four cultivars viz. Kalozira, Radhunipagol, Badshabogh and Chinigura may be advanced for commercial cultivation by the farmers and agriculture entrepreneurs and may be incorporated in further breeding for the development of high yielding fine rice varieties but the highest amount of aroma emission (35%) and yield (4.33 t/h) indicated that Kalozira was the best aromatic rice cultivar. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Correlation and Path analysis studies among yield and yield related traits in...Premier Publishers
The16 Soybean genotypes were evaluated for Association of characters and path coefficient analysis on eleven important yield and grain yield contributing characters at Bako Tibe during the main cropping season of 2015/16. The experiment was designed as RCBD with three- replication. Generally, the magnitudes of genotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlation coefficients that indicate the presence of inherent association among various characters. In this study yield was positively correlated with hundred seed weight, number of seed/pod and number of pod per plant so, increasing these traits ultimately increases in grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through improvement and selection program. Based on findings it can be concluded that pod length, number of pod /plant, biological yield, grain yield and days to maturity can be exploited through selection and improvement program to develop high yielding soybean genotypes.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at B...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to assess the extent of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes to identify superior genotypes for further improvement program. A total of forty-nine sesame genotypes were evaluated at Bako and Uke during 2018 cropping season. Data were recorded and analyzed by SAS software. The combined analysis showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. Cluster analysis grouped 49 sesame genotypes into four clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance occurred between clusters three and four while the lowest was between clusters one and two. Principal components analysis showed that about 76.1% of the total variations among sesame genotypes were contributed by the first four PCs with eigen values greater than unity. Estimation of phenotypic diversity based on qualitative traits showed seed color and flower color were the highest divergent traits followed by stem color and leaf color. Generally, the result of the study showed existence of significant genetic variability among tested genotypes. Therefore, simple selection of promising genotypes and crossing of highly divergent group to produce best heterotic offspring could be recommended from the present study.
Evaluation of Improved Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) Varieties for Adaptation ...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out to evaluate and identify adapted improved cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) (Fabaceae) varieties in southern tigray lowlands of Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 main cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate three improved cowpea varieties for yield and yield related traits under rain-fed conditions at Mekoni Agricultural Research Center site and Kara Adisheho farmer’s field. Analysis of variance showed that all the traits measured were statistically significant at 5% level of probability except plant height. The earliest days to 90% maturity (79 days) were observed for the variety Kenkety, whereas the longest was recorded by bole variety (89.6 days). Similarly, Kenkety variety filled their seeds in a short period of time (25 days) compared to Assebot and Bole varieties (29; 32 days). The highest pooled mean grain yield was obtained from Kenkety variety (1958 kgha-1), while Assebot and Bole had the lowest yield of 1656 and 1481 kgha-1 respectively. When we see variety × location wise mean, still Kenkety variety outsmarts in both locations over the varieties and Kara Adisheho were suitable for cowpea production with (2128 kgha-1) grain yield. Taken as a whole, Kenkety variety over weights Assebot and Bole varieties especially for the two main traits of earliness and yield performance. Thus, Kenkety was promising variety for demonstration and scaling up activities in the agro ecology.
Study of Genotypic and Phenotypic Correlation among 20 Accessions of Nigerian...IOSRJAVS
Morphological techniques were used to evaluate the diversity in 20 cowpea accessions collected from some parts of Nigeria for two years (2007 and 2008) at Ibadan, South Western Nigeria. Correlation analysis was employed to show the relationships among the traits. Similarly, genotypic and phenotypic variances, genotypic coefficients of variation, heritability and expected genetic advance were estimated for the twelve traits in cowpea for each season. This study shows that for cowpea yield improvement, number of main branches, pod numbers, pods per plant, pods per peduncle and seeds per pod should be part of the selection criteria.
Participatory Varietal Selection and Evaluation of twelve Soybeans [Glycine m...Premier Publishers
Participatory varietal selection was carried out at North Western parts of Ethiopia, Metekel Zone at Mandura and Mambuk woreda during the main cropping season in 2017/18, to select the best performing, stable, adaptable Soybean varieties in the target areas, to enhance accessibility of improved varieties for producers and to get farmers’ indigenous knowledge used in varietal selection for future soybean research. The result of the current study clearly showed a significant difference between the released 12 Soybean varieties for most agronomic traits obtained at both districts. Seed yield, disease resistance and Number of pods per plant were the dominant selection criteria used by the farmers at both districts. Accordingly, majority of farmers frequently selected Pawe-01 variety. In addition, farmers gave priority for Seed yield at both districts and secondly, they gave equal emphasis to Number of pods per plant, disease resistance and number of branch per plant at Mandura and plant height, seed per pod and disease resistance at Mambuk. General, development of high seed yielding with many pods per plant for Mandura and high yielding with medium plant height in line with disease resistance and medium maturing for Mambuk district can enhance farmers’ preference towards improved Soybean varieties.
Castor is an important oil crop and its oil is used in many industrial products as well as lubricant. Since Ethiopia is center of origin, there is a high diversity of the crop present in this country. This study was undertaken to identify the castor genotypes which can mature earlier to overcome moisture stress at dry areas of the country. There is a wide range of variability in the characterized genotypes and there is also correlation both positively and negatively affected days to maturity which is the main objective of this research. The result from this experiment showed promising results as there are several early maturing and high yielding genotypes was identified. Therefore, further selection should be continued to get best and early maturing as well as high yielder varieties.
