This document discusses solid waste and its management. It defines different types of solid waste like municipal waste, hazardous waste, and biomedical waste. It describes the various sources of solid waste and the effects it can have on health and the environment if not properly managed. The document outlines approaches to solid waste management like reducing, reusing, recycling, and disposing of waste safely. It discusses methods of collection, processing, and disposal of solid waste including landfilling, incineration, composting, and recycling. Proper waste management is important for sustainability and environmental protection.
Municipal solid waste management is challenging due to increasing waste quantities. Proper management is needed to reduce health and environmental impacts. The 4R approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse helps minimize waste. Common waste types include household, industrial, medical, and construction debris. Management methods include collection, disposal through landfills or incineration, composting organic materials, and recycling reusable items. Public awareness and private sector involvement are recommended to improve solid waste management systems.
Proper waste management and compliance with local regulations are crucial for several reasons, encompassing environmental, social, and economic aspects. Here's a breakdown of the importance of these practices:
Environmental Conservation:
Pollution Prevention: Inadequate waste disposal can lead to soil, water, and air pollution. Proper waste management helps prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment, safeguarding ecosystems and biodiversity.
Resource Conservation: Recycling and proper disposal reduce the need for new raw materials, conserving natural resources and minimizing environmental degradation associated with extraction and production.
Public Health and Safety:
Disease Prevention: Improper waste disposal can result in the spread of diseases through contaminated water and air. Effective waste management prevents the breeding of disease vectors such as mosquitoes and rodents.
Toxic Exposure Reduction: Proper disposal ensures that hazardous materials are handled appropriately, minimizing the risk of exposure to harmful substances for both humans and wildlife.
Community Well-being:
Aesthetic Improvement: Proper waste management contributes to a cleaner and more attractive environment, enhancing the quality of life for residents and visitors alike.
Community Harmony: Effective waste management reduces conflicts arising from issues like illegal dumping or pollution, fostering community cohesion.
Compliance with Regulations:
Legal Compliance: Local, regional, and national regulations govern waste management practices to protect the environment and public health. Adhering to these regulations is not only a legal requirement but also contributes to responsible corporate citizenship.
Avoidance of Penalties: Non-compliance can result in fines, legal actions, and reputational damage for businesses and individuals. Ensuring compliance helps avoid these negative consequences.
Economic Benefits:
Resource Recovery: Recycling and reusing materials contribute to the circular economy, reducing the demand for new resources and providing economic benefits through the creation of jobs in recycling and waste management industries.
Cost Savings: Proper waste management practices can lead to cost savings for businesses through efficient use of resources, reduced disposal fees, and avoidance of legal penalties.
Long-term Sustainability:
Environmental Stewardship: Proper waste management aligns with the principles of sustainability by promoting responsible resource use and waste reduction, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient future.
Climate Change Mitigation: Certain waste management practices, such as methane capture from landfills, can help mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change.
This document discusses solid waste and its management. It defines solid waste and describes its various types including municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and hospital waste. The sources of solid waste are identified as domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural wastes. Population growth, increased affluence, and technological advances have led to greater solid waste generation. Improper waste management can pose health hazards and environmental impacts through disease outbreaks and pollution. The document recommends following the 4Rs approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse to better manage solid waste.
9. WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT.pptxRENERGISTICS
Waste collection and transport is an important part of solid waste management. Various types of solid wastes are generated from residential, commercial, and industrial sources. It is important to segregate wastes into biodegradable and non-biodegradable categories for proper disposal. Collection and transport of waste involves gathering waste from sources and transporting it to processing or disposal sites.
Solid waste management current risk and future remedies.towfique12345
This document discusses solid waste management, current risks, and future remedies. It defines solid waste and describes its types and sources. Improper management of solid waste poses health and environmental risks. The concepts of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3Rs) are important for waste management. Effective management involves storage, collection, transport, disposal, and monitoring. Current risks include unhygienic conditions from open dumping. Future remedies include improving efficiency through public awareness programs and enforcing laws against littering. Transitioning from open dumping to sanitary landfilling can help reduce environmental and health impacts.
Industry and household wastes:Current Environmental IssuesARShowrov
There are five main types of waste: liquid waste, solid rubbish, organic waste, recyclable rubbish, and hazardous waste. Industrial waste comes from manufacturing processes and includes chemicals, metals, ash, and radioactive materials. Household waste is non-hazardous and consists of food scraps, paper, bottles, and cans. Current environmental issues related to waste include climate change, global warming, water and air pollution, soil pollution, and effects on human and wildlife health. Proper waste management involves reducing, segregating, composting, recycling, efficient collection, and environmentally sound disposal.
This document discusses waste management. It defines waste as unwanted residual materials that are discarded after primary use. Wastes are classified as solid or liquid, and as hazardous, non-hazardous, industrial, municipal, biomedical, or special hazardous according to their properties, effects, and origin. Sources of waste include households, commerce, and industry. Improper waste management can negatively impact the climate, environment, health, and socioeconomics. Key aspects of waste management are reducing, reusing, and recycling waste according to the waste hierarchy. Main disposal methods are landfilling and incineration. Educating employees on proper recycling practices is also important.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. Solid waste includes household garbage and industrial hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks through disease transmission and pollution. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle aims to lessen waste. Common waste disposal methods include landfilling, incineration, compaction, biogas generation from organic materials, and composting of organic matter to produce manure. Proper waste handling and treatment helps protect public health and the environment.
