Contents :
Introduction to pharmacology
General features of pharmacology
Clinical trials
Metabolism of drugs
Kinetics
Enzyme inducers and inhibitors
Drug distribution and clearance
Route of administration
Therapeutic index
Prodrug
Bioavailability and first pass metabolism
Agonist, antagonist and inverse agonist
Excretion of drug
Drug binding
Transport of drug
Pharmacogenetics
Drug and food
Immunomodulators
General features of immunomodulators
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus
Levamizole
Mycophenolate mofetil
Imiqumod
Thalidomide
Anti TNF alpha drugs
Monoclonal antibodies
Autacoids
General features of autacoids
NSAIDs
Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxane
Antihistaminic drugs
Drugs acting on 5ht
Colchicine
Adverse reactions
Antibiotic therapy
General features of antibiotic therapy
Betalactams
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides
Linezolid
Macrolide antibiotics
Glycopeptides antibiotics
Chloramphenicol
Sulfonamides
Tetracycline derivatives
Quinolones
Antifungal drugs
Antiviral drugs
Antiprotozoal drugs
Anti helminthic drugs
Anticancer drugs
General features of anticancer drugs
Methotrexate
Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide
5-fluorouracil
Bleomycin
Vincristine and vinblastine
Paclitaxel
Actinomycin D
6-Mercaptopurine
Doxorubicin
Cisplatin
Autonomous nervous system
General features of autonomic nervous system
Cholinergic drugs
Anticholinergic drugs
Adrenergic drugs
Adrenergic blocking agents
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
General forensic medicine
Identification
Primary teeth
Secondary teeth
Dentition
Estimation of age
Estimation of sex
Estimation of race
Estimation of stature
Death and postmortem
Death and changes after death
Autopsy
Postmortem temperature changes
Postmortem staining/postmortem lividity
Rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm
Mummification
Adipocere
Putrefaction
Maggots
Antemortem and postmortem burns
Asphyxia
Café coronary
Hanging
Different forms of asphyxia
Drowning
Firearm injuries
Types of firearm
Types of bullet
Types of firearm injuries
Wound and injury
Grievous injury
Injuries
Fractures
Wound
Law in relation to man
Courts
Evidence
Offence
IPC, CrPC and IEA
Inquest
Exhumation
Torture
Criminal responsibility
Consent
Medical law
Medical negligence
Tests and rules
Sexual offences
Rape
Other sexual offences
Infanticide and fetal death
Fetal death
Battered baby syndrome
Toxicology
General features of poisoning
Poisoning based on physiological state
Hydrogen sulphide
Arsenic
Lead
Phosphorus
Mercury
Copper
Zinc
Cadmium
Aluminium phosphide
Cyanide
Paracetamol poisoning
Salicylate poisoning
Copper sulphate poisoning
Acid poisoning
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Carbolic acid
Oxalic acid
Kerosene poisoning
Carbon monoxide
Chloral hydrate
Methyl alcohol
Barbiturates
Aconite
Dhatura
Strychnine
Opc
Preservatives for poisoning
Snakes
Mushroom poisoning
Plant poison
General features of management of poisoning
Hemodialysis
Alkaline diuresis
Saline diuresis
Gastric lavage
BAL
EDTA
Metallothienes
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
General forensic medicine
Identification
Primary teeth
Secondary teeth
Dentition
Estimation of age
Estimation of sex
Estimation of race
Estimation of stature
Death and postmortem
Death and changes after death
Autopsy
Postmortem temperature changes
Postmortem staining/postmortem lividity
Rigor mortis and cadaveric spasm
Mummification
Adipocere
Putrefaction
Maggots
Antemortem and postmortem burns
Asphyxia
Café coronary
Hanging
Different forms of asphyxia
Drowning
Firearm injuries
Types of firearm
Types of bullet
Types of firearm injuries
Wound and injury
Grievous injury
Injuries
Fractures
Wound
Law in relation to man
Courts
Evidence
Offence
IPC, CrPC and IEA
Inquest
Exhumation
Torture
Criminal responsibility
Consent
Medical law
Medical negligence
Tests and rules
Sexual offences
Rape
Other sexual offences
Infanticide and fetal death
Fetal death
Battered baby syndrome
Toxicology
General features of poisoning
Poisoning based on physiological state
Hydrogen sulphide
Arsenic
Lead
Phosphorus
Mercury
Copper
Zinc
Cadmium
Aluminium phosphide
Cyanide
Paracetamol poisoning
Salicylate poisoning
Copper sulphate poisoning
Acid poisoning
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Carbolic acid
Oxalic acid
Kerosene poisoning
Carbon monoxide
Chloral hydrate
Methyl alcohol
Barbiturates
Aconite
Dhatura
Strychnine
Opc
Preservatives for poisoning
Snakes
Mushroom poisoning
Plant poison
General features of management of poisoning
Hemodialysis
Alkaline diuresis
Saline diuresis
Gastric lavage
BAL
EDTA
Metallothienes
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
General pharmacology and pharmocokineticsSwapnil Singh
Basic pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics principles and concepts covering routes of drug administration, absorption phenomena, metabolism and excretion from the body.