Generation Mean Analysis of Some Agronomic Traits in HB42xSabini Barley CrossPremier Publishers
Genetic analysis is useful to generate information to design appropriate breeding methods. Thus, this study was conducted on barley using six generations of (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) in HB42 x Sabini cross with the objective of investigating the gene effects and its interactions gene effects controlling the characters studied. The six generations were evaluated in RCB design with three replications at Holetta during 2015 main cropping season. The analysis of variance showed there was significant difference among the means of the six generations. The scaling tests and generation mean analysis showed the presence of non-allelic interaction type of gene effects for all traits except spike length. Thu, the magnitude of (h +j +l), non-fixable gene effects were higher than (d + i), fixable gene effects which was confirmed by genetic variance component analysis for all the characters studied. Digenic epistatic model failed to explain variation for all characters revealing the presence of higher order interaction. Generally, the finding suggests the predominance of non-additive gene action including epistasis genes in characters studied making selection difficult. And further research may be required to better clarify the information especially for future malt barley breeding.
Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on yield and yield components of sesame ...Premier Publishers
The productivity of sesame crop is low due to poor agronomic practice and inappropriate use of fertilizers in Gode district. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted under irrigation in the demonstration farm of Gode Polytechnic College, in 2014. The objective was to observe the effect of five N rates (0, 23, 46, 69 and 92kg ha-1) and three sesame varieties (Adi, Barsan and Mehado-80) on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamumindicum L.). The experiment was designed according to randomized complete blocks in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and sesame varieties were highly significant (P<0.01) in relation to number of capsules per plant-1, thousand seed weight, aerial dry biomass weight, seed yield and harvest index. Barsan variety at 46 kg N ha-1 had significantly higher number of capsules plant-1 (46.07) and seed yield (2.08 t ha-1) and harvest index (0.24) than other interactions. Similar trend was observed in 1000 seed weight also except there was no significant difference with Mehado-80 variety at 69 kg N ha-1. Mehado-80 variety at 92 kg N ha-1 had highest aerial dry biomass yield which was statistically at par with Adi at 92 kg N ha-1 and Barsan from 46 to 92 kg N ha-1.Thus, according to the results of partial budget analysis, application of 46kg N ha-1 in Barsan variety was the best interaction than others in relation to yield and yield components of sesame under Gode conditions.
Genetic Analysis to Improve Grain Yield Potential and Associated Agronomic Tr...Galal Anis, PhD
Grain yield of rice is a complex trait consisting of several yield parameters. It is of
great necessary to reveal the genetic relationships between GY and its yield components. Therefore,
the correlation of agronomic traits contributed of grain yield will be a supplemental advantage in
providing the selection process. The objective of this study was to compare genetic variability and
relationships between nine rice genotypes and their F1 progenies in rice by assessment of heterosis,
yield advantage and correlation coefficient for grain yield improvement. A field experiment were
conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the growing seasons of
2012 and 2013 at Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Egypt. Heterosis and correlation
coefficient of various agro-morphological and yield traits were studied by using nine-parent diallel
mating design. The results showed that grain yield was highly significant positive heterosis over
standard heterosis and the highest value was 79.68 for the cross Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and the lowest
value was 32.86 for the cross Sakha 104 x HR5824-B-3-2-3. At the same time, fifteen crosses were
highly significant and positive heterosis over mid-parent, the highest cross was Giza 177 x Sakha
104 with value 32.74 and the lowest cross was Sakha 101 x Sakha 104 with value 19.56 for grain
yield. Significant positive correlation coefficients were observed between grain yield and each of
days to maturing, panicle initiation and number of primary branches panicle-1. Pay special attention
to the cross from Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and as well as Giza 177 x Sakha 104 was achieved the best
grain yield trait. These promising cross would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the
development of high yielding cultivars.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Werer, Ethiopia
Shammoro et al. 815
Globally, sesame is grown by more than 78 countries
across all habitable continents covering a total area of
about 11.3 million hectares with a global production of
about 6.9 million metric tons. The world largest volume of
sesame production is concentrated in India, Myanmar,
Tanzania, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, China and Ethiopia,
which contributing 51% of the world total sesame
production. Likewise, sesame cultivated by 29 countries in
Africa on a total land of 6.8 million hectare which a total
production of 3.4 million ton (FAOSTAT, 2017). According
to CSA (2017) the major sesame growing regions in
Ethiopia are Amhara, Tigray, Oromia and Benshungul
Gumze. Sesame productivity in Ethiopia is very low
(0.793ton ha-1) compared to the world average (2.0ton ha-
1). Low productivity of sesame in Ethiopia is constrained
by many factors such as indeterminate flowering nature,
shattering of capsules at maturity, insects, diseases,
weeds (grass family) and abiotic stresses like drought,
salinity and heat (Geremew et al., 2012).
However, future production of sesame in Ethiopia is very
promising due to its economic value and export potential.
In order to initiate appropriate breeding procedure for crop
improvement and developing genotypes with high
productivity, information on genetic variability and
association between yield and yield related characters is a
prerequisite (Kumar et al., 2010). The effectiveness of
selection for genetic improvement in yield and yield
contributing characters depends on genetic variability
present in gene pool and the extent of its heritability.
Different researchers have studied the genetic variability
of characters in sesame (Daniel and Parzies, 2011;
Yirgalem et al., 2012; and Gadisa et al., 2015). For
instance, Desawi et al. (2017) reported high phenotypic
and genotypic coefficients of variations for number of
capsule per plant and seed yield, moderate phenotypic
and genotypic coefficients of variations for plant height and
number of seed per capsule. In order to increase sesame
production and productivity in Ethiopia research efforts are
aimed to develop high yielding sesame varieties for
farmers. Under Ethiopian sesame improvement project,
large numbers of sesame genotypes were introduced by
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). Little is known
about traits in these sesame genotypes. Hence, the
present study was designed to estimate the level of
phenotypic and genotypic variability among sesame
genotypes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Site: A field experiment was carried out at
Werer Agricultural Research Center (WARC), which is
located at 90 2” N and 400 15” E in north eastern part of
Ethiopia with altitude of 740 meter above sea level.