Municipal solid waste management is challenging due to increasing waste quantities. Proper management is needed to reduce health and environmental impacts. The 4R approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse helps minimize waste. Common waste types include household, industrial, medical, and construction debris. Management methods include collection, disposal through landfills or incineration, composting organic materials, and recycling reusable items. Public awareness and private sector involvement are recommended to improve solid waste management systems.
Proper waste management and compliance with local regulations are crucial for several reasons, encompassing environmental, social, and economic aspects. Here's a breakdown of the importance of these practices:
Environmental Conservation:
Pollution Prevention: Inadequate waste disposal can lead to soil, water, and air pollution. Proper waste management helps prevent the release of harmful substances into the environment, safeguarding ecosystems and biodiversity.
Resource Conservation: Recycling and proper disposal reduce the need for new raw materials, conserving natural resources and minimizing environmental degradation associated with extraction and production.
Public Health and Safety:
Disease Prevention: Improper waste disposal can result in the spread of diseases through contaminated water and air. Effective waste management prevents the breeding of disease vectors such as mosquitoes and rodents.
Toxic Exposure Reduction: Proper disposal ensures that hazardous materials are handled appropriately, minimizing the risk of exposure to harmful substances for both humans and wildlife.
Community Well-being:
Aesthetic Improvement: Proper waste management contributes to a cleaner and more attractive environment, enhancing the quality of life for residents and visitors alike.
Community Harmony: Effective waste management reduces conflicts arising from issues like illegal dumping or pollution, fostering community cohesion.
Compliance with Regulations:
Legal Compliance: Local, regional, and national regulations govern waste management practices to protect the environment and public health. Adhering to these regulations is not only a legal requirement but also contributes to responsible corporate citizenship.
Avoidance of Penalties: Non-compliance can result in fines, legal actions, and reputational damage for businesses and individuals. Ensuring compliance helps avoid these negative consequences.
Economic Benefits:
Resource Recovery: Recycling and reusing materials contribute to the circular economy, reducing the demand for new resources and providing economic benefits through the creation of jobs in recycling and waste management industries.
Cost Savings: Proper waste management practices can lead to cost savings for businesses through efficient use of resources, reduced disposal fees, and avoidance of legal penalties.
Long-term Sustainability:
Environmental Stewardship: Proper waste management aligns with the principles of sustainability by promoting responsible resource use and waste reduction, contributing to a more sustainable and resilient future.
Climate Change Mitigation: Certain waste management practices, such as methane capture from landfills, can help mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change.
This document discusses solid waste and its management. It defines solid waste and describes its various types including municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and hospital waste. The sources of solid waste are identified as domestic, commercial, industrial, and agricultural wastes. Population growth, increased affluence, and technological advances have led to greater solid waste generation. Improper waste management can pose health hazards and environmental impacts through disease outbreaks and pollution. The document recommends following the 4Rs approach of reduce, reuse, recycle, and refuse to better manage solid waste.
9. WASTE COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT.pptxRENERGISTICS
Waste collection and transport is an important part of solid waste management. Various types of solid wastes are generated from residential, commercial, and industrial sources. It is important to segregate wastes into biodegradable and non-biodegradable categories for proper disposal. Collection and transport of waste involves gathering waste from sources and transporting it to processing or disposal sites.
Solid waste management current risk and future remedies.towfique12345
This document discusses solid waste management, current risks, and future remedies. It defines solid waste and describes its types and sources. Improper management of solid waste poses health and environmental risks. The concepts of reduce, reuse, and recycle (3Rs) are important for waste management. Effective management involves storage, collection, transport, disposal, and monitoring. Current risks include unhygienic conditions from open dumping. Future remedies include improving efficiency through public awareness programs and enforcing laws against littering. Transitioning from open dumping to sanitary landfilling can help reduce environmental and health impacts.
Industry and household wastes:Current Environmental IssuesARShowrov
There are five main types of waste: liquid waste, solid rubbish, organic waste, recyclable rubbish, and hazardous waste. Industrial waste comes from manufacturing processes and includes chemicals, metals, ash, and radioactive materials. Household waste is non-hazardous and consists of food scraps, paper, bottles, and cans. Current environmental issues related to waste include climate change, global warming, water and air pollution, soil pollution, and effects on human and wildlife health. Proper waste management involves reducing, segregating, composting, recycling, efficient collection, and environmentally sound disposal.
This document discusses waste management. It defines waste as unwanted residual materials that are discarded after primary use. Wastes are classified as solid or liquid, and as hazardous, non-hazardous, industrial, municipal, biomedical, or special hazardous according to their properties, effects, and origin. Sources of waste include households, commerce, and industry. Improper waste management can negatively impact the climate, environment, health, and socioeconomics. Key aspects of waste management are reducing, reusing, and recycling waste according to the waste hierarchy. Main disposal methods are landfilling and incineration. Educating employees on proper recycling practices is also important.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. Solid waste includes household garbage and industrial hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks through disease transmission and pollution. The 3R approach of reduce, reuse, and recycle aims to lessen waste. Common waste disposal methods include landfilling, incineration, compaction, biogas generation from organic materials, and composting of organic matter to produce manure. Proper waste handling and treatment helps protect public health and the environment.
