Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Evaluating the performance of improved sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) ...Innspub Net
Field trials were conducted in the 2014 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Bayero University, Kano (11°58’N and 8°25’E) and Agricultural Research Station Farm, Minjibir (12°11’N and 8°32’E). The objective of the study wasto evaluate the performance of improved sweetpotato lines with a view to identify those that may be adaptable with high yielding potential in the study area.The treatments consisted of 16 sweetpotato advanced lines: Centennial, AYT/08/055, TIS8164, TIS87/0087, NRSP12/097, UMUSPO/2, UMOSPO/1, SOLOMON-1, EA/11/022, EA/11/025, EA/11/003, UM/11/015, NRSP/12/095, UM/11/001, UM/11/022, and a local check
(Kantayiidda). These were laid out in a Randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in number of roots per plant, number of marketable roots, number of pencil roots, flesh colour, root shape and root yield. Kantayiidda produced significantly (p<0.05) higher root yield (10315kg/Ha) than all other lines. Solomon-1, Umuspo/1, EA/11/022, UM/11/001 and TIS87/0087 were found to be promising among the advanced lines evaluated; thus could relatively compete with Kantayiidda local for adaptation and high root yield in the study area. Get full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Impacts of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Inoculation Configurations on...AI Publications
The main objective of this study is determine the responses of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L). Verdc.] to application methods of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria inoculant and time of sowing after inoculation in Agbani area of Enugu, South East Nigeria. Field trials were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources management, Enugu State University of Science and Technology in 2015 and 2016 planting season. The experiment was a 2 × 3 factorial trial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of two different rhizobacteria inoculant application methods (seed applied method and soil applied method) and three different periods of sowing after inoculation (0 min, 15 mins and 30 mins) in all possible combinations (six treatment The obtained results revealed that Bambara groundnut cultivated on soils fertilized with ten grams of rhizobacteria inoculant per planting hole significantly (p < 0.05) had highest vegetative growth, number of nodules per plant and yield traits in both planting season. The main effect of time of sowing indicated that plants sown 30 minutes after inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) gave the tallest plants and leaf area index per plant in 2015 and 2016 planting season than the other time regime. The interaction effect of rhizobacteria inoculant application methods and time of sowing after inoculation were observed to be significant (p < 0.05) in 2015 and 2016 planting season. The results showed that the plants on soil with combined use of soil applied method of inoculation treatment and 30 minutes after inocualtion before planting significantly (p < 0.05) had the highest vegetative growth, number of nodules per plant and yield parameters than the other interaction effect. The combined use of soil applied method of inoculation treatment and 30 minutes after inocualtion before planting is recommended for the cultivation of Bambara groundnut in Agbani Area South East Nigeria.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the variations in sixteen maize genotypes in relation to drought tolerance. The experimental set up was subjected to drought stress after five weeks of planting for three weeks before data on morphological and yield characters of maize genotypes were obtained for three cropping years. Plant height and grain yield of Bodija yellow maize were the highest overall. There was a significant difference among genotypes for drought stress resistance and Bodija yellow maize showed the most tolerance, while TZBR Comp 1 – C1 S2 510 genotype was the least. First principal component axis (Prin 1) had the highest contribution to the variation of the morphological, yield and drought tolerance traits. Prin 1 was highly related to the morphological and yield characters more than to the drought resistance. Plant height was negatively and strongly correlated (p<0.01) with stem height, number of leaves, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width and week after planting, but negatively correlated with the drought resistance. Therefore, Bodija yellow maize should be considered as parent material in breeding for the development of drought tolerant traits in maize.
Evaluating the performance of improved sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) ...Innspub Net
Field trials were conducted in the 2014 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of Bayero University, Kano (11°58’N and 8°25’E) and Agricultural Research Station Farm, Minjibir (12°11’N and 8°32’E). The objective of the study wasto evaluate the performance of improved sweetpotato lines with a view to identify those that may be adaptable with high yielding potential in the study area.The treatments consisted of 16 sweetpotato advanced lines: Centennial, AYT/08/055, TIS8164, TIS87/0087, NRSP12/097, UMUSPO/2, UMOSPO/1, SOLOMON-1, EA/11/022, EA/11/025, EA/11/003, UM/11/015, NRSP/12/095, UM/11/001, UM/11/022, and a local check
(Kantayiidda). These were laid out in a Randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Significant differences were observed in number of roots per plant, number of marketable roots, number of pencil roots, flesh colour, root shape and root yield. Kantayiidda produced significantly (p<0.05) higher root yield (10315kg/Ha) than all other lines. Solomon-1, Umuspo/1, EA/11/022, UM/11/001 and TIS87/0087 were found to be promising among the advanced lines evaluated; thus could relatively compete with Kantayiidda local for adaptation and high root yield in the study area. Get full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Impacts of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Inoculation Configurations on...AI Publications