Genetic Materials: Hundred sesame genotypes were
randomly taken and considered in this study. The genetic
material consists of one standard (Adi) and local check, 71
genotypes collected from major sesame growing regions
of Ethiopia and 27 introduced genotypes from FAO in
Table 1.
Experimental Design and Trial Management: The
experiment was conducted from 2017 to 2018 in two
cropping seasons, and laid out in 10 x 10 triple lattice
design with three replications. Each plot was 4 m long, and
1.2 m wide, which consisted of 3 rows with a spacing of 40
cm between rows and 0.4m between plots. Sowing was
done by hand drilling. Thinning was carried out after 21
days, and plant to plant distance was kept at 10 cm.
Data Collected: Data were collected for each
experimental unit by using IPGRI descriptor (IPGRI, 2004):
days to flower initiation, days to 50% flowering, capsule
filling period, days to maturity, 1000 seed weight (g),
biomass yield per hectare (ton), harvest index (%), seed
yield per hectare (kgha-1), Plant height (cm), length of
capsule bearing zone (cm), length of first capsule (cm),
capsule length (cm), capsule width (cm), capsule
thickness (cm), number of primary branches per plant,
number of capsules per main axis, number of capsules per
plant, number of seed per capsule, oil content (%) and
estimating the level of shattering resistance
Data Analysis: All the data were subjected to analysis
using SAS software 9.3 (SAS, 2014). The combined
analysis of variance (ANOVA) over two seasons was
carried out according to the model:
𝑃𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑠 = 𝜇 + 𝑔𝑖 + 𝑏𝑘(𝑗)(𝑠) + 𝑟𝑗(𝑆) + 𝑆𝑠 + (𝑔𝑠)𝑖𝑠 + 𝑒𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑠
Where, Pijks= phenotypic value of ith genotype under jth
replication at sth season and kth incomplete block within
replication j and season s; μ= grand mean; gi = the effect
of ith genotype; bk(j)(s) = the effect of incomplete blocks
within replication j and season s; rj(s) = the effect of
replication j within season s; Ss= the effect of season; (gs)is
= the interaction effects between genotypes and seasons;
and eijks = the residual error.
Estimation of Genetic Parameters
Phenotypic and genotypic variances and coefficients
of variation
Estimates of variance components were computed using
the formula suggested by Burton and De Vane (1953) as
follows.
1) Phenotypic variance (𝜎2
𝑝) = 𝜎2
𝑔 +
𝜎2 𝑔𝑆
𝑆
+
𝜎2 𝑒
𝑆𝑅
=
𝑀𝑆𝐺
𝑅𝑆
,
where =Phenotypic
variance, σ2g=Genotypic variance, =genotype by
season variance, = Environmental variance,
R=number of replication, S= number of season and
MSG=mean square of genotype
2) Genotypic variance (σ2g) = ,
where: σ2g = genotypic variance, MSG = mean square
of genotype, MSG x S = mean square genotype by
season, R= number of replication and S= number of
season.
3. Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Werer, Ethiopia
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 816
Table 1. Description of genetic materials
No Name of genotypes Origin Seed source No Name of genotypes Origin Seed source
1 Acc- 00019 ET WARC 51 EW - 020 (1)-sel-2 ET WARC
2 Acc- 00065 ET WARC 52 G - 03 – 1 ET WARC
3 Acc - 024 - sel- 1 ET WARC 53 Hihir Baker sel- 1 ET WARC
4 Acc - 024 sel- 3 ET WARC 54 Hirhir Adi Gosh sel-4 ET WARC
5 Acc- 044-sel-1 ET WARC 55 Hirhir humera sel- 6 ET WARC
6 Acc - 111 - 848 – 1 ET WARC 56 Hirhir Kebebew early sel-1 ET WARC
7 Acc - 202 – 363 ET WARC 57 K-74 X C22 (71-2)-3 ET WARC
8 Acc - 202 - 374 – 2 ET WARC 58 M - 80 # 402 – 2 ET WARC
9 Acc - 203 – 187 ET WARC 59 NN – 0021 ET WARC
10 Acc - 205 – 180 ET WARC 60 NN - 0029 (2) ET WARC
11 Acc - 205 – 344 ET WARC 61 NN - 0036 – 1 ET WARC
12 Acc - 205 - 374 – 1 ET WARC 62 NN – 0052 ET WARC
13 Acc - 205 - 374 – 2 ET WARC 63 NN – 0054 ET WARC
14 Acc - 211 – 015 ET WARC 64 NN - 0068 - 2 ET WARC
15 Acc - BG – 001 ET WARC 65 NN - 0108 – 2 ET WARC
16 Acc - BG - 001(3) ET WARC 66 NN - 0129-2 ET WARC
17 Acc - BG – 003 ET WARC 67 NN - 0183 – 3 ET WARC
18 Acc - BG – 009 ET WARC 68 NN - 088 – 2 ET WARC
19 Acc - EW – 006 ET WARC 69 Tejahir-2Late ginwuha-sel-1 ET WARC
20 Acc - EW - 009(5) ET WARC 70 Tejareb-2 Late gindwuha ET WARC
21 Acc - EW - 011(1) ET WARC 71 W – 118 ET WARC