Waste comes in many forms, including solid, liquid, hazardous, and non-hazardous varieties. It is classified based on its properties, effects, and origin. Improper waste management impacts human health, the environment, and climate. The waste hierarchy promotes reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. Reducing packaging and using reusable items decreases waste. Composting organic matter and recycling materials like paper, plastic and metal also lessens impacts. Waste affects wildlife, water quality, and releases methane. Residents can organize waste collection and donate or exchange unused items to decrease waste.
This document discusses solid and hazardous waste management. It defines different types of waste such as solid waste, hazardous waste, and municipal solid waste. It describes the problems caused by improper solid waste management such as pollution, diseases, and clogged drainage. The document outlines an integrated approach to solid waste management that aims to minimize environmental impacts, address social and economic factors, and promote sustainability.
The document discusses various topics related to waste management including:
- The meaning of waste management and different types of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, and recyclable.
- Sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic sources.
- Methods of waste disposal including landfilling, incineration, recycling, composting, and energy recovery from waste.
- The importance of sustainability and resource recovery in modern waste management practices.
This document discusses different types of waste, how waste is generated and managed around the world. It describes various categories of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, recyclable waste. It also outlines major sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic waste. Finally, it discusses common waste management methods like incineration, landfilling, recycling, composting and their environmental impacts.
This presentation show about the solid waste pollution and the control the pollution around the environment. If you read this slide you will understand that pollution will cause more than you expected around your atmosphere. Try to look on this slide
Solid waste includes any discarded material from households, businesses, industries, hospitals and other sources. It can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or contained gases. The document discusses the different sources and types of solid waste as well as methods for managing and disposing of solid waste, including landfilling, biological processing, recycling, and ocean dumping. It emphasizes the importance of the 3R's (reduce, reuse, recycle) and highlights some of the negative impacts of improper solid waste management, such as the large amount of hazardous waste generated in India each year.
Solid waste includes any discarded material from households, businesses, industries, hospitals, and other sources. It can be solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gases. The document discusses the different types of solid waste sources and their composition, as well as the impacts of improper waste management. It describes several methods for disposal of solid waste, including landfills, biological processing, recycling, and ocean dumping. Recycling involves collecting, sorting, and manufacturing recyclable materials into new products. The document notes that India generates over 7 million tonnes of hazardous waste annually and needs additional landfill space and money for proper treatment.
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials.
[1]
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods
and fields of expertise for each.
Municipal solid waste comes from households, businesses, and institutions and does not include industrial, construction, or hazardous waste. The amount of municipal solid waste generated is increasing due to population growth and modern lifestyles. Municipal solid waste management involves collection, sorting, and disposal or utilization through methods like composting, landfilling, and incineration. India faces significant challenges in sustainably managing its growing municipal solid waste. Hazardous wastes from industries and agriculture can contaminate water sources and harm human health if not properly controlled through methods such as waste minimization and alternative disposal technologies.
Waste management is the process of treating different types of solid and liquid wastes, including household trash, construction debris, chemicals, and medical waste. It provides recycling solutions and disposes of products and substances in a safe manner. There are various categories of waste - liquid wastes like wastewater, and solid wastes such as plastics, metals, and organic materials. Solid wastes are further divided into municipal waste from residential and commercial areas, hazardous waste from industries and hospitals containing toxic substances, and medical waste generated during treatment of humans and animals.
The document discusses different types of waste and methods for solid waste management. It defines solid waste as materials with no direct economic value that are generated from various human activities. Solid waste management aims to control waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal. Key methods for treating solid waste discussed are segregation, reduce-reuse-recycle, composting, anaerobic digestion, landfilling, and incineration.
Solid Wate
It is defined as non liquid , non soluble material ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastage that contain comlex and sometimes haradous substances.
The document discusses solid waste management. It notes that solid waste comes from various sources and is increasing due to factors like population growth, economic development, and industrialization. Improper management of solid waste can cause environmental and health problems by contaminating air, water, and land. Effective management requires proper collection, disposal, and recycling methods like sanitary landfilling, composting, incineration, and recycling to safely dispose of or reuse waste.
Agricultural waste comes from farms, poultry houses, and slaughterhouses. It includes biological, solid, and hazardous materials. If not properly disposed of, agricultural waste can pollute the land, air, water and harm biodiversity through toxins. Effective waste management is needed and includes reducing, reusing, recycling, and reeducating practices. Treatment plants can process waste to produce biogas while minimizing harmful impacts on the environment. The goal of waste management is to work towards zero waste.
This document provides an overview of a waste management course. It includes the names and student IDs of 5 students enrolled in the course. It then discusses what constitutes waste and how it is generated from various sources. The main types of waste are identified as municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, and medical waste. Further details are provided on industrial waste, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, and integrated solid waste management. The importance of waste characterization is discussed. Various properties of solid waste like density, moisture content, and particle size are also described.
This document discusses different types of waste and solid waste management in Pakistan. It defines various waste streams and their impacts. Municipal solid waste in Pakistan cities largely consists of paper, food, and plastics. Collection rates are low at 50% or less of total waste generated. There is no proper integrated management system and open dumping is common. Improved regulations, public awareness, and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste handling.