The main objective of this study is determine the responses of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L). Verdc.] to application methods of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria inoculant and time of sowing after inoculation in Agbani area of Enugu, South East Nigeria. Field trials were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources management, Enugu State University of Science and Technology in 2015 and 2016 planting season. The experiment was a 2 × 3 factorial trial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of two different rhizobacteria inoculant application methods (seed applied method and soil applied method) and three different periods of sowing after inoculation (0 min, 15 mins and 30 mins) in all possible combinations (six treatment The obtained results revealed that Bambara groundnut cultivated on soils fertilized with ten grams of rhizobacteria inoculant per planting hole significantly (p < 0.05) had highest vegetative growth, number of nodules per plant and yield traits in both planting season. The main effect of time of sowing indicated that plants sown 30 minutes after inoculation significantly (p < 0.05) gave the tallest plants and leaf area index per plant in 2015 and 2016 planting season than the other time regime. The interaction effect of rhizobacteria inoculant application methods and time of sowing after inoculation were observed to be significant (p < 0.05) in 2015 and 2016 planting season. The results showed that the plants on soil with combined use of soil applied method of inoculation treatment and 30 minutes after inocualtion before planting significantly (p < 0.05) had the highest vegetative growth, number of nodules per plant and yield parameters than the other interaction effect. The combined use of soil applied method of inoculation treatment and 30 minutes after inocualtion before planting is recommended for the cultivation of Bambara groundnut in Agbani Area South East Nigeria.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Microclimate Modification Using Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Improves Tomato Yield & Quality for Small Holder Farmers in East Africa; Gardening Guidebook for East Africa ~ Egerton University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
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Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
Drought and nitrogen (N) tolerance quality protein maize (QPM) could serve as a succor for malnourishment in the Sub-Saharan Africa, and adoption should be intensified where resource poor farmers cannot afford N fertilizer and drought on maize at grain filling stage is frequent. This study compares the quality index, protein, tryptophan and lysine contents of normal extra-early drought-tolerant and their quality protein maize hybrids under sub-optimal and optimal soil N conditions. Four normal drought-tolerant and their respective QPM hybrids were planted under no (0 kg N ha-1), low (30 kg N ha-1) and optimal (90 kg N ha-1) fertilizations at Oke Oyi, Ilorin in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons. The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with the N rates as main plot and the eight cultivars as sub-plots. Each plot within N levels was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The normal cultivars outyielded the QPM versions across N rates with no significance difference. There is a linear increase in all protein qualities with increase in N rates among QPM, while normal maize counterparts had a linear decline with increase in N fertilization. The QPM cultivars also maintained their endosperm protein qualities across N rates. Across N environments, the grain quality characters, such as crude protein, tryptophan, and lysine contents in grain, showed a significant negative relationship with grain yields, which were relatively much stronger under low-N stress. 99TY, TYEEC4, 99TYQ and 20SYNEEWQ have viable traits that could be explored for the development of maize varieties with good grain yield and better protein qualities to improve protein availability in maize based diets and feed for large population of man and livestock.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame...Premier Publishers
The productivity of sesame in Ethiopia is below the world average due to lack of high yielding improved varieties. Understanding of genetic variability of characters becomes essential. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the
extent of genetic variation among yield and 19 yield components. One hundred sesame genotypes were evaluated in 10x10 triple lattice design at Werer during 2017 and 2018. The combined analysis of variance showed that the genotypes differed significantly. Higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for shattering resistance, whereas plant height, number of capsules per plant, harvest index and seed yield showed medium values. High heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance were observed for shattering resistance, plant height, capsule per plant, harvest
index and seed yield. The present study revealed that to increase sesame seed yield, the genotypes should possess a
greater number of capsules, shattering resistance and high harvest index, which known to be important yield contributing
characters and selection based on these characters would be most effective. The D2 analysis exhibited the group of
genotypes into seven clusters. Assessment of sesame genetic resources with molecular markers assisted breeding should be
considered in the future.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Productivity of Soybean on Different AgroecosystemsIJEABJ
This study aims to see the growth and productivity of soybeans in different agroecosystems. The study was conducted on paddy field located in Bumi Setia village, Seputih Mataram sub-district, Central Lampung district, and on dryland located in Mandah village, Natar sub-district, South Lampung district, Lampung Province, Indonesia, from April to July 2015. Soybean varieties grown at each location were Grobogan varieties. The variables observed were crop emergence, plant height at harvest, number of plant harvested, number of pods per plant, empty pods, weight of 100 grains, pod pests and productivity. Data were analyzed by t test. The results showed that soybean productivity in dryland was 64.25% lower than productivity in paddy fields. The low yield of soybean varieties of Grobogan in dryland was caused due to drought factor when forming and filling pods. This can be seen from the decrease of weight of 100 grains of soybean seed in dryland up to 51.82% than in paddy field. The status of Grobogan varieties soybean vigor may change from large seed to medium seed if the water requirement is not optimum during the growing season.