22 Acc - EW - 012 (7) ET WARC 72 Acc - 203 - 336 – 2 FAO WARC
23 Acc - EW - 017(6) ET WARC 73 Acc - 203 - 336 - 4 FAO WARC
24 Acc - EW - 025(1) ET WARC 74 Acc - 203 – 612 FAO WARC
25 Acc - GA - 005(1) ET WARC 75 Acc - 203 - 623-sel-1 FAO WARC
26 Acc - No – 024 ET WARC 76 Acc - 203 – 630 FAO WARC
27 Acc - No – 044 ET WARC 77 Acc - 210 - 986 – 1 FAO WARC
28 Acc - No – 045 ET WARC 78 Acc - 210 - 991 – 4 FAO WARC
29 Acc - No – 049 ET WARC 79 BAR – 0004 FAO WARC
30 Acc - No – 05 ET WARC 80 BAR – 002 FAO WARC
31 Acc - No 04 + 06 + 07 ET WARC 81 Bering bowng FAO WARC
32 Acc - NS - 007(2) ET WARC 82 China FAO (ACC-68-542) FAO WARC
33 Acc - WW - 001 (4) ET WARC 83 Clusu - Acc- 2 FAO WARC
34 Acc - WW - 001(6) ET WARC 84 HB - 22 - FAM (1- 4) FAO WARC
35 Acc - WW - 003(4) ET WARC 85 HB - 38 FAM - 2 BAR Grey FAO WARC
36 Acc # 033 ET WARC 86 HB - 49 FAM - 2 – 2 FAO WARC
37 Acc -111- 524 – 1 ET WARC 87 JAPAN-651 FAO WARC
38 Acc -111- 821 ET WARC 88 SPS - SIK - # 811 FAO WARC
39 AW – 001 ET WARC 89 SSBS - (9 - 2) -3 FAO WARC
40 AW – 007 ET WARC 90 Tmax FAO WARC
41 BACKO-MW-42 ET WARC 91 Unknown - sel- 3 FAO WARC
42 Banja Gobate sel- 4 ET WARC 92 Unknown Nguara sel-9 FAO WARC
43 BCS - 001 (1) ET WARC 93 Unkown Kaja sel- 4 FAO WARC
44 BCS – 033 ET WARC 94 USR - 82 # 171 NS FAO WARC
45 Bounja – filwuha sel- 2 ET WARC 95 Venezuela – 1 FAO WARC
46 Bounja – filwuha sel- 6 ET WARC 96 Win black (Tall) – 2 FAO WARC
47 Bounja – filwuha sel- 8 ET WARC 97 X - 30/40 # 403 FAO WARC
48 Bounja - fiyel kolet sel- 4 ET WARC 98 Ying White – 2 FAO WARC
49 EW - 017(1) ET WARC 99 Local check Check WARC
50 EW - 017(5) x NS-001# 48 ET WARC 100 Adi Check WARC
WARC=Werer Agricultural Research center, ET=Ethiopia collection; FAO=Food and Agricultural Organization
4. Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Werer, Ethiopia
Shammoro et al. 817
3) Genotype x season interaction variance
(σ2gs) =(𝑀𝑆𝐺𝑥𝑆 − 𝑀𝑆𝐸/𝑅),
where: σ2gs= genotype by environment interaction
variance, MSGxS= genotype by environmental
interaction, MSE=mean square of error and R=number
of replications.
4) Environmental variance (mean square error)
(σ2e) = MSE
5) Phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were
estimated using the methods suggested by Singh and
Chaudhury (1985) as follows:
Phenotypic coefficients of variation (𝑃𝐶𝑉%) =
√𝜎2 𝑝
𝑋̅
𝑋 100
Genotypic coefficients of variation (𝐺𝐶𝑉%) =
√𝜎2 𝑔
𝑋̅
𝑋 100
where: σ2p = Phenotypic variation;
σ2g = Genotypic variation and =Grand mean of the
trait under consideration. Sivasubramaniam and Menon
(1973) classified PCV and GCV values greater than 20 %
as high, less than 10 % as low, and values between 10 %
and 20 % as moderate:
Broad Sense Heritability (h2
b): Heritability in broad
sense for all traits were calculated using the formula given
by Johnson et al. (1955) and classified as low (<30%),
medium (30-60%) and high (>60%):
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 (ℎ2
𝑏) =
𝜎2 𝑔
𝜎2 𝑝
𝑥 100, where: ℎ2
𝑏 = heritability
in broad sense, 𝜎2
𝑝 Phenotypic variance and σ2g =
Genotypic variance
Estimation of Genetic Advance: Anticipated genetic
advance for each character at 5 % selection intensity was
calculated using the procedure described by Allard (1999):
𝐺𝐴 =
𝑘+ 𝜎𝑝ℎ 𝑥 ℎ2 𝑏
100
where; GA= expected genetic advance, K= constant
selection differential
K =2.063 at 5% selection intensity, σph = phenotypic
standard deviation, = heritability. Genetic advance as
percent of mean (GAM) was calculated as described by
Johnson et al. (1955) and classified as low (<10 %),
moderate (10-20 %) and high (>20 %) :
𝐺𝐴 =
𝐺𝐴
𝑋̅
𝑥 100,
where: GAM = genetic advance as percent of mean, GA =
genetic advance under selection, = mean of the
population in which selection is effective.
Cluster Analysis: Clustering of genotypes in different sets
were carried out by average linkage clustering method.
The proper numbers of clusters were determined by
following the approach suggested by Copper and Milligan
(1988) by looking into three statistics namely Pseudo F,
Pseudo t2 and cubic clustering criteria. The points where
local peaks of the CCC and pseudo Fstatistic join with
small values of the pseudo-t2 statistic followed by a larger
pseudo-t2 for the next cluster fashion.