10. PREPROCESSING OF BIOMASS AND ITS MANAGEMENT.pptxRENERGISTICS
Engineering the physical, chemical, and energy properties of lignocellulosic biomass is important to produce high-quality consistent feedstocks with reduced variability for biofuels production. The emphasis of this book will be the beneficial impacts that mechanical, chemical, and thermal preprocessing methods can have on lignocellulosic biomass quality attributes or specifications for solid and liquid biofuels and biopower production technologies. "Preprocessing" refers to treatments that can occur at a distance from conversion and result in an intermediate with added value, with improved conversion performance and efficiency.
Solid and hazardous waste management involves the storage, collection, transport, recycling and disposal of various types of waste. There are three main types of solid waste - household waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste. Waste management aims to follow the 3Rs of reduce, reuse and recycle. Key solid waste disposal methods include dumping, controlled tipping/sanitary landfills, and incineration.
This document discusses solid waste management and the environmental sciences project on solid waste. It covers the types of solid waste, effects of solid waste, and solid waste management methods. The types of solid waste include household, industrial, biomedical, recyclable and non-recyclable materials. Improper management of solid waste can cause health and environmental impacts. The key concepts of reduce, reuse and recycle should be followed. Solid waste management methods include storage, collection, transport, and disposal through dumping, incineration, composting or landfills.
Waste comes in many forms, including solid, liquid, hazardous, and non-hazardous varieties. It is classified based on its properties, effects, and origin. Improper waste management impacts human health, the environment, and climate. The waste hierarchy promotes reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. Reducing packaging and using reusable items decreases waste. Composting organic matter and recycling materials like paper, plastic and metal also lessens impacts. Waste affects wildlife, water quality, and releases methane. Residents can organize waste collection and donate or exchange unused items to decrease waste.
This document discusses solid and hazardous waste management. It defines different types of waste such as solid waste, hazardous waste, and municipal solid waste. It describes the problems caused by improper solid waste management such as pollution, diseases, and clogged drainage. The document outlines an integrated approach to solid waste management that aims to minimize environmental impacts, address social and economic factors, and promote sustainability.
The document discusses various topics related to waste management including:
- The meaning of waste management and different types of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, and recyclable.
- Sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic sources.
- Methods of waste disposal including landfilling, incineration, recycling, composting, and energy recovery from waste.
- The importance of sustainability and resource recovery in modern waste management practices.
This document discusses different types of waste, how waste is generated and managed around the world. It describes various categories of waste such as solid, liquid, hazardous, organic, recyclable waste. It also outlines major sources of waste like municipal, medical, agricultural, industrial, and electronic waste. Finally, it discusses common waste management methods like incineration, landfilling, recycling, composting and their environmental impacts.
This presentation show about the solid waste pollution and the control the pollution around the environment. If you read this slide you will understand that pollution will cause more than you expected around your atmosphere. Try to look on this slide
Solid waste includes any discarded material from households, businesses, industries, hospitals and other sources. It can be solid, liquid, semi-solid or contained gases. The document discusses the different sources and types of solid waste as well as methods for managing and disposing of solid waste, including landfilling, biological processing, recycling, and ocean dumping. It emphasizes the importance of the 3R's (reduce, reuse, recycle) and highlights some of the negative impacts of improper solid waste management, such as the large amount of hazardous waste generated in India each year.
Solid waste includes any discarded material from households, businesses, industries, hospitals, and other sources. It can be solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gases. The document discusses the different types of solid waste sources and their composition, as well as the impacts of improper waste management. It describes several methods for disposal of solid waste, including landfills, biological processing, recycling, and ocean dumping. Recycling involves collecting, sorting, and manufacturing recyclable materials into new products. The document notes that India generates over 7 million tonnes of hazardous waste annually and needs additional landfill space and money for proper treatment.
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and
monitoring of waste materials.
[1]
The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or
aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste
management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods
and fields of expertise for each.
Municipal solid waste comes from households, businesses, and institutions and does not include industrial, construction, or hazardous waste. The amount of municipal solid waste generated is increasing due to population growth and modern lifestyles. Municipal solid waste management involves collection, sorting, and disposal or utilization through methods like composting, landfilling, and incineration. India faces significant challenges in sustainably managing its growing municipal solid waste. Hazardous wastes from industries and agriculture can contaminate water sources and harm human health if not properly controlled through methods such as waste minimization and alternative disposal technologies.
Waste management is the process of treating different types of solid and liquid wastes, including household trash, construction debris, chemicals, and medical waste. It provides recycling solutions and disposes of products and substances in a safe manner. There are various categories of waste - liquid wastes like wastewater, and solid wastes such as plastics, metals, and organic materials. Solid wastes are further divided into municipal waste from residential and commercial areas, hazardous waste from industries and hospitals containing toxic substances, and medical waste generated during treatment of humans and animals.
The document discusses different types of waste and methods for solid waste management. It defines solid waste as materials with no direct economic value that are generated from various human activities. Solid waste management aims to control waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing and disposal. Key methods for treating solid waste discussed are segregation, reduce-reuse-recycle, composting, anaerobic digestion, landfilling, and incineration.
Solid Wate
It is defined as non liquid , non soluble material ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastage that contain comlex and sometimes haradous substances.
The document discusses solid waste management. It notes that solid waste comes from various sources and is increasing due to factors like population growth, economic development, and industrialization. Improper management of solid waste can cause environmental and health problems by contaminating air, water, and land. Effective management requires proper collection, disposal, and recycling methods like sanitary landfilling, composting, incineration, and recycling to safely dispose of or reuse waste.
