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1. Data collection in Qualitative
Research

2. Qualitative Research Design
Qualitative research design is defined as a type
of research methodology that focuses on
exploring and understanding complex
phenomena and the meanings attributed to
them by individuals or groups. It is commonly
used in social sciences, psychology,
anthropology, and other fields where subjective
experiences and interpretations are of interest.

3. Continue……
is concerned with capturing the richness and
depth of human experiences, beliefs, attitudes,
and behaviors.

4. Characteristics
Exploratory nature: Qualitative research often begins with an
open-ended to allow for the discovery of new insights .
Contextual understanding: It emphasizes understanding
phenomena within their social, cultural, and historical contexts,
as these factors shape individuals’ experiences.
Subjectivity and reflexivity: Qualitative researchers
acknowledge the influence of their own perspectives and biases
and often engage in reflexivity to critically examine their role in
shaping the research process and outcomes.

5. Characteristics
Small and purposive sampling: often involves selecting
participants who can provide rich and diverse information
relevant to the research question.
In-depth data collection: Researchers spend considerable time
with participants, collecting detailed and nuanced data, often
through open-ended interviews, observations, or analysis of
texts.
Iterative data analysis: Qualitative analysis involves coding,
categorizing, and interpreting data to identify patterns, themes,
and relationships.

6. Major Assumptions of Positivist and
Naturalistic Paradigms
Assumption Positivistic
(Quantitative)
Naturalistic
(Qualitative)
Ontology: What is the
nature of reality
There is one fixed reality
for all
Reality is multiple
and subjective
Epistemology: How is
the researcher related
to those being
researched?
Researcher is independent
from those being
researched; findings are
not influenced by the
researcher
The inquirer interacts
with the participants;
findings are the
creation of
interactive process
Axiology: What is the
role of values in the
inquiry?
Values and biases are to be
held in check; objectivity is
sought
Subjectivity and
values are inevitable

7. Types of Qualitative Research Design
Phenomenological Research
Researchers explore participants’ subjective experiences
through in-depth interviews or observations to uncover the
underlying structures and patterns of their lived experiences.
Ethnographic Research
Ethnography involves studying and understanding the culture,
beliefs, practices, and social interactions of a specific group or
community. Researchers immerse themselves in the
participants’ natural environment for an extended period, often
conducting participant observation, interviews, and document
analysis to gain an in-depth understanding of the culture

8. Grounded Theory
Grounded theory is an approach where researchers aim to
develop theories or conceptual frameworks grounded in the
data. Through constant comparison and analysis of collected
data, researchers identify categories, concepts, and
relationships to generate a theory that explains the
phenomenon under investigation.
Case Study
Case study research involves an in-depth examination of a single
individual, group, organization, or specific context. Researchers
collect multiple sources of data such as interviews,
observations, and documents to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the case and to draw insights that may have
broader implications.

9. Narrative Research
Narrative research focuses on understanding and analyzing the
stories and personal narratives shared by individuals.
Researchers examine the structure, content, and context of
these narratives to gain insights into how individuals construct
meaning and make sense of their experiences.
Participatory Action Research (PAR)
PAR is a collaborative approach that involves researchers
working closely with participants or communities to identify and
address social issues or problems. The aim is to empower
participants and generate actionable knowledge through a
cyclical process of reflection, action, and change.

10. Constructivist/Interpretive Research
This design emphasizes the importance of understanding
multiple subjective realities and interpretations of social
phenomena. Researchers explore the different meanings and
perspectives attributed to a phenomenon, often using
interviews, focus groups, or textual analysis to uncover the
complexities of individuals’ interpretations.

12. Assumption Positivistic Naturalistic
Methodology:
How is evidence
best obtained?
Emphasis on discrete and
specific concepts
Emphasis on entirety of
phenomena, holistic
Focus on objective and
quantifiable
Focus on subjective and
non-quantifiable
Verification of researcher’s
prediction or hypothesis
Emerging insight
grounded in participants’
experiences
Fixed design; tight
controls
Flexible design; no
controls
Quantitative information;
statistical analysis
Narrative information;
thematic analysis

13. The Logic of qualitative sample
• Information rich sources
• Who shall I observe (to enhance my
understanding)
• Data rich setting
• Individuals vs Incidents and
experiences
• Number of informants
• Language compatibility, cost,
accessibility …..

14. Sample size
• No fixed rule
• Data saturation
• Depends on purpose of inquiry, quality of
informants and type of sampling method.
• Scope of question
• Large sample vs rich interviews
• Researcher’s skills

15. Types of qualitative sampling
• Convenience Sampling/ Voluntary Sample
• Snowball Sampling
• Purposive sampling
maximum variation sampling
homogenous sampling
typical case sampling
stratified purposive sampling
extreme cases

16. Achieving Saturation:
A feature that is closely related to the topic of
sampling is saturation. It refers to the
repetition of discovered information or
confirmation of previously collected data

17. • Languaged Data
– A product of the interaction between participant
and the researcher.
The interviewer’s presence and form of involvement—
how she or he listens, attends, and terminates
responses—is integral to a respondent’s account. It is
in this specific sense that a “story” is a joint
production (Mishler, 1986, p. 82).

18. • Not simply lying about on the surface ready to
be gathered up; rather, the researcher is
required to dig below the surface.

19. Methods of Data Collection
• There are three major sources of qualitative
data:
– Interviews
– Observations
– Documents( Case Study)
– Focus Group Discussion
– Visual Method

20. Interviews
• Skilled activity
• Purpose is to gain detailed information from
the participants
• Unstructured or Semi structured
• Open ended
• One to one or grouped
• Follows conversational threads

21. Interviews (contd..)
• Recording and Transcription
• Non verbal gestures
“How would you describe quality in your work in
the ICU”.
“I am interested in hearing your experience as a
case manager who works with schizophrenic
patients.”

22. Focus group interviews
• People assembled for discussion
• Role of an Interviewer/Moderator
• Homogeneity
• Optimal group size 6-12 people.
“experience of cancer related fatigue among children with
leukemia.”

23. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs)
• Strengths
– Quick method of data collection
– Helpful for making people verbalize
– Challenging and thus rationalization of accounts
Weaknesses:
Difficult to control
“Group think”- Group’s overall views dominate rather than
individual’s views
People may be reluctant to share truly private information

24. Observations
• Data gathering through observation
• Supplemental data
• Examples; Can you think of some sources?
• Field notes
• Non participatory observation vs participatory
observation.

25. Triangulation
• Using multiple data sources to draw
conclusions
• Triangulation via
methods
paradigms
Researchers
• Validity of the
result

26. Practical Issues
• Gaining trust
• Pace of data collection (depth vs time)
• Emotional involvement

27. Rigor
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Validity Credibility: Credibility is a measure of the
truth value whether the study’s findings
are correct and accurate. in-depth
interview, filed notes, triangulation,
prolong engagement.
Reliability Dependability: It is consistency and
reliability of the data
Dependability will be assured by listening
the recordings carefully for 2-3 times.
Every step of the study will be verified with
the supervisor, co-supervisor and
committee member, collaborative coding
Generalizability Transferability: All details are present
Objectivity Confirmability: Neutral and not influence by
other , Manually transcription and member
checking
Accuracy Authenticity: free from bias, plagiarism

28. • Subjectivity
• Specific qualitative approach used
• Data collection process and recording
• Researcher’s Bias
• Description of observations
• Information provided on methods of data
collection
• Description of the methods of
triangulation

29. Critique
• Sampling Approach (well described and
justified)
 sample selection strategy
sample adequacy and sample
appropriateness
(Refer Polit and Beck for critiquing qualitative
sample)