Genetic Variability for Grain Yield, Flowering and Ear Traits in Early and La...Premier Publishers
Field experiments were carried out to estimate genetic variation in full – sib families of a sweet corn population during the early and late sowing dates of 2012 at the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. Experiments were laid out as lattice but analysed using Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Families differed significantly (P < 0.01) for all the traits (days to anthesis, days to silking, anthesis – silking interval (ASI), ear traits of ears/plant, cob length, kernel rows/cob and kernels/row on cob and grain yield), indicating genetic variability for these traits. The Genotypic Coeffient of Variation (GCV), Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) and Genetic Advance (GA) were higher for ASI compared to days to anthesis and silking, but with similar range for the ear traits. Heritability was however moderate for ASI and high for days to anthesis and silking. The higher heritability and GA observed for most of the traits in the late sowing date is an indication that progress in selection will be faster during this date. Full-sib recurrent selection for grain yield via ear traits should therefore be used to improve the local sh2 sweet corn population in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Phenotypic variability and racial classification of landraces of sorghum (Sor...Innspub Net
A morpho-botanical analysis of 76 sorghum accessions collected from the department of Donga, the northwestern
part of Benin was carried out. An agro-morphological assessment of accessions was conducted based on 15
descriptors (10 quantitative traits and 5 qualitative traits). The experiment was laid at alpha lattice design with three repetitions. Four races (guinea, durra, caudatum and bicolor) were identified with high proportion of accessions of guinea race (86.84%) and low proportion of other races such as durra (5.26%), caudatum (2.63 %) and bicolor (1.32%). Kafir race was missed from the collection. The analysis of agro-morphological characters of accessions showed a significant phenotypic variability of sorghum local varieties kept and managed by farmers in Donga. The principal component analysis (PCA) performed on quantitative traits showed three axes accounted for nearly 70% of the total variation. The first axis represents plant height, diameter of third internodes, leaf length and leaf width of the third internodes; the second axis accounts for length of peduncle while the third one stands for the weight of 1,000 grains. On the basis of the quantitative and qualitative traits studied, ascending hierarchical classification according to Ward aggregation criteria differentiated four groups structured around key variables such as morpho-physiological characteristics of grains (color, size, degree of bitterness) and race. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Microclimate Modification Using Eco-Friendly Nets & Floating Row Covers Improves Tomato Yield & Quality for Small Holder Farmers in East Africa; Gardening Guidebook for East Africa ~ Egerton University~ For more information, Please see websites below:
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Nodulation, Growth and Yield Response of Five Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Wa...Premier Publishers
The experiment was carried out in the screen house of the Department of Crop, Soil & Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The experimental layout was a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial combination with 3 replications given a total of 90 treatments. Seeds of five cowpea varieties namely: IT98K-205-8, Ife Brown, Oloyin Brown, IT98K-573-2-1 and IT96D-610 were sown in Plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity and were perforated at the bottom to allow for drainage and filled with top soil. Watering regimes of (500ml, 700ml and 900ml) were imposed and water was applied twice a week while cowpea plants were inoculated with 5g each of Rhizobia strain (Mesorhizobia loti) at seedling stage. Control set was maintained without inoculation. The effect of watering regimes on legume species was significant on nodulation, growth and yield characters of cowpea varieties evaluated. The results revealed marked varietal differences in plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components. IT98K-573-2-1 and Oloyin Brown generally expressed superior performance in most measured parameters. Mesorhizobia inoculation significantly (p≤0.05) increased plant growth, nodulation, yield and yield components of cowpea. The interaction effect of variety, Mesorhizobia loti and watering regimes caused significant variations in the number of nodules, leaf area, number of seeds/pod and seed yield. The nitrogen and crude protein content in the leaf differed among the cowpea varieties evaluated. Application of mesorhizobium strain significantly increased seed yield of cowpea and caused substantial increase in nodulation and this subsequently affected the Nitrogen fixation potential of cowpea under varying soil moisture regimes.
Drought and nitrogen (N) tolerance quality protein maize (QPM) could serve as a succor for malnourishment in the Sub-Saharan Africa, and adoption should be intensified where resource poor farmers cannot afford N fertilizer and drought on maize at grain filling stage is frequent. This study compares the quality index, protein, tryptophan and lysine contents of normal extra-early drought-tolerant and their quality protein maize hybrids under sub-optimal and optimal soil N conditions. Four normal drought-tolerant and their respective QPM hybrids were planted under no (0 kg N ha-1), low (30 kg N ha-1) and optimal (90 kg N ha-1) fertilizations at Oke Oyi, Ilorin in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons. The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with the N rates as main plot and the eight cultivars as sub-plots. Each plot within N levels was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The normal cultivars outyielded the QPM versions across N rates with no significance difference. There is a linear increase in all protein qualities with increase in N rates among QPM, while normal maize counterparts had a linear decline with increase in N fertilization. The QPM cultivars also maintained their endosperm protein qualities across N rates. Across N environments, the grain quality characters, such as crude protein, tryptophan, and lysine contents in grain, showed a significant negative relationship with grain yields, which were relatively much stronger under low-N stress. 99TY, TYEEC4, 99TYQ and 20SYNEEWQ have viable traits that could be explored for the development of maize varieties with good grain yield and better protein qualities to improve protein availability in maize based diets and feed for large population of man and livestock.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Evaluation of rice genotypes for resistance to the stalk-eyed fly (Diopsis lo...Innspub Net
Globally, rice production is limited by abiotic and biotic factors. Of the insect pests attacking rice, the stalk-eyed fly is the most abundant. Major rice growing districts in Uganda are affected, and varieties grown by farmers are susceptible. The objective of this study was to identify sources of resistance to stalk-eyed flies among improved rice genotypes in Uganda. Fifty genotypes from the Africa Rice Centre, IRRI, South Korea and the National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI) in Uganda were screened under cage and field conditions at NaCRRI. Trials were laid out in an alpha lattice design, with 3 replications, for both experiments. Natural infestation (D. longicornis or D. apicalis) was used in the field while cage trials utilized artificial infestation with D. longicornis. Data on deadhearts were collected from seedling to tillering stages, at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Analyses of variance were performed using restricted maximum likelihood. Infestation levels for 31 (62%) rice genotypes were the same under both field and cage conditions, 4 (8%) genotypes showed higher susceptibility in the cage than in the field and 15 (30%) were more resistant in the cage than in the field. Genotypes NERICA 4, TXD306, NM7-22-11-B-P-1-1 and K85 were identified as the most resistant varieties. F3 genotypes (GSR IR1- 5-S14-S2-Y1 x K85, Gigante x NERICA4, NERICA4 x Gigante, NERICA1x NERICA4, NERICA4 x NERICA6, and NERICA4 x SUPA) were also found resistant. These genotypes were recommended for release and further advancement, respectively.
Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame...Premier Publishers
The productivity of sesame in Ethiopia is below the world average due to lack of high yielding improved varieties. Understanding of genetic variability of characters becomes essential. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the
extent of genetic variation among yield and 19 yield components. One hundred sesame genotypes were evaluated in 10x10 triple lattice design at Werer during 2017 and 2018. The combined analysis of variance showed that the genotypes differed significantly. Higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for shattering resistance, whereas plant height, number of capsules per plant, harvest index and seed yield showed medium values. High heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance were observed for shattering resistance, plant height, capsule per plant, harvest
index and seed yield. The present study revealed that to increase sesame seed yield, the genotypes should possess a
greater number of capsules, shattering resistance and high harvest index, which known to be important yield contributing
characters and selection based on these characters would be most effective. The D2 analysis exhibited the group of
genotypes into seven clusters. Assessment of sesame genetic resources with molecular markers assisted breeding should be
considered in the future.
Elucidation of cow tick Rhipicephalus microplus (formerly Boophilus microplus...Innspub Net
Ticks comprise one of the most significant groups of arthropods in terms of effects on animal health. They incapacitate the host by feeding on it. The cattle tick, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, is a cautiously serious external parasite affecting, primarily, cattle. These ticks are adapted to the advantages of specialising to feed on cattle and with all the feeding stages occurring on one individual host in a rapid sequence of reproduction. Cattle tick’s reproduction and life cycle occurs on body of only one host. This stage takes approximately 21 days, during which the tick changes from a minute larva to a nymph and finally an adult. With the use of a thin-tipped tweezers or forceps with a steady even pressure, ticks were removed straight upward from different body parts of cattle. Ticks were identified to the species level based on their morphologic features under a dissecting microscope and their genus and species were identified under the stereo microscope in the laboratory. Several parameters were taken as to with its life cycle. As observed, the period of tick’s life cycle varies due to some factors. This study aims to elucidate the reproduction process and life cycle of cattle ticks to serve as a guide in controlling and managing these parasitic creatures. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Productivity of Soybean on Different AgroecosystemsIJEABJ
This study aims to see the growth and productivity of soybeans in different agroecosystems. The study was conducted on paddy field located in Bumi Setia village, Seputih Mataram sub-district, Central Lampung district, and on dryland located in Mandah village, Natar sub-district, South Lampung district, Lampung Province, Indonesia, from April to July 2015. Soybean varieties grown at each location were Grobogan varieties. The variables observed were crop emergence, plant height at harvest, number of plant harvested, number of pods per plant, empty pods, weight of 100 grains, pod pests and productivity. Data were analyzed by t test. The results showed that soybean productivity in dryland was 64.25% lower than productivity in paddy fields. The low yield of soybean varieties of Grobogan in dryland was caused due to drought factor when forming and filling pods. This can be seen from the decrease of weight of 100 grains of soybean seed in dryland up to 51.82% than in paddy field. The status of Grobogan varieties soybean vigor may change from large seed to medium seed if the water requirement is not optimum during the growing season.
Genetic Variability for Grain Yield, Flowering and Ear Traits in Early and La...Premier Publishers
Field experiments were carried out to estimate genetic variation in full – sib families of a sweet corn population during the early and late sowing dates of 2012 at the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria. Experiments were laid out as lattice but analysed using Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Families differed significantly (P < 0.01) for all the traits (days to anthesis, days to silking, anthesis – silking interval (ASI), ear traits of ears/plant, cob length, kernel rows/cob and kernels/row on cob and grain yield), indicating genetic variability for these traits. The Genotypic Coeffient of Variation (GCV), Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) and Genetic Advance (GA) were higher for ASI compared to days to anthesis and silking, but with similar range for the ear traits. Heritability was however moderate for ASI and high for days to anthesis and silking. The higher heritability and GA observed for most of the traits in the late sowing date is an indication that progress in selection will be faster during this date. Full-sib recurrent selection for grain yield via ear traits should therefore be used to improve the local sh2 sweet corn population in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.
Evaluation of Different Growing Substrates on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under ...Innspub Net
Hydroponic technology has many benefits that it is highly productive and conserves water and land most especially if natural resources are scarce. Normally, plants grow inside a greenhouse that controls temperature, light, water and nutrition. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of different growing substrates on lettuce under a non-circulating hydroponics system. It was conducted at Cagayan State University – Piat Campus from September to October 2019. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications was used to test the following treatments: T1 – Rockwool, T2– Coco peat, T3 – Carbonized Rice Hull (CRH) and T4 – Sawdust. Results show that plants under coco coir (T2)–obtained the tallest and longest roots while the most number of leaves and heaviest fresh biomass was registered in rock wool (T1). In terms of water pH, the result revealed no significant differences among treatment means. In the absence of rock wool, the coco coir can be used as an alternative as growing substrates for a non-circulating hydroponics system since they did not differ significantly.