Agricultural waste comes from farms, poultry houses, and slaughterhouses. It includes biological, solid, and hazardous materials. If not properly disposed of, agricultural waste can pollute the land, air, water and harm biodiversity through toxins. Effective waste management is needed and includes reducing, reusing, recycling, and reeducating practices. Treatment plants can process waste to produce biogas while minimizing harmful impacts on the environment. The goal of waste management is to work towards zero waste.
This document provides an overview of a waste management course. It includes the names and student IDs of 5 students enrolled in the course. It then discusses what constitutes waste and how it is generated from various sources. The main types of waste are identified as municipal solid waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, hazardous waste, and medical waste. Further details are provided on industrial waste, municipal solid waste, agricultural waste, and integrated solid waste management. The importance of waste characterization is discussed. Various properties of solid waste like density, moisture content, and particle size are also described.
This document discusses different types of waste and solid waste management in Pakistan. It defines various waste streams and their impacts. Municipal solid waste in Pakistan cities largely consists of paper, food, and plastics. Collection rates are low at 50% or less of total waste generated. There is no proper integrated management system and open dumping is common. Improved regulations, public awareness, and private sector involvement are needed for better solid waste handling.
10. PREPROCESSING OF BIOMASS AND ITS MANAGEMENT.pptxRENERGISTICS
Engineering the physical, chemical, and energy properties of lignocellulosic biomass is important to produce high-quality consistent feedstocks with reduced variability for biofuels production. The emphasis of this book will be the beneficial impacts that mechanical, chemical, and thermal preprocessing methods can have on lignocellulosic biomass quality attributes or specifications for solid and liquid biofuels and biopower production technologies. "Preprocessing" refers to treatments that can occur at a distance from conversion and result in an intermediate with added value, with improved conversion performance and efficiency.
Solid and hazardous waste management involves the storage, collection, transport, recycling and disposal of various types of waste. There are three main types of solid waste - household waste, industrial waste, and biomedical waste. Waste management aims to follow the 3Rs of reduce, reuse and recycle. Key solid waste disposal methods include dumping, controlled tipping/sanitary landfills, and incineration.
This document discusses solid waste management and the environmental sciences project on solid waste. It covers the types of solid waste, effects of solid waste, and solid waste management methods. The types of solid waste include household, industrial, biomedical, recyclable and non-recyclable materials. Improper management of solid waste can cause health and environmental impacts. The key concepts of reduce, reuse and recycle should be followed. Solid waste management methods include storage, collection, transport, and disposal through dumping, incineration, composting or landfills.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
The Antyodaya Saral Haryana Portal is a pioneering initiative by the Government of Haryana aimed at providing citizens with seamless access to a wide range of government services
Monitoring Health for the SDGs - Global Health Statistics 2024 - WHOChristina Parmionova
The 2024 World Health Statistics edition reviews more than 50 health-related indicators from the Sustainable Development Goals and WHO’s Thirteenth General Programme of Work. It also highlights the findings from the Global health estimates 2021, notably the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
2. WASTE
• It is defined as:
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse,
garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials.
OR
“Any materials unused and rejected as worthless
or unwanted” and “A useless or profitless activity;
using or expending or consuming thoughtlessly or
carelessly”
3.
4. INTRODUCTION
• Since the beginning, Human kind has been
generating waste.
• It could be in the form of:
Bones
Other parts of animals they slaughter
Wood
• With the progress of civilization the waste
generated became of a more complex nature.
5. • At the end of 19th century (Industrial
revolution) there was rise in the world of
consumers.
• The increase in population and
urbanization was also largely responsible
for the increase in solid waste
7. • Chemical waste
• Clinical waste
• Coffee wastewater
• Commercial waste
• Construction and demolition waste (C&D
waste)
• Controlled waste
• Consumable waste
• Composite
8. SOLID WASTE
• It is defined as:
“Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes
that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances”
10. TYPES OF SOLID WASTE
Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as
follows:
1.Household waste is generally classified as
Municipal waste
2.Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
3.Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as
Infectious waste
11. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
• Municipal solid waste consists of:
Household waste
Construction and demolition debris
Sanitation residue
Waste from streets.
12.
13. • With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and
food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste has
been increasing rapidly and its composition changing.
• The existing landfills are neither well equipped or
well managed and are not lined properly to protect
against contamination of soil and groundwater.
14. The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it
takes to degenerate
Type of litter Approximate time it takes to
degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit
peels, leftover foodstuff, etc
A week or two.
Paper 10–30 days
Cotton cloth 2–5 months
Wood 10–15 years
Woolen items 1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as
cans
100–500 years
Plastic bags one million years
15. HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Industrial and hospital waste is considered
hazardous as they may contain toxic
substances.
• Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to
humans, animals, and plants. They are
Corrosive
Highly inflammable, or explosive
React when exposed to certain things e.g.
gases
16. Household wastes that can be categorized as
hazardous waste include:
old batteries
shoe polish
paint tins
old medicines
medicine bottles.
17. • Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals
used in hospitals is considered hazardous.
• These chemicals include formaldehyde and
phenols, which are used as disinfectants.
18. In the industrial sector, the major generators of
hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries.
Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous
waste such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.