Law Related to Governing the Commissioning of Hospital
Laws Governing the Qualifications / Practice and Conduct of Professionals
Law Governing Storage / Sale of Drugs and Safe Medication
Law Governing Biomedical Research
Law Governing to Management of Patients
Law Governing Medico Legal Aspects
Law Governing The Safety of Patients, Public and Staff within the Hospital Premises and Environmental Protection
Law Governing the Safety of Patients, Public and Staff within the Hospital Premises
Laws Governing the Employment of Manpower
Law Governing to Professional Training and Research
Regulations Governing the Business Aspects of Hospital
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Contents :
General biochemistry
General features of biochemistry
Studies
Bonds
pH and buffers
Energy
Pathyways in cytosol and mitochondria
Carbohydrates
Epimers and enantiomers
Structure of carbohydrates
Glucose transporters
Cori cycle
Glucose
Glycolysis
Acetyl coA
Kreb’s cycle
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Electron transport chain
HMP shunt
Glucose phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Fructose metabolism
Lactose metabolism
General features of glycogen storage disorders
Von gierke’s disease
Disorders of galactose metabolism
Substrate level phosphorylation
Lipids
Fatty acids
Synthesis of fatty acids
Oxidation of fatty acids
General features of lipoprotein
Lipoprotein lipase
Chylomicron
LDL
VLDL
HDL
Apoprotein
Cholesterol
Hypercholesterolemia
Xanthoma
Abetalipoproteinemia
Bile acids
Ketone bodies
Starvation
Aminoacids
General features of aminoacids
Proline
Valine
Leucine
Arginine
Histidine
Glycine
Alanine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Cysteine
Methionine
Homocysteine
Aspartate
Glutamate
Glutamine
Lysine
Glutathione
Creatinine
General features of disorders of aminoacid metabolism
Phenylketonuria
Maple syrup urine disease
Multiple carboxylase deficiency
Hartnup disease
Alkaptonuria
Ammonia
Urea
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Disorders of heme synthesis
Porphyrin and porphyria
Proteins and enzymes
Structure of protein
Determination of protein structure
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycan
Types of protein
Estimation of proteins
Denaturation of proteins
Separation of proteins
General features of enzymes
Oxidase
Oxygenase
Dehydrogenase
Hydrolase
Transferase
Ligase
Lyase
Holoenzyme
Transamination
Serine protease
Enzyme inhibition
Enzyme regulation
Ribozymes
Isoenzymes
Components of enzymes
Coenzymes and cofactors for enzymes
Informational macromolecules
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Structure of DNA
Histone
Mitochondrial DNA
Telomerase
Replication of DNA
Genetic code
Introns and exons
Mutation
Regulation of DNA
General features of transcription
RNA polymerase
Post transcriptional modification
Splicing
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
microRNA
Ribosomes
Translation
Post translational modification
Protein folding
Inborn errors of metabolism
General features of inborn errors of metabolism
Tay sach’s disease
Gaucher’s disease
Niemann pick disease
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
General features of nutrition
Assessment of nutritional status
Features of assessment of nutritional status
Short stature
Malnutrition
General features of malnutrition
Acute and chronic malnutrition
Kwarshiorkar
Marasmus
Management of malnutrition
Vitamins
General features of vitamins
General features of vitamin A
Features of vitamin A deficiency
Prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin A deficiency
Hypervitaminosis A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
General features of vitamin B
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Vitamin C
Folic acid
Scurvy
Minerals
General features of minerals
Iron
Zinc
Fluoride
Iodine
Calcium
Copper
Chromium
Selenium
Milk and egg
Milk and pasteurisation
Egg
Breast feeding
General features of breast feeding
Breast milk
Colostrum
Storage of breast milk
Proteins and amino acids
General features of proteins
Protein indicators
Fatty acids
Food fortification
Toxins in food
Food adulteration
Diet
Dietary cycle and nutritional surveillance
Calorie requirements
Calorie requirements of adult
Supplementary nutrition in icds
RDA
Prudent diet
Indian reference male and female
Food standards
Dietary fibre
Probiotic and prebiotic
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
General pharmacology and pharmocokineticsSwapnil Singh
Basic pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics principles and concepts covering routes of drug administration, absorption phenomena, metabolism and excretion from the body.