Phenotypic variability and racial classification of landraces of sorghum (Sor...Innspub Net
A morpho-botanical analysis of 76 sorghum accessions collected from the department of Donga, the northwestern
part of Benin was carried out. An agro-morphological assessment of accessions was conducted based on 15
descriptors (10 quantitative traits and 5 qualitative traits). The experiment was laid at alpha lattice design with three repetitions. Four races (guinea, durra, caudatum and bicolor) were identified with high proportion of accessions of guinea race (86.84%) and low proportion of other races such as durra (5.26%), caudatum (2.63 %) and bicolor (1.32%). Kafir race was missed from the collection. The analysis of agro-morphological characters of accessions showed a significant phenotypic variability of sorghum local varieties kept and managed by farmers in Donga. The principal component analysis (PCA) performed on quantitative traits showed three axes accounted for nearly 70% of the total variation. The first axis represents plant height, diameter of third internodes, leaf length and leaf width of the third internodes; the second axis accounts for length of peduncle while the third one stands for the weight of 1,000 grains. On the basis of the quantitative and qualitative traits studied, ascending hierarchical classification according to Ward aggregation criteria differentiated four groups structured around key variables such as morpho-physiological characteristics of grains (color, size, degree of bitterness) and race. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Evaluation of Improved Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L) Varieties for Adaptation ...Premier Publishers
This study was carried out to evaluate and identify adapted improved cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) (Fabaceae) varieties in southern tigray lowlands of Ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted during the 2016 and 2017 main cropping seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate three improved cowpea varieties for yield and yield related traits under rain-fed conditions at Mekoni Agricultural Research Center site and Kara Adisheho farmer’s field. Analysis of variance showed that all the traits measured were statistically significant at 5% level of probability except plant height. The earliest days to 90% maturity (79 days) were observed for the variety Kenkety, whereas the longest was recorded by bole variety (89.6 days). Similarly, Kenkety variety filled their seeds in a short period of time (25 days) compared to Assebot and Bole varieties (29; 32 days). The highest pooled mean grain yield was obtained from Kenkety variety (1958 kgha-1), while Assebot and Bole had the lowest yield of 1656 and 1481 kgha-1 respectively. When we see variety × location wise mean, still Kenkety variety outsmarts in both locations over the varieties and Kara Adisheho were suitable for cowpea production with (2128 kgha-1) grain yield. Taken as a whole, Kenkety variety over weights Assebot and Bole varieties especially for the two main traits of earliness and yield performance. Thus, Kenkety was promising variety for demonstration and scaling up activities in the agro ecology.
Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.
Growth and Yield Response of Bread Wheat Variety Grown Under Varying Seed Rat...Premier Publishers
Wheat is among the most important staple crop globally. However, constrained by appropriate agronomic practices. Therefore, the information on the interaction effect of seed rate and weeding period is useful to identify the effective time of weeding for high yield of wheat. Thus, the present study conducted at Amuru district of Horro Guduru Zone, Ethiopia in 2019 cropping season with the aim of identifying optimum seed rate and appropriate time of weeding to improve production and productivity of bread in the area. The experiment was laid down in randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatment was arranged in factorial combinations of four weeding intervals (farmer practice, weeding at two weeks after emergence, three weeks after emergence and four weeks after emergence) and three levels of seed rate (125 kg, 150 kg and 175 kg-1).The result showed that days to 50% heading, days to maturity and effective tillers per plant were highly significantly (p<0.01) affected by the interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate. Moreover, interaction effect of weeding time and seed rate was significantly (p<0.01) affected the weed above ground dry biomass. Guizotia scabra (22.47%) with population density (370), Phalaris paradoxa (22.10%) with population (364), Plantago lanceolata (18.58%) with population density (306), and Bidens piloso L. (8.74%) were the dominant weed species competing with wheat in the study area. Minimum relative weed density (26.6%) weed dry biomass (1.7gm) and maximum weed control efficiency (98.08%) was recorded at weeding four weeks after emergence and 175kgha-1seed rate. Thus, the finding suggest grain yield was increased (52.3%) when weeding four weeks after emergence over farmers practice and 13.75% at 175kg seed rate.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Development of drought-tolerant maize varieties with high and stable yields is very imperative as being affordable alternative to
many smallholder farmers. Drought-tolerant maize varieties belonging to two maturity groups (10 early and 10 late/intermediate) were evaluated
for yield and other related characters in the southern guinea savannah (SGS) of Nigeria for two years. Days to flowering were higher in
the second year than the first year. Consistent number of days (3 days) was recorded for anthesis-silking interval in both years. Plant and
ear heights are greater in 2008 than 2007. However, plant and ear aspects were fair in overall phenotypic appeal and grain yield was not
significantly difference in both years. Maize grain yield in late/intermediate varieties is significantly higher than the early with a difference of
one tonne. High grain yield recorded in two varieties each among the early (AC 90 POOL 16 DT STR and TZE-Y DT STR C4) and late/
intermediate (DT-SR-WC0 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN) varieties was approximately 4.6 t/ha. These genotypes could be used either as cultivar
per se to escape the prolonged moisture stress during the later part of the cropping season or introgressed with favourable cultivars for high
yield adaptable to drought-prone areas in SGS ecologies.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
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Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
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A comparative study on the response of six maize hybrids: two
hybrids each from the 1980s (8321-21 and 8425-8), 1990s (9801-11 and 9803-2)
and 2000s (0103-11 and 0103-15) to sub-optimal and optimal nitrogen fertilization
was conducted in Oke-Oyi, Nigeria. The trials were set up in a split plot with three
nitrogen levels (0, 30 and 90 kg N ha-1) as a main plot and six hybrids as sub-plots.
Significant interactions were observed between hybrid and N level for all
characters, with increasing in variation as the level of N decreased. Mean grain
yield reductions across eras were 73.8% at no-N and 32.6% at low-N, and those of
optimal-N fertilization were 34.3% and 15.7% for 1980s and 1990s genotypes
respectively. Depending on N treatment, grain yield varied from 0.67 to 4.89 t ha-1.