19. HOSPITAL WASTE
• Hospital waste is generated during the
diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of
human beings or animals
• It may include wastes like
• Sharps
• Soiled waste
• Disposables
• Anatomical waste
• Cultures
• Discarded medicines
20. • These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs,
bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
• This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious
threat to human health if not managed in a scientific
and discriminate manner
• It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of
waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would be
infected
21. SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF
WASTE
Source Typical Waste
Generators
Types of solid wastes
1:Residential Single and multifamily
dwellings
Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Leather
Yard wastes
Wood
Glass
Metals
Ashes
Special wastes
(e.g bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and
household hazardous
22. 2: Industrial Light and heavy
manufacturing, fabrication,
construction sites, power and
chemical plants.
Housekeeping wastes
Packaging
Food wastes
Construction and
demolition materials
Hazardous wastes
Ashes
Special wastes.
3:Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants,
markets, office buildings, etc.
Paper
cardboard
plastics
wood
food wastes
glass
metals
special wastes
hazardous wastes
4: Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons,
government centers.
Same as commercial.
23. 5:Construction and
demolition
New construction sites, road
repair, renovation sites,
demolition of buildings
Wood
steel
concrete
dirt etc.
6:Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping,
parks, beaches, other
recreational areas, water and
wastewater treatment plants.
Street sweepings
landscape and tree
trimmings
General wastes from
parks
Beaches
Recreational areas;
sludge.
7:Process (manufacturing
etc.)
Heavy and light
manufacturing, refineries,
chemical plants, power plants,
mineral extraction and
processing.
Industrial process wastes
Scrap materials
Off-specification products.
Spoiled food wastes
24. CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE
• The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
commercial, industrial, municipal, and agricultural
wastes.
• The composition of a city waste is as follows:
Paper, wood, cardboard 53 %
Garbage 22 %
Ceramics, glass, crockery 10 %
Metals 8 %
Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7 %
25. Composition of City Waste
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Paper,
w ood,
cardboard
Garbage Ceramic,
glass
crokery
metals Rubber,
plastics,
discarded
textiles
Type of Wastes
Percentages
Series1
26. • The increase in the quantity of solid waste is
due to
Overpopulation,
Affluence (material comfort)
Technological advancement
27. EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
a) Health Hazard
• If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
accumulate, they may create unsanitary conditions.
• This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
• Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases may
spread and cause loss of human lives.
• In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes is a
health hazard for the workers who come in direct
contact with the waste
28. b) Environmental Impact
• If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take
place.
• The organic solid waste during decomposition may
generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.
29. WASTE MANAGEMENT
4 R’s CONCEPT
• Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce)
to be followed for waste management.
30. REFUSE
• Instead of buying new containers from
the market, use the ones that are in the
house. Refuse to buy new items though
you may think they are prettier than the
ones you already have.
31. REUSE
• Do not throw away
the soft drink cans or
the bottles; cover
them with homemade
paper or paint on
them and use them as
pencil stands or small
vases.
35. REDUCE
• Reduce the
generation of
unnecessary
waste, e.g. carry
your own
shopping bag
when you go to
the market and
put all your
purchases
directly into it.
36.
37. CONTROL MEASURES
• The main purpose of solid waste management
is to minimize the adverse effects on the
environment. The steps involved are:
Collection of solid wastes
Disposal of solid wastes
Utilization of wastes
38. COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTES
• Collection of waste includes gathering
the waste, transporting it to a
centralized location, and then moving it
to the site of disposal.
• The collected waste is then separated into
• Hazardous
• Non-hazardous materials.
39. DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES
• Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it
is processed to recover the usable resources
and to improve the efficiency of the solid
waste disposal system.
• The main processing technologies are
• compaction
• Incineration
• Manual separation.
40. The appropriate solid waste disposal method
has to be selected, keeping in view the
following objectives:
1.Should be economically viable
2.Should not create a health hazard
3.Should not cause adverse environmental
effects
4.Should not result in unpleasant sight, odor, and
noise
41. UTILIZATION OF WASTES
• The solid wastes can be properly utilized to
gather the benefits such as:
Conservation of natural resources
Economic development
Generate many useful products
Employment opportunities
Control of air pollution
42. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of
waste materials.
• The term usually relates to materials produced by
human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce
their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics.
• Management is also carried out to recover resources
from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid,
gaseous or radioactive substances
43. • Waste management practices differ for developed and
developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for
residential and industrial producers.
• Management for non-hazardous waste residential and
institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the
responsibility of local government authorities.
• Management for non-hazardous commercial and
industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the
generator.
44. METHODS OF DISPOSAL
• Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the
waste, and this remains a common practice in most
countries.
• Landfills were often established in
Abandoned or unused quarries,
Mining voids
Borrow pits
45. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively
inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials
46. INCENERATION
• Incineration is a disposal method in which solid
organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous products.
• This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20
to 30 percent of the original volume.
• Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are sometimes described as
"thermal treatment".
47. RECYCLING
• Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of waste
materials such as empty beverage containers.
• The materials from which the items are made can be
reprocessed into new products.
• Material for recycling may be collected separately
from general waste using dedicated bins and
collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed
waste streams.
48. • The most common consumer products recycled
include:
Aluminum such as beverage cans
Copper such as wire
Steel food and aerosol cans
Old steel furnishings or equipment
Polyethylene and PET bottles
Glass bottles and jars
Paperboard cartons
Newspapers, magazines and light paper
Corrugated fiberboard boxes.