Law Related to Governing the Commissioning of Hospital
Laws Governing the Qualifications / Practice and Conduct of Professionals
Law Governing Storage / Sale of Drugs and Safe Medication
Law Governing Biomedical Research
Law Governing to Management of Patients
Law Governing Medico Legal Aspects
Law Governing The Safety of Patients, Public and Staff within the Hospital Premises and Environmental Protection
Law Governing the Safety of Patients, Public and Staff within the Hospital Premises
Laws Governing the Employment of Manpower
Law Governing to Professional Training and Research
Regulations Governing the Business Aspects of Hospital
Pharmacology is study of the substances which interact with living system by activating or inhibiting normal body processes. It includes physical and chemical properties, biochemical and physiological effects, mechanism of action, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Contents :
General biochemistry
General features of biochemistry
Studies
Bonds
pH and buffers
Energy
Pathyways in cytosol and mitochondria
Carbohydrates
Epimers and enantiomers
Structure of carbohydrates
Glucose transporters
Cori cycle
Glucose
Glycolysis
Acetyl coA
Kreb’s cycle
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Electron transport chain
HMP shunt
Glucose phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Fructose metabolism
Lactose metabolism
General features of glycogen storage disorders
Von gierke’s disease
Disorders of galactose metabolism
Substrate level phosphorylation
Lipids
Fatty acids
Synthesis of fatty acids
Oxidation of fatty acids
General features of lipoprotein
Lipoprotein lipase
Chylomicron
LDL
VLDL
HDL
Apoprotein
Cholesterol
Hypercholesterolemia
Xanthoma
Abetalipoproteinemia
Bile acids
Ketone bodies
Starvation
Aminoacids
General features of aminoacids
Proline
Valine
Leucine
Arginine
Histidine
Glycine
Alanine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Cysteine
Methionine
Homocysteine
Aspartate
Glutamate
Glutamine
Lysine
Glutathione
Creatinine
General features of disorders of aminoacid metabolism
Phenylketonuria
Maple syrup urine disease
Multiple carboxylase deficiency
Hartnup disease
Alkaptonuria
Ammonia
Urea
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Disorders of heme synthesis
Porphyrin and porphyria
Proteins and enzymes
Structure of protein
Determination of protein structure
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycan
Types of protein
Estimation of proteins
Denaturation of proteins
Separation of proteins
General features of enzymes
Oxidase
Oxygenase
Dehydrogenase
Hydrolase
Transferase
Ligase
Lyase
Holoenzyme
Transamination
Serine protease
Enzyme inhibition
Enzyme regulation
Ribozymes
Isoenzymes
Components of enzymes
Coenzymes and cofactors for enzymes
Informational macromolecules
Purine metabolism
Pyrimidine metabolism
Structure of DNA
Histone
Mitochondrial DNA
Telomerase
Replication of DNA
Genetic code
Introns and exons
Mutation
Regulation of DNA
General features of transcription
RNA polymerase
Post transcriptional modification
Splicing
rRNA
mRNA
tRNA
microRNA
Ribosomes
Translation
Post translational modification
Protein folding
Inborn errors of metabolism
General features of inborn errors of metabolism
Tay sach’s disease
Gaucher’s disease
Niemann pick disease
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
General features of nutrition
Assessment of nutritional status
Features of assessment of nutritional status
Short stature
Malnutrition
General features of malnutrition
Acute and chronic malnutrition
Kwarshiorkar
Marasmus
Management of malnutrition
Vitamins
General features of vitamins
General features of vitamin A
Features of vitamin A deficiency
Prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin A deficiency
Hypervitaminosis A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
General features of vitamin B
Thiamine
Riboflavin
Niacin
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
Vitamin C
Folic acid
Scurvy
Minerals
General features of minerals