Genetic Divergence Analysis: A measure of a group
distance based on multiple traits was given by generalized
Mahalanobis D2 statistics (Mahalanobis, 1936) for
quantitative characters in matrix notation, the distance
between any two groups was estimated from the following
relationship:
D2ij = (Xi-Xj)S-1(Xi-Xj);
Where: D2ij = the squared distance between case i and j;
Xi and Xj = vectors of the values of cases ith and jth
genotypes; S-1 = the inverse of pooled variance covariance
matrix within groups. Testing the significance of the
squared distance values obtained for a pair of clusters was
taken as the calculated value of χ2 (chi-square) and tested
against the tabulated D2 values at p-1 degree of freedom
at 1% and 5% probability level, where P = number of
characters used for clustering genotypes (Singh and
Chaudhury, 1985).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Combined analysis of
variance across seasons for the different characters is
presented in Table 2. Mean square due to genotype
showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) for all traits,
indicating that presence of genotypic variation among the
tested sesame genotypes. This finding is in line with the
result of Yirgalem et al. (2012) who reported highly
significant differences among 81 sesame accessions for
days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, capsule filling
period, plant height, number of capsules per plant, number
of primary branches per plant, capsule length, number of
seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, harvest index,
biomass yield, oil content and seed yield per hectare. The
mean squares due to genotype x season interaction
effects were highly significant (P<0.01) for all traits except
capsule width and number of capsule per main axis. It
indicates differential performance of genotypes across
season (Mohammed et al., 2015).
Mean and Range of Yield and Major Yield related
Traits: The mean sesame seed yield ranged from 507 to
1391 Kgha-1 in Table 3. More than 50% of the genotypes
gave mean seed yield above the grand mean (975 kgha-1)
and 15% of the genotypes gave mean seed yield greater
than standard check Adi. There was a wide mean range
regarding seed yield among the genotypes. This may be
due to diverse source of materials differed in their genetic
makeup as well as influence of environments. These
findings are in agreement with Yirgalem et al. (2012). Oil
content widely ranged from 42 to 55%. Based on mean
performance, 9 % of the genotypes showed oil content
above the standard check, whereas 70% of the genotypes
were above the grand mean. Shattering ranged from 1.39
to 11.88. According to WARC (2012) pod shattering
resistance is classified as supper shattering <10%,
shattering 10 to 50%, non-shattering 50-80 %, and direct
5. Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Werer, Ethiopia
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 818
Table 2. Mean squares of combined analysis of variance for 20 traits of 100 sesame genotypes evaluated in 2017 and
2018 growing season
Traits MSG (Df =99) MSG x season (Df =99) MS. season (Df =1) MS. error (Df =369) CV (%)
DFI 20.104** 4.224** 337.500** 2.643 4.301
DF 51.060** 6.883** 4113.402** 2.711 3.826
$DCFP 25.156** 10.261** 165.375** 2.453 3.135
DM 309.912** 67.793** 20265.282** 26.059 4.855
PLH 1414.643** 486.548** 23826.602** 64.438 7.148
$LCBZ 58.412** 9.514** 3710.107** 3.099 3.609
LFC 0.089** 0.041** 0.002ns 0.027 6.716
CL 0.116** 0.041** 0.002ns 0.024 6.243
CW 0.007** 0.004ns 0.402** 0.003 7.206
CTK 0.004** 0.002** 0.002ns 0.001 6.928
#PBPP 0.074** 0.046** 0.954** 0.024 8.199
$CPMA 22.505** 3.830ns 1117.935** 3.243 6.680
$CPP 121.981** 24.303** 2009.340** 5.827 5.623
$SPC 31.235** 11.610** 58.907** 6.522 5.191
ISR 26.743** 1.824** 29.748** 0.548 16.434
BY 2.271** 1.202** 11.946** 0.253 9.801
$HI 39.622** 4.237** 581.544** 2.254 6.650
TSW 0.541** 0.086** 0.173** 0.031 5.198
OL 19.071** 4.675** 9.627* 2.102 2.876
YLD 227063.000** 30710.500** 188219.050** 9243.730 9.862
Df=degree of freedom, ns=non-significant, MS = mean square, G = genotypes, CV = coefficient of variation, *= Significant
at (p DFI = days to flower initation, DF= days to 50 % flowering, DCFP = days to
capsule filing period, DM = days to physiologically maturity, PLH = plant height(cm), LCBZ = length of capsule filing
zone(cm), LFC = length of first capsule(cm), CL = capsule length(cm), CW = capsule width (cm), CTK = capsule thickness
(cm), PBPP = primary branch per plant, CPMA = capsule per main axis, CPP = capsule per plant, SPC = seed per capsule,
ISR = percent of inverted shattering resistance (%),BY = biomass yield per hectare (ton), HI = harvest index (%), TSW =
1000 seed weight (g), OL = oil content (%) and YLD = yield kgha-1; $ = indicates characters based on arcsine transformed
data and, # = indicates characters based on square root transformed data.
combine >80 % and indehiscent accessions retained all
the seed. Based on this delineation 96 % of the genotypes
studied were grouped under supper shattering and 4% of
the genotypes were grouped under shattering type.
Similarly, Langham (2001) reported that sesame
accession collected from different countries of the world
were shattering types.
Estimates of Genetic Parameters
Estimates of variance components and coefficients of
variation: Estimates of phenotypic variance (σ2p),
genotypic variance (σ2g), phenotypic coefficients of
variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficients of variation
(GCV) are given in Tables 3. The phenotypic coefficient of
variation ranged from 3.54 % for oil content to 46.87% for
percent of shattering resistance. At the same time the
genotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 3.07 % for
oil content to 45.43 % for percent of shattering resistance.