Kernel number was most severely reduced by N stress, but had positive and highly
significant (p≤0.01) correlation with grain yield at all N levels. Genetic gains in
grain yield were 42% (between 1980 and 2000 eras) and 9% (between 1990 and
2000 eras) under optimal-N fertilization. The two modern hybrids of 2000 era
(0103-11 and 0103-15) were outstanding for all the agronomic traits and leaf
chlorophyll concentration at all N levels. Improving traits associated with fertilizer
N response could accelerate rate of genetic gains in maize yields.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
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Variation in grain yield and other agronomic traits in soybean
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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Variation in Grain Yield and Other Agronomic Traits in Soybean
Evaluated at Makurdi (Southern Guinea Savanna Ecology),
Nigeria.
G.O.S. Ojo1
*, A. Odoba2
and T. Anule1
1
Department of Crop Production, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria.
2
National Cereals Research Institute, Badegi, Nigeria.
*E-mail of corresponding author: gosojo2001@yahoo.com
Abstract
Twenty five varieties of soybean were evaluated in Makurdi (southern Guinea Savanna ecology), Nigeria, with
the objective of identifying high yielding genotypes that could replace the popularly grown variety (TGX 1448 –
2E). Highly significant genotypic differences were observed for all the characters (days to flowering, days to
podding, days to maturity, plant height, height of lowest pod, number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight, haulm
yield and grain yield) studied. Seven varieties, namely TGX1990-98F, TGX1991-10F, TGX1990-86F, UG5,
TGX1485-1D, TGX1990-48F and TGX1990-80F yielded higher than TGX 1448 – 2E and were identified as
possible candidates for the replacement of TGX 1448 – 2E in Makurdi. Further studies on the evaluation of these
seven varieties across more locations within the southern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria are required prior
to location specific selection and recommendation.
Keywords: southern Guinea Savanna, genotype, variety, yield, soybean.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Soybean is one of the most important World crops with higher protein content than any other pulse crop and
currently the world’s most important source of vegetable oil that is a rich source of vitamin E in human nutrition
(Giller and Dashiell, 2007). It therefore serves as a cheap source of protein in meeting human dietary
requirement in poor countries of the World, such as Nigeria. The crop is also very important in animal nutrition
and virtually every part of the plant is fed to livestock. Apart from its direct use by man and livestock, soybean is
used in the manufacture of various products in the confectionery, pharmaceutical and printing industries.
Soybean is widely cultivated in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world (Giller and Dashiell,
2007) with a steady worldwide annual increase in production (Liu, 1997) aimed at reducing the demand-supply
deficit. Despite this global effort, Nigeria has a very low annual production of 439,000t/ha, accounting for only
0.25% of the world annual output of 173 million tons between 1999 and 2003 (FAO, 2005). This low annual
production output of soybean grains in Nigeria could be attributed to small area of land devoted to the cultivation
of the crop and low yield of 0.946t/ha (Tefera, 2011). While the problem of small area of land devoted to the
crop could be solved by simply increasing the hectarage, the problem of low yield could only be resolved
through concerted breeding effort.
The International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) has a global mandate to improve soybeans
productivity and use (Dashiell et al., 1991; Tefera et al., 2009) and has recently developed some varieties of
soybean that need to be evaluated. The identification of high yielding varieties from such breeding effort will
obviate the problem of low yield and enhance the income of soybean farmers. The bulk soybean produced in
Nigeria is from the southern Guinea Savanna ecology of the country (Okpara and Ibiam, 2000; Chiezey et al.,
2001) where commercial production is concentrated (Ojo and Ayuba, 2012). Encouraging results from previous
evaluation of IITA developed varieties (Akande et al., 2007; Aduloju et al., 2009), indicate the suitability of
southern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria for the production of soybean and have identified some higher
yielding genotypes (Akande et al., 2007) compared to the popularly grown TGX 1448 – 2E (Ojo and Bello,
2010). This indicates that the recently developed varieties are likely to perform better than the previously
developed versions.
The objective of this research work was to evaluate some recently developed varieties of soybean towards
identifying high yielding varieties that could replace TGX 1448 – 2E in the southern Guinea Savanna ecology of
Nigeria.
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Experimental Site
The experiment was carried out during the 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons between the months of June and
November at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi (lat. 70
41’
N, long. 80
28’
E, 97m asl.) .The location falls within the southern Guinea Savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria.
2.2 Soybean Genotypes
Twenty five (25) varieties (21 recently developed and 4 previously developed varieties) were evaluated in the
course of the research. The previously developed varieties include TGX 1835 – 10E, TGX 1448-2E (late
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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maturing and moderately resistant to rust), TGX 1485-1D (early maturing and highly susceptible to rust)
(Twizeyimana et al., 2011) and UG 5 (a highly rust resistant accession (Kawuki et al., 2003) with unknown
pedigree (Twizeyimana et al., 2011)). The variety TGX 1448-2E is the most popular variety currently in
production in the southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria (Ojo and Bello, 2010).
2.3 Experimental Layout
Twenty five varieties of soybean were planted out in a randomized complete block design with four replications
on 30th
June 2011 and 2nd
July, 2012 respectively. The size of each plot was 12m2
. Each plot consisted of 4
ridges of 4m length, spaced 0.75m apart. Seeds were drilled into the crest of the ridges at a depth of 2cm and
later thinned down to 26 plants per meter after emergence. The field was manually weeded at two (2WAP) and
five weeks after planting (5 WAP). Only single superphosphate fertilizer (SSP) was applied at the rate of 36kg
P2O5/ha immediately after the first weeding at 2 WAP. Harvesting was carried out in November of each year.