49. SUSTANIBILTY
• The management of waste is a key component in a
business ability to maintaining ISO 14001 official
approval.
• Companies are encouraged to improve their
environmental efficiencies each year.
• One way to do this is by improving a company’s
waste management with a new recycling service.
(such as recycling: glass, food waste, paper and
cardboard, plastic bottles etc.)
50. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
• Waste materials that are organic in nature, such as
• plant material
• food scraps
• paper products
• Can be recycled using biological composting and
digestion processes to decompose the organic matter
51. • The resulting organic material is then recycled
as mulch or compost for agricultural or
landscaping purposes.
• In addition, waste gas from the process (such
as methane) can be captured and used for
generating electricity and heat
(CHP/cogeneration) maximizing efficiencies
52. ENERGY RECOVERY
• The energy content of waste products can be
harnessed directly by using them as a
• Direct combustion fuel
• Indirectly by processing them into another
• Type of fuel
• There are 2 types of Thermal Treatment
• Pyrolysis
• Gasification
53. AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION
METHOD
• An important method of waste management is the
prevention of waste material being created, also
known as waste reduction.
• Methods of avoidance includes:
Reuse of second-hand products
Repairing broken items instead of buying new
54. Designing products to be refillable or reusable (such
as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags)
Encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable
products (such as disposable cutlery)
Removing any food/liquid remains from cans
Packaging
Designing products that use less material to achieve
the same purpose (for example, light weighting of
beverage cans).
55. WASTE HANDLING AND
TRANSPORT
• Waste collection methods vary widely among
different countries and regions.
• Domestic waste collection services are often provided
by local government authorities, or by private
companies in the industry.
56. TECHNOLOGIES
• The waste management industry has been slow
to adopt new technologies such as:
• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags,
• GPS
• Integrated software packages
57. WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT
• There are a number of concepts about waste
management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions.
58. • Waste hierarchy The waste hierarchy refers to the
"3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify
waste management strategies according to their
desirability in terms of waste minimization.
59. • Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is
a principle where the polluting party pays for the
impact caused to the environment. With respect to
waste management, this generally refers to the
requirement for a waste generator to pay for
appropriate disposal of the waste.
60. EDUCATION AND AWARENESS
• Education and awareness in the area of waste and waste
management is increasingly important from a global
perspective of resource management. The Talloires
Declaration is a declaration for sustainability concerned about
the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution
and degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. Local,
regional, and global air pollution; accumulation and
distribution of toxic wastes; destruction and depletion of
forests, soil, and water; depletion of the ozone layer and
emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of
humans and thousands of other living species.
61. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN
• Solid waste collection by government owned
and operated services in Pakistan's cities
currently averages only 50 percent of waste
quantities generated; however, for cities to be
relatively clean, at least 75 percent of these
quantities should be collected.
• Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan
has a proper solid waste management system
right from collection of solid waste up to its
proper disposal.
62. URBANIZATION PATTERN
• According to the 1981 census, of the 5.92
million persons who had migrated within the
country, 87.6% moved from rural to urban
areas, while only 12.4% moved in the opposite
direction. Over 50% of them permanently
settled in cities.
• During the last several decades, migration has
occurred from rural to urban areas. The chief
factors responsible for this migration are:
Slow progress in the agriculture sector,
63. Lack of alternate employment opportunities
Environmental degradation due to water
logging/salinity, deforestation and
desertification
According to a study, the selected cities are
growing at a growth rate from 3.67% to
7.42% which is much higher than the overall
growth rate of Pakistan, i.e. 2.8%. Major cities
in Pakistan are estimated to double their
population in next ten years. These cities are
64. GROWTH IN SOLID WASTE GENERATION
Presently it is estimated that, 54,888 tons per
day of solid waste is generated in Pakistan.
The Ministry of Environment undertook a
study during 1996 on "Data Collection for
Preparation of National Study on
Privatization of Solid Waste Management in
Eight Selected Cities of Pakistan". The study
revealed that the rate of waste generation on
average from all type of municipal controlled
areas varies from 0.283 kg/capita/day to 0.613
kg/capita/day or from 1.896 kg/house/day to
65. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIO -
STRATEGIC CHALLENGES
Solid waste in Pakistan is generally composed of
• Plastic and rubber
• Metal
• Paper and cardboard
• Textile waste
• Glass
• Food waste
• Animal waste
• Leaves
66. • Grass
• Straws and fodder
• Bones
• Wood
• Stones and fines to various extents.
67. INSTITUTIONAL, LEGALAND MANAGEMENT
ASPECTS
Under the recently devolved local government system,
the Town/ Tehsil Municipal Administration (TMAs)
are responsible for the solid waste collection,
transportation and disposal. However, TMAs are
unable to cope with continuously increasing volumes
of municipal waste due to inadequate funds, lack of
rules, regulations and standards, lack of knowhow on
the subject, lack of expertise and lack of collection
vehicles and equipment
68. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY
• The Government of Pakistan enacted the
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA)
in 1997 which is the most recent and updated
legislation on environment.
• It provides a framework for establishing
federal and provincial Environmental
Protection Agencies (EPAs).
• Presently the legal rules and regulations
dealing with solid waste management in
Pakistan are as follows:
69. Current
1: Section 11 of the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Act prohibits discharge of waste in
an amount or concentration that violates the
National Environmental Quality Standards.