Shattering resistance had high PCV and GCV values
(46.87, 45.4 %); whereas, plant height (13.67, 11.07 %),
harvest index (11.38, 10.8%) and seed yield per hectare
(19.95, 18.56 %) had moderate PCV and GCV values. This
indicates that phenotypic expression of the characters
would be a good indication of genetic potential, and the
diverse genotypes can provide materials for a sound
breeding program. These results are in agreement with
Gadisa et al. (2015).
Medium PCV and low GCV was recorded for number of
capsules per plant (10.50, 9.39 %) and biomass yield
(11.98, 8.22 %), indicating that these traits phenotypically
varies, but there is influence of the environment. Low PCV
and GCV values were recorded for days to flower initation,
days to 50 % flowering, days to capsule filling period, days
to maturity, primary branch per plant, length of capsule
bearing zone, length of first capsule, capsule length,
capsule width, capsule thickness, number capsule per
main axis, number of seed per capsule and oil content.
These low values indicate that the need for variability
either by hybridization or mutation strategies. This finding
is in line with Gadisa et al. (2015) who reported low PCV
and GCV values for days to 50 % flowering, days to
capsule filling period, days to maturity and oil content
6. Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Werer, Ethiopia
Shammoro et al. 819
Table 3. Estimates of ranges, mean, standard deviation (SD), phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of
variation, broad sense heritability (h2b), expected genetic advance (GA) and genetic advance as percent of the mean
(GAM) for 20 characters combined over the two seasons.
Traits Range Mean ±SD (%) σ2e σ2p σ2g PCV
(%)
GCV
(%)
h2b
(%)
GA GAM
(%)Min (%) Max (%)
DFI 33.759 43.881 37.8±1.63 2.6428 3.3507 2.6467 4.84 4.30 78.99 2.98 7.89
DF 38.549 53.673 43.0±1.65 2.7112 8.5101 7.3628 6.78 6.30 86.52 5.21 12.12
DCFP 46.3(52) 56.6(69) 50.0(58)±1.57 2.4534 4.1927 2.4827 4.10 3.15 59.21 2.50 5.01
DM 94.555 127.07 105±5.10 26.0587 51.6520 40.3531 6.84 6.04 78.12 11.58 11.03
PLH 84.099 152.08 112±8.03 64.4379 235.7738 154.6825 13.67 11.07 65.61 20.78 18.56
LCBZ 40.9(43) 56.8(68) 48.8(56)±1.76 3.0988 9.7353 8.1496 6.40 5.85 83.71 5.39 11.05
LFC 2.104 2.727 2.43±0.16 0.0265 0.0149 0.0081 5.02 3.71 54.50 0.14 5.76
CL 2.184 2.898 2.49±0.16 0.0241 0.0193 0.0124 5.58 4.47 64.42 0.18 7.23
CW 0.682 0.8487 0.76±0.05 0.0030 0.0012 0.0005 4.48 3.01 45.18 0.03 3.95
CTK 0.451 0.613 0.51±0.04 0.0013 0.0007 0.0004 5.24 3.93 56.23 0.03 5.88
PBPP 1.57(2) 2.26(5) 1.91(4)±0.16 0.0245 0.0124 0.0047 5.83 3.60 38.14 0.09 4.71
CPMA 22.0(15) 32.6(26) 27(20)±1.80 3.2426 3.7509 3.1126 7.19 6.54 82.98 3.32 12.30
CPP 32.524(28) 60.26(74) 42.95(46)±2.415.8273 20.3301 16.2796 10.50 9.39 80.08 7.45 17.35
SPC 42.99(48) 54.30(67) 49.19(57)±2.556.5222 5.2059 3.2708 4.64 3.67 62.83 2.96 6.01
ISR 1.3874 11.882 4.50±0.74 0.5480 4.4571 4.1531 46.87 45.24 93.18 4.06 90.10
BY 3.6192 6.7627 5.13±0.50 0.2532 0.3786 0.1783 11.98 8.22 47.10 0.60 11.64
HI 14.26(6) 29.323(24) 22.57(15)±1.502.2544 6.6037 5.8975 11.38 10.75 89.31 4.73 20.97
TSW 2.5612 4.0769 3.41±0.18 0.0314 0.0901 0.0758 8.80 8.07 84.10 0.52 15.27
OL 42.232 55.398 50.4±1.45 2.1015 3.1784 2.3992 3.54 3.07 75.48 2.78 5.51
YLD 506.92 1391 975±96.14 9243.73 37843.833 32725.41 19.95 18.56 86.47 347.1 35.60
() = represents non transformed data, DFI=days to flower initiation, DF= days to 50 % flowering, DCFP= days to capsule
filling period, DM=days to physiologically mature, PLH=plant height (cm), LCBZ=length of capsule filing zone (cm),
LFC=length of first capsule (cm), CL=capsule length (cm), CW=capsule width (cm), CTK=capsule thickness (cm), PBPP=
primary branch per plant, CPMA=capsule per main axis, CPP=capsule per plant, SPC=seed per capsule, ISR=percent of
inverted shattering resistance (%), BY=biomass yield per hectare (ton), HI=harvest index (%), TSW=1000 seed weight
(g), OL=oil content (%) and YLD=yield kgha-1
In this study, the PCV values was found to be greater than
its corresponding estimates of GCV for all traits, indicating
the involvement of the environment in the expression of
these traits; however, the difference between PCV and
GCV values were small for most of the studied characters
signifying minimal environmental effects on the characters
(Singh et al. 2000).
Estimates of Broad Sense Heritability (h2
b): Heritability
ranged from 38.14% for primary branch per plant to
93.18% for percentage of shattering resistance in Table 3.