Iron
Zinc
Fluoride
Iodine
Calcium
Copper
Chromium
Selenium
Milk and egg
Milk and pasteurisation
Egg
Breast feeding
General features of breast feeding
Breast milk
Colostrum
Storage of breast milk
Proteins and amino acids
General features of proteins
Protein indicators
Fatty acids
Food fortification
Toxins in food
Food adulteration
Diet
Dietary cycle and nutritional surveillance
Calorie requirements
Calorie requirements of adult
Supplementary nutrition in icds
RDA
Prudent diet
Indian reference male and female
Food standards
Dietary fibre
Probiotic and prebiotic
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Current antiviral drugs have varying pharmacological constraints that may associate with limited efficacy, especially in severe COVID-19 patients, or safety concerns.
Contents :
Signs and symptoms in psychiatry
General features of psychiatric symptoms
Delusion
Illusion
Hallucination
Tests in psychiatry
Substance related disorders
General features of substance related disorders
Amphetamine
Cocaine
Cannabis
LSD
Alcohol
Delirium tremens
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Opioid receptors
Opioid drugs
Opioid poisoning
Treatment of opioid poisoning
Nicotine
Caffeine
Cognitive disorders
Features of cognitive disorders
Organic brain syndrome
Delirium
Amnestic disorders
Dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Schizophrenia
Risk of schizophrenia
Features of schizophrenia
Types of schizophrenia
Management of schizophrenia
Mood disorders
Depression
Mania
Bipolar disorders
Suicide
Management of mood disorders
Lithium
Anxiety disorders
General features of anxiety disorders
Generalised anxiety disorders
Anxiety neurosis
Post traumatic stress disorder
Panic attack and panic disorders
Phobia
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Adjustment disorder
Pre menstrual tension
Psychoanalysis, ego and ego defence mechanisms
Psychoanalysis
Id, ego and superego
Ego defence mechanisms
Researchers in psychiatry
Learning and management techniques in psychiatry
Psychosexual stages of development
Personality disorders
Somatoform disorder
Somatisation disorder
Fibromyalgia
Hysteria
Hypochondriasis
Dissociative disorders
Gender identity and sexual disorders
Gender identity disorders
Impotence
Erectile dysfunction
Premature ejaculation
Eating disorders
Sleep disorders
General features of sleep disorders
EEG
REM sleep
NREM sleep
Narcolepsy
Impulsive disorders
Pediatric psychiatry
General features of pediatric psychiatry
Attention deficit hyperactive disorder
Autism
Mental retardation
Conduct disorder and specific learning disorder
Manchausen syndrome
Treatment in psychiatry
Antipsychotics
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Antidepressant drugs
MAO inhibitors
Seratonin syndrome
Antianxiety drugs
Benzodiazepine antagonist
Drugs acting on GABA
Electroconvulsive therapy
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Anesthesiology instruments
General features of anesthetic instruments
Anesthetic cylinders
Pin index
Anesthetic gases
Anesthetic machines and circuits
Mapleson system
Oxygen control devices
Devices for co2 absorption
Dead space
Endotracheal tube
Laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation
Nasotracheal intubation
Laryngeal mask airway
Trendelenberg position
General features of monitoring during anesthesia
Central venous pressure monitoring
Pulmonary artery catheter
Capnogram
Anesthetic complications
Air embolism
Respiratory complications
Malignant hyperthermia
Intraoperative and postoperative complications
Resuscitation
Mendelson syndrome
Hypothermia in anesthesia
Clinical anesthesia
History of anesthesia
Stages of anesthesia
Preanesthetic assessment
Pediatric anesthesia
Anesthesia in head injury
Cardiovascular anesthesia
Anesthesia in ent
Obstetric anesthesia
Anesthesia in orthopedics
Respiratory anesthesia
Day care anesthesia
Drugs of anesthesia
Preanesthetic drugs
General features of anesthetic drugs
Inhalational anesthetics
Minimum alveolar concentration
Partition coefficient