2.4 Data Recording and Analysis
The following observations were recorded during the conduct of the experiment:
(i) Days to flowering, recorded at flowering of 50% of plants within a plot
(ii) Days to 50% podding, recorded at podding of 50% of plants within a plot
(iii) Days to maturity: recorded at the time 50% of the plants within a plot senesced and turned brown
(iv) Height of lowest pod, from the mean of ten randomly selected plants in each plot
(v) Plant height at maturity, from the mean of ten randomly selected plants in each plot
(vi) Number of pods per plant, determined from the mean of five randomly selected plants in each plot.
(vii) 100-seed weight, determined from the mean of duplicate 100 seed-weights taken from seed lot of
each plot
(viii) Haulm yield in tons/ha, estimated from haulm yield/plot
(ix) Grain yield in tons/ha, estimated from grain yield per plot
(x) Rust incidence
(xi) Rust severity using a five – point scale of 1 = No visible symptom; 3 = Lesion on < 20% leaf area
or total plants infected; 5 = Lesion on 21 – 40% leaf area or total plants infected; 7 = Lesion on 41
– 70% leaf area or total plants infected; 9 = Lesion on over 71% leaf area or total plants infected.
Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance procedures using the General Linear Model of SAS (2007) while
SPSS version 7 was used to correlate genotypic means of phenotypic traits.
3.0 RESULTS
Data analysis precluded rust rating for incidence and severity because no natural development of symptom for
rust infection was observed in the course of evaluation. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) and highly significant (P ≤ 0.01)
differences in years were observed for days to flowering, days to podding, days to maturity, height of lowest pod
and plant height at maturity (Table 1). The data were however combined for analysis due to non significance of
genotype X year interaction. Highly significant difference in genotypes was observed for all the traits measured
(days to flowering, days to podding, days to maturity, height at lowest pod, plant height at maturity, number of
pods/plant, haulm yield, 100 seed weight and grain yield).
Days to flowering ranged from 46.5 days for UG5 to 50.0 days for TGX1990-78F with an overall mean of 47.8
days and coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.4% (Table 2). The variety UG5 was also the earliest in days to
podding (53.0 days) and days to maturity (89.5 days) while TGX 1990-100F recorded the longest number of
days to podding (66.5 days) and maturity (112 days). A CV of 2.1% and 3.2% were observed for days to
podding and maturity respectively.
Height of the lowest pod ranged from 5.25cm for TGX 1990-77F to 14.65cm for TGX 1991-5F with an overall
mean of 8.42cm and a CV of 7.4%. The variety TGX1991-5F was tallest with a height of 58.95cm while
TGX1990-72F was the shortest with a height of 38.73cm. Grand mean for plant height was 50.43cm with a CV
of 3.4%.
Number of pods per plant was highest in TGX 1990-80F (147.1pods/plant) while TGX1990-86F recorded the
least number of 42.7pods/plant. The grand mean for pods/plant was 82.4 with a CV of 5.0%. Haulm yield was
highest in the variety TGX1990-98F (4.42t/ha) and lowest in TGX1990-100F (1.18t/ha). Mean haulm yield was
2.4t/ha with the highest CV of 23.3%. The 100 seed weight ranged from 12.35g for TGX1991-1F to 18.35g for
UG5 with a grand mean of 15.32g and a CV of 12.9% respectively. The variety TGX1990-98F recorded the
highest grain yield of 3.99t/ha, while TGX1990-79F recorded the lowest yield of 2.10t/ha. The grand mean for
grain yield was 3.099t/ha with a CV of 16.7%.
A positive and highly significant correlation was observed among the three maturity group traits of days to
flowering, days to podding and days to maturity (Table 3). No significant correlation was observed between any
of these maturity group trait and other traits. Similarly, no significant correlation was observed between the
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height traits (plant height and height of the lowest pod) and any other trait. The grain yield was however highly
significantly correlated with number of pods/plant (0.816) and haulm yield (0.629) while a significant correlation
(0.487) was observed between number of pods/plant and haulm yield.
4.0 DISCUSSION
The highly significant difference in variety observed for grain yield and all the other traits is an indication that
the studied population is genetically diverse for all the traits studied. This observation is consistent with the
findings of Aduloju et al (2009) for the southern Guinea savanna and Ojo et al (2010) for the rain forest
ecologies of Nigeria. Thus the varieties evaluated lend themselves to possible selection for production within the
southern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria.
The plant height observed in the current work is consistent with the range previously reported by aduloju et al.
(2009) for the southern Guinea Savanna ecology. It however exceeded the range reported by Akande et al.
(2007) and Ojo et al. (2010) for the southern Guinea Savanna and the rain forest ecologies respectively. The
number of pods/plant and the grain yield observed in the current work, far exceeded the upper limit reported in
the previous studies (Akande et al., 2007; Aduloju et al., 2009; Ojo et al., 2010). These inconsistencies could be
attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. Most of the genotypes used in the current work are recently
developed varieties and are therefore expected to be superior in performance compared to previously developed
varieties in earlier evaluations (Akande et al., 2007; Aduloju et al., 2009; Ojo et al., 2010). Environmental
factors arising from location specific differences in terms of disease prevalence, amount of rainfall and
distribution, solar radiation and soil type could have favoured a better performance of soybean in Makurdi,
compared to other locations in the southern Guinea Savanna and the humid rain forest ecologies of Nigeria. For
example, while mild symptoms of rust disease was observed in previous studies (Akande et al., 2007), no
incidence of rust was observed in the current work. Moreover, the low grain yield observed in the previous
(Akande et al., 2007) compared to the present could be due to non application of fertilizer in the previous work.