The characters, days to flower initiation (78.99%), days to
50 % flowering (86.52%), maturity date (78.12%), plant
height (65.77%), length of capsule bearing zone (83.71%),
capsule length (64.42%), number of capsule per main axis
(82.98%), number of capsule per plant (80.08%), number
of seed per capsule (62.83%), percentage of shattering
resistance (93.18%), harvest index (89.31%), 1000 seed
weight (84.10%), oil content (75.48%) and seed yield per
hectare (86.47%) had high heritability. This indicates the
effect of genetic variation in the inheritance of the traits and
it gives an opportunity for sesame breeder to exploit their
traits by selecting on the bases of phenotypic
performance. This is because there would be a close
correspondence between the genotype and the phenotype
due to the relatively small contribution of the environment
to the phenotype. Prithviraj et al. (2015) obtained high
heritability for days to 50 % flowering, days to maturity,
plant height, number of capsules on main axis, number of
capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, seed
yield, 1000 seed weight and oil content.
Medium heritability was obtained for days to capsule filling
period (59.21%), length of first capsule (54.50%), capsule
width (45.18%), capsule thickness (56.23%), biomass
yield (47.10%) and primary branch per plant (35.48%).
Medium heritability implies great role of environment on
the expression of these characters. Prithviraj et al. (2015)
obtained medium heritability for length of first capsule,
capsule width and primary branch per plant.
Estimates of Genetic Advance: Estimates of genetic
gain for seed yield at 347.05 kgha-1 in Table 3 indicating
that whenever selecting the best 5% high yielding
genotypes as parents, mean seed yield of progenies could
be improved from 975 to 1322 kgha-1 over the base
population. Percent of shattering (90.10 %) had high GAM
followed by seed yield per hectare (35.60 %) and harvest
7. Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Werer, Ethiopia
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 820
index (20.97 %), whereas days to 50 % flowering (12.10
%), date of maturity (11.02 %), plant height (18.51 %),
length of capsule bearing zone (11.05 %), number of
capsule per main axis (12.30 %), number of capsule per
plant (17.35 %), biomass yield (11.64 %) and 1000 seed
weight (15.27 %) had moderate GAM(Table 3). This
implies the weak influence of environment in expression of
the characters.
According to Johnson et al. (1955) high heritability
estimates along with high GAM is usually more helpful in
predicting gain under selection than heritability estimates
alone. In this study, high heritability coupled with high
genetic advance as percent of mean was obtained for
percent of shattering resistance, harvest index and seed
yield, whereas high heritability coupled with moderate
GAM was obtained for days to 50 % flowering, date of
maturity, plant height, length of capsule bearing zone,
number of capsule per main axis, number of capsule per
plant and 1000 seed weight, signifying the greater role of
additive gene action for the inheritance of these character
and selection would be effective. This finding is in line with
Banerjee (2006) who obtained moderate to high estimates
of heritability accompanied by moderate to high GAM for
plant height, capsules per plant, seed yield and 1000 seed
weight. Gawali et al. (2007) evaluated 50 genotypes and
found high heritability coupled with high GAM in seed yield,
moderate heritability coupled with moderate GAM for
number of capsules per plant and 1000 seed weight.
Similarly, Parameshwarappa et al. (2009) evaluated 146
genotypes and obtained high heritability coupled with high
GAM for seed yield, whereas high heritability with
moderate GAM was obtained for days to 50 % flowering,
plant height and days to maturity.
Seed per capsule, days to flower initation, capsule length
and oil content had high heritability coupled with low GAM.
This implies prevalence of non-additive gene action and
simple selection will be less effective. Hence, heterosis
breeding or hybridization followed by repeated selection
(recurrent selection) would be recommended for the
improvement of such traits. Banerjee (2006) and
Padmavathi (2007) also reported high heritability together
with low GAM for oil content.
Traits with relatively medium heritability coupled with low
GAM include days to capsule filling period, length of first
capsule, width and thickness, primary branch and biomass
yield. For these traits breeder may not benefits from
selection as they were highly under the influence of
environment.
Multivariate Analysis
Cluster analysis: The D2 values based on the pooled
mean of genotypes resulted in classifying the 100 sesame
genotypes into seven clusters in Table 4. This showed that
the tested sesame genotypes were moderately divergent.
There was statistically approved difference between most
of the clusters.
Cluster III contained the maximum number of sesame
genotypes (28%), followed by cluster I (21%), cluster V
(15%), cluster IV (13%) and cluster II (12%). Among the
two checks, standard checks enter in to cluster IV and local
check in cluster III. Cluster VI and VII possessed 9% and
2% genotypes, respectively.
The introduced (exotic) genotypes were almost distributed
in all clusters except cluster VII, indicating that genotypes
from the same origin might have different genetic
background. Majority of Ethiopia genotypes appeared in
cluster I, cluster III and cluster VII. The overlapping of
clusters patterns with respect to genotypes could be
explained as lack of differentiation among the FAO and
Ethiopia genotypes, probably arising partly due to gene
flow. In general, genotypes from Ethiopia were relatively
more variable in their clustering pattern compared to those
from the FAO (Table 4). This indicated that due emphasis
must be given to the major sesame producing regions as
Ethiopia is the center of origin for sesame (Vavilov, 1926).
Genetic Distance (Genetic Divergence) Analysis: The
generalized divergence as measured by Mahalanobis D2
statistics showed genetic distance and significant variation
(p<0.01 and p<0.05) among the seven clusters in Table 5.
This study revealed that the genotypes included in this
study were moderately divergent. The chi-square test
showed highly significant differences among the clusters
except between clusters I and cluster II, cluster II and
cluster III; cluster I and cluster V; and cluster IV and VI.