General features of inhalational anesthetics
Xenon
Nitrous oxide
Trilene
Ether
Helium
Chloroform
Halothane
Enflurane
Isoflurane
Desflurane
Sevoflurane
Methoxyflurane
Intravenous anesthetics
General features of intravenous anesthetics
Propofol
Ketamine
Thiopentone
Etomidate
Local anesthetics
General features of local anesthetics
Bupivacaine
Lignocaine
Prilocaine
Cocaine
Procaine
Bier’s block/IVRA
Peribulbar and retrobulbar block
Stellate ganglion block
Brachial plexus block
Celiac plexus block
Neuromuscular blockers
General features of neuromuscular blockers
Depolarising muscle relaxants – Succinly choline
Features of non depolarizing muscle blockers
D-tubocurarine
Pancuronium
Vecuronium
Mivacurium
Atracurium
Gallamine
Alcuronium
Spinal, epidural and caudal anesthesia and pain management
Splanchnic block
Neuraxial blockade
Spinal anesthesia
Epidural anesthesia
Caudal anesthesia
Other blocks
Pain
General features of pain
Assessment of pain
Analgesic drugs
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
General anatomy and appendageal disorders
Development of skin
General anatomy
General features of skin diseases
Acne
Diseases of sweat gland
Diseases of hair
Disorders of nail
Phototoxicity
Allergic disorders
General features of allergic disorders of skin
Atopic dermatitis
Utricaria
Hereditary angioedema
Anaphylaxis
Disorders of skin pigmentation
General features of pigment related skin disorders
Vitiligo
Pityriasis rosacea
Pityriasis rubra pilaris
Tinea versicolor
Pityriasis alba
Fungal infections of skin
General features of fungal skin infections
Tinea capitis
Tinea corporis
Tinea cruris
Tinea barbae
Tinea pedis
Tinea unguim
Candidiasis
Sporotrichosis
Wood’s lamp and uv light
Papulosquamous disorders
General features of papulosquamous disorders
Psoriasis
Psoriatic arthritis
PUVA therapy
Lichen planus
Bullous disorders
General features of bullous disorders
Pemphigus
Epidermolysis bullosa
Pemphigoid
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Linear IgA disease
Scabies and pediculosis
Scabies
Pediculosis
Systemic and photosensitive disorders
General features of systemic and photosensitive disorders
Dermatomyositis
Porphyria
Chloasma
Polymorphic light reaction
Photosensitive dermatitis
Fixed drug eruption
Erythema nodosum
Skin tuberculosis
Infective diseases of skin
Common infective diseases of skin
Erythema multiforme
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Steven Johnson syndrome
Toxic epidermonecrolysis
Molluscum contagiosum
Herpes zoster
Malignant skin diseases
General features of malignant skin disease
Acanthosis nigricans
Mycosis fungoides
Histiocytosis
Basal cell carcinoma
Features of malignant melanoma
Management of malignant melanoma
Genodermatoses
Xeroderma pigmentosa
Incontinentia pigmenti
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberous sclerosis
Ichthyosis
Leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
Epidemiology of leprosy
Classification of leprosy
Features of leprosy
Lepromin test
Diagnosis of leprosy
Treatment of leprosy
Lepra reactions
Sexually transmitted diseases
General features of sexually transmitted diseases
Warts
Gonorrhoea
Lymphogranuloma venerum
Donovanosis
Chancroid
Herpes
Syphilis
Treponema pallidum
General features of syphilis
Congenital syphilis
Primary syphilis
Secondary syphilis
Tertiary syphilis
Diagnosis of syphilis
Treatment of syphilis
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Ear
Development of ear
Anatomy of ear
Physiology of ear
Tests for hearing
Hearing loss
Ototoxicity
Management of hearing loss
Assessment of cochlear and vestibular function
Diseases of external ear
Features of middle ear diseases
Management of middle ear diseases
Meniere’s disease
Otosclerosis
Facial nerve
Bell’s palsy
Ramsay hunt syndrome
Cerebellopontine angle tumors
Glomus tumor
Pierre robbin syndrome
Nose
General features of nose
Anatomy of nose
Physiology of nose
Choanal atresia
Rhinolalia
CSF rhinorrhoea
Deviated nasal septum
Granulomatous diseases of nose
Allergic rhinitis
Atrophic rhinitis