The highest CV of 12.9%, 23.3% and 16.7% observed for number of pods/plant, haulm yield and grain yield
respectively, is an indication that a faster progress in selection will be achieved by concentrating on these three
traits. The highest (highly significant) correlation observed between grain yield and the two yield components of
number of pods/plant and haulm yield is an indication that they contributed most to grain yield. It is also an
indication that these two traits (number of pods/plant and haulm yield) could be simultaneously improved with
grain yield in a selection programme.
Seven (7) varieties namely TGX1990-98F, TGX1991-10F, TGX1990-86F, UG5, TGX1485-1D, TGX1990-48F
and TGX1990-80F yielded higher than the popularly grown variety (TGX1448-2E). These varieties are therefore
possible candidates for replacement of the TGX1448-2E in the Makurdi environment. Further studies on the
evaluation of these seven varieties across more locations within the southern Guinea Savanna ecology of Nigeria
are required prior to location specific selection and recommendation within the ecology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is hereby acknowledged for providing seeds for the
experiment. The authors also acknowledge the constant field visit of Mr. B. I. Richard of the Department of Crop
and Environmental Protection towards observation of visible symptoms of rust.
REFERENCES
Aduloju, M.O., Mahamood, J. and Abayomi Y.A. (2009). Evaluation of soybean [Glycine max(L) Merrill]
genotypes for adaptability to a southern Guinea savanna environment with and without P fertilizer application in
north central Nigeria. African Jounal of Agricultural Research 4 (6): 556-563.
Akande, S.R., Owolade, O.F. and Ayanwole, J.A. (2007). Field evaluation of soybean varieties at Ilorin in the
southern guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria. African Jounal of Agricultural Research 2 (8): 356-359
Chiezey, U.F. (2001). Pod abortion and grain yield of soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) as influenced by
nitrogen and phosphorous nutrition in the northern Guinea savanna zone of Nigerian Tropical Oilseeds Journal
6:1-10.
Dashiell, K.E., Jackai, L.E.N., Hartman, G.L., Ogundipe, H.O. and Asafo-Adjei, B. (1991). Soybean germplasm
diversity, uses and prospects for crop improvement in Africa. p. 203–212. In F. Attere et al. (ed.) Crop Genetic
Resources of Africa, Vol. 2. IBPGR, IITA, and UNE, Rome,Italy.
F.A.O. (2005). Statistics Agriculture Data 2005.
Giller, K.E. and Dashiell, K.E. (2007). Glycine max (L.) Merrill. In: van der Vossen HAM and Mkamilo GS
(Eds.) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 14. Vegetable Oils. PROTA Foundation, Wagenigen.
Netherlands/Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands/CTA, Wagenigen, Netherlands. pp 74 – 78.
Kawuki, E., Adipala, E. and Tukamuhabwa, P. (2003). Yield loss associated with soybean rust (Phakopsora
pachyrhizi Syd.) in Uganda. Journal of Phytopathology 151:7–12.
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Liu, K. (1997). Soybeans: chemistry, technology, and utilization. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers Inc.
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Table 1: Mean squares for grain yield and other agronomic traits in soybean
Source
of
variation
df Days to
flowerin
g
Days to
podding
Days to
maturity
Height
of lowest
pod
Plant
height at
harvest
Number of
pods/plant
Haulm
yield(t/ha
)
100 seed
weight(g
)
Grain
yield(t/ha
)
Years 1 32.4000*
*
50.4870**
78.9926**
2.1243**
18.4414*
260.1142 0.4454 2.5467 0.6110
Reps(years
)
6 0.5103 1.5549 4.9738 0.7123 4.6452 41.8624 0.1644 1.0492 0.0755
Genotypes 24 36.2592*
*
225.1970*
*
540.338*
*
1.6954*
*
31.6450*
*
940.3661*
*
1.1121**
8.6618**
1.3456**
Genotypes
X
Years
24 0.0676 3.4261 5.6811 0.0214 4.8164 23.3110 0.4110 0.6218 0.2551
Error 14
4
0.4562 1.5832 11.1146 0.3922 2.8780 17.2986 0.3124 3.9164 0.2683
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Table 3: Phenotypic correlation of genotypic means for grain yield and other agronomic traits in soybean
Trait
Days to
podding
Days to
maturity
Height of
lowest pods
Plant height
at harvest
(cm)
Number of
pods/plant
Haulm
yield (t/ha)
100 seed
weight (g)
Grain yield
(t/ha)
Days to
flowering
0.638** 0.536** - 0.231 0.110 0.144 - 0.207 0.030 - 0.063
Days to
podding
0.806** - 0.157 0.060 0.273 - 0.268 - 0.058 - 0.144
Days to
maturity
-0.159 0.149 0.067 -0.272 -0.060 -0.307
Height of
lowest pod
0.187 -0.261 -0.064 0.341 -0.155
Plant height
at harvest
0.177 -0.134 0.178 -0.023
Number of
pods/plant
0.487* 0.007 0.816**
Haulm yield 0.157 0.629**
100 seed
weight
-0.030
Grain yield
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