The maximum squared inter cluster distance was found
between cluster VI and VII (D2 =1012) followed by IV and
VII (D2 =764.8), V and VI (D2 =507.4), and III and VII (D2 =
474). The minimum squared distance was found between
cluster II and cluster III (D2=21). Maximum genetic
recombination is expected from the parents selected from
divergent clusters. However, the selection of parents
should also consider the special advantages of each
cluster and each genotype within a cluster depending on
the definite purposes of hybridization as suggested by
Singh (1990) and Chahal and Gosal (2002). In addition,
Mohammed et al. (2015) suggested that hybridization
should be done between diverse genotypes to produce
promising breeding material. Not only the existence of
higher genetic diversity but also parents should express
the optimum level of the entire desired component traits for
accumulating yield, resilient to biotic and abiotic
environmental stresses and achieve quality concerning
required in the target area as suggested by Wallace and
Yan (1998). Therefore, maximum recombination and
segregation of progenies are expected from crosses
involving parents selected from cluster six and seven
followed by cluster four and seven, cluster five and six,
cluster three and seven.
8. Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Werer, Ethiopia
Shammoro et al. 821
Table 4. Distribution of the 100 sesame genotypes into different clusters at Werer.
Cluster
Number of
GenotypesProportion Name of genotypes
Cluster I 21 21 % Acc–00065, W–118, Acc-No 04 + 06 + 07, Ying White–2, Acc-No–05, Acc-EW–006,
Acc-BG– 001, NN–0054, AW–001, EW-017(1), Acc-WW-001(6), Acc-024-sel–1, Acc–
044, Acc-No–049,
BACKO-MW–42, China FAO (ACC- 68-542), Acc-203-336–2, HB-49 FAM-2–2, Acc-20–
630, Acc-210-991–4 and EW-17(5) x NS-001 # 48,
Cluster II 12 12 % Acc-211–015,Acc-EW-012(7),Acc-210-986–1,Acc-205–344,NN–0021,HB-38 FAM-2
BAR Grey,
Acc-WW-003(4),Acc-BG–003, Tejareb-2 Late gindwuha, Acc-No–024, HB-22-FAM (-4)
and
Acc-No-045
Cluster III 28 28 % Local check, NN-0068-2, Acc-BG–009, Acc-111-848–1, Acc-EW-017(6), Unknown
Nguara sel-9,
Acc-EW-025(1), BAR–002, NN-0029 (2), Unknown-sel–3, Acc-205–180, Acc-202-374–
2, BCS033, NN-0036–1, NN–0052, Bering bowng, NN-0108–2, EW-020(1), Hirhir Adi
Gosh sel-4, Acc– 00019,USR-82 # 171 NS, Hirhir Humera sel-6, Venzula–1, Acc-203–
187, M-80 # 402–2, Acc-BG001(3), Acc-024 sel–3 and K-74 X C22(71-2)-3
Cluster IV 13 13 % Adi, Banja Gobate sel–4, Bounja-filwuha sel–8, BCS-001 (1), Acc-203–612, Acc # 033,
Acc-205374–2, Tejahir-2 Late ginwuha-sel-1, Hirhir Kebebew early sel-1, Acc-EW-
009(5), Acc-203–623, Bounja-fiyel kolet sel–4 and Unkown Kaja sel- 4
Cluster V 15 15 % G-03–1, Bounja-filwuha sel–2, Bounja-filwuha sel–6, Win black (Tall)–2, SSBS-(9 -2)-3,
BA–0004,
Acc-111-821, AW–007, Acc-GA-005(1), Clusu-Acc–2, Acc-202–363, NN-0129-2,
JAPAN-651, Acc-NS-007(2) and Acc-WW-001 (4)
Cluster VI 9 9 % NN-088–2, Acc-EW-011(1), SPS-SIK- # 811, NN-0183–3, Tmax, Acc-203-336-4, X-
30/40 # 403, Acc-111-524–1 and Hirhir Baker sel–1
Cluster VII2 2 % Acc-205-374–1 and Acc-No–044
Table 5. Inter and Intra (bolded along diagonal) generalized distance (D2) among clusters
Cluster I II III IV V VI VII
I 3.1 21.5ns 69.0** 205.7** 21.2ns 343.3** 207.6**
II 4.2 21.0ns 109.4** 70.5** 213.3** 328.4**
III 2.5 42.8** 152.2** 111.9** 474.0**
IV 4.1 335.9** 25.9ns 764.8**
V 3.8 507.4** 121.4**
VI 4.8 1012.0**
VII 7.8
** = significant, X2 = 30.14 at 5% & 36.19 at 1% probability level, respectively, ns= non-significant and bold number
represent intra-cluster distance
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The progress of crop improvement program depends on
the choice of material, the extent of variability present and
the knowledge of inheritance of quantitative characters.
The present study comprises 100 sesame genotypes
revealed were significant genotypic difference for all the
characters. High heritability estimate coupled with high
genetic advance as a percentage of mean (GAM) were
recorded for shattering resistances, harvest index and
seed yield; this implies that the expression of the
characters governed by additive gene action. The D2
analysis classified the 100 genotypes into seven clusters,
which makes them to be moderately divergent. There was
statistically significant difference between most of the
clusters.
Harvest index, capsule per plant and capsule per main axis
as they showed medium genotypic coefficients of
variation, medium to high heritability, relatively better
GAM. These will be useful traits for selection to increase
seed yield in sesame. The present study was based on
morphological traits only. Hence, in supporting of
morphological data, the assessment of sesame genotypes
for molecular marker variation should be considered in the
future.
9. Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Genotypes at Werer, Ethiopia
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 822
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