2: Draft Hazardous Substances Rules of 1999.
3: Islamabad Capital Territory Bye Laws, 1968
by Capital Development Authority Islamabad
4: Section 132 of the Cantonment Act 1924 deals
with Deposits and disposal of rubbish etc
70. Required
The rules and guidelines that are yet to be
introduced include:
• Basic Recycling rules
• Waste Management rules
• E-Waste Management rules
• Development of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPI)
• Eco-Labeling guidelines and its promotion
• Adoption of Life Cycle Assessment Approaches
• Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Collection and
Disposal
• Guidelines for model landfill sites
71. CURRENT STATUS OF SWM PRACTICES
Currently solid waste in Pakistan has not been
carried out in a sufficient and proper manner in
Collection
Transportation
• Disposal or dumping regardless of the size of
the city.
• These aspect may include:
72. • Rate of urbanization
• Pattern and density of urban areas
• Physical planning and control of development
• Physical composition of waste
• Density of waste
• Temperature and precipitation
• Scavenger’s activity for recyclable separation
• The capacity
• Adequacy and limitations of respective
73. According to the 1998 census, of the 130.579 million persons
living in Pakistan, 67% live in rural areas, while 33 % live in
urban areas. Furthermore, out of 33 % of persons living
urban areas, 54 % of them live in ten major cities of Pakistan.
During the last several decades, migration has occurred from
rural to urban areas. The major factors responsible for this
migration are:
• Slow progress in the agriculture sector
• Low crop yields
• Lack of alternate employment opportunities
• Environmental degradation due to water logging/salinity
• Deforestation and desertification.
74. POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD ESTIMATES
• The number and growth of population and
households is the foremost factor affecting the
solid waste and its management at various
stages.
• The selected cities are growing at a rate
ranging between 3.67% to 7.42%, which is
much higher than the overall growth rate of
Pakistan, i.e. 2.8% (EPMC, 1996).
75. • Major cities of them are estimated to double
their population in next ten years.
• The numbers of households also play an
important role in generation and collection of
the solid waste.
• The average household size in the selected
cities varies from 6.7 to 7.3 persons.
76. WASTE GENERATION AND COLLECTION ESTIMATES
• The average rate of waste generation from all
type of municipal controlled areas varies from
1.896 kg/house/day to 4.29 kg/house/day in a
few major cities.
• It shows a trend of waste generation wherein
increase has been recorded in accordance with
city's population besides its social and
economic development.
77. • In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by
municipalities and waste collection efficiencies
range from 0 percent in low-income rural
areas to 90 percent in high- income areas of
large cities.
• Collection rate of solid waste by respective
municipalities ranges from 51% to 69% of the
total waste generated within their jurisdiction.
78. PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE
The move from landfill-based to resource-
based waste management systems requires a
greater knowledge of the composition of
municipal solid waste. Solid waste in Pakistan
is generally composed of three categories i.e.
• Biodegradable such as food waste, animal
waste, leaves, grass, straws, and wood.
• Non-biodegradable are plastic, rubber, textile
waste, metals, fines, stones and
79. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
The waste is disposed off within or outside
municipal limits into low lying areas like
ponds etc, without any treatment except
recyclable separation by scavengers. The land
is also hired/leased on long term basis for
disposal. Moreover, the least mitigating
measures have also never been reported from
any municipality. Treatment and disposal
technologies such as sanitary land filling,
composting and incineration are comparatively
80. Crude open dumping is the most common practice
throughout Pakistan and dump sites are commonly set
to fire to reduce the volume of accumulating waste.
At present, there are no landfill regulations or
standards that provide a basis for compliance and
monitoring, but national guidelines for these
standards are being prepared by the Consultant under
National Environmental Action Plan Support
Program (NEAP SP).
81. CONCLUSION
• The overall conclusion of the study on present status
of solid waste management in Pakistan as follows:
1.There is a limited focus on control mechanisms which
is adversely effecting on safety, health and the
environment.
2.Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM does
not seem to be a priority.
3.None of the cities has an integrated solid waste
management system
82. • Collection rate 5 1-69 % of total waste
generated.
• Hospital and industrial wastes are treated as
ordinary waste
• A lot of potential for recycling and
involvement of private sector which is
overlooked
• No disposal facilities
83. • Open burning of waste or open disposal is most
common practice.
• No weighing facilities are installed at any disposal
sites
• Open burning of non-degradable components like
plastic bags are adding to air pollution
• Much of the uncollected waste poses serious health
hazards
84. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Following recommendations are proposed for
sustainable SWM:
1.The involvement of people and private sector through
NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM.
2.Public awareness should be created especially at
primary school.
3.Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities, towns
and urban areas.
4.Moreover, house-to-house collection of SW should be
organized
85. • The collection bins must have a large enough capacity
to accommodate 20% more than the expected waste
generation in the area.
• Municipal authorities should maintain the storage
facilities to avoid unhygienic and unsanitary
conditions.
• Proper segregation would lead to better options and
opportunities for scientific disposal of waste.
86. • An open dump or an uncontrolled waste disposal area
should be rehabilitated. It is advisable to move from
open dumping to sanitary land filling in a phased
manner.
• Land filling should be restricted to non-biodegradable,
inert waste and other waste that are not suitable either
for recycling or for biological processing