Hypertrophic rhinitis
Epistaxis
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Nasal polyposis
Foreign body in nose
Paranasal sinuses
Development of paranasal sinuses
Anatomy of paranasal sinuses
Physiology of paranasal sinuses
Sinusitis
Management of sinusitis
Sinonasal tumors
Pharynx
Development of pharynx
Anatomy of pharynx
Zenker’s diverticulum
Plummer vinson syndrome
Head and neck space inflammation
Adenoid hypertrophy
Anatomy of tonsils
Tonsillitis and quinsy
Management of tonsillitis
Oral cavity
General features of oral cavity
Ranula
Vincent’s angina
Ludwing’s angina
Oral lesions, oral cyst, sinus and fistula
Maxillofacial injuries
Anatomy of salivary glands
Diseases of salivary glands
Management of salivary gland diseases
Anatomy of tongue
Malignancy of tongue
Anatomy of palate
Malignancy of palate
Carcinoma lip
Carcinoma cheek
Features of carcinoma oral cavity
Management of carcinoma oral cavity
Larynx
Development of larynx
Anatomy of larynx
Physiology of larynx
Stridor
Laryngocele
Laryngomalacia
Vocal nodule
Laryngoscopy
Epiglottitis
Laryngitis
Vocal cord paralysis
Diseases of speech
Diseases of larynx
Tumors of larynx
Features of carcinoma larynx
Diagnosis of carcinoma larynx
Management of carcinoma larynx
Tracheostomy
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Red blood cells
General features of red blood cells
Red cell indicators
Erythropoietin
Hematopoiesis
Peripheral blood smear
Hemoglobin
General features of red blood cell disorders
Hypochromic microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Sideroblastic anemia
Features of hemolytic anemia
Hereditary spherocytosis
G6PD deficiency
Sickle cell anemia
Thalassemia
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
Aplastic anemia
Pancytopenia and fanconi anemia
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Myeloproliferative disorders
Polycythemia
Myelofibrosis
Essential thrombocytosis
White blood cells
General features of white blood cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocyte
Lymphocytes
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
General features of leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute myeloblastic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myelocytic leukemia
General features of lymphoma
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Hairy cell leukemia
Mantle cell lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma
Post transplant lymphoma
Bleeding and coagulation disorders
General features of bleeding and coagulation disorders
General features of platelets and endothelial cells
Pathways of coagulation
Clotting factors
Thrombomodulin
Hemophilia
Von willebrand disease
Glanzmann thrombaesthenia
Bernard soulier syndrome
Wiskott aldrich syndrome
Thrombocytopenia and purpura
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
General features of hypercoagulable disorders
Budd chiari syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Plasma cell disorders
General features of myeloma
Features of multiple myeloma
Management of multiple myeloma
Drugs acting on blood
General features of drugs acting on blood
Heparin
Warfarin
Antiplatelet drugs
Thrombolytics
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Pharmacogenetics is the study of inherited genetic differences in drug metabolic pathways which can affect individual responses to drugs, both in terms of therapeutic effect as well as adverse effects. The term pharmacogenetics is often used interchangeably with the term pharmacogenomics which also investigates the role of acquired and inherited genetic differences in relation to drug response and drug behavior through a systematic examination of genes, gene products, and inter- and intra-individual variation in gene expression and function.
Contents :
Systemic lupus erythematosus
General features of SLE
Hematological manifestations of SLE
Cardiovascular manifestations of SLE
Respiratory system involvement in SLE
Renal involvement in SLE
Dermatological manifestations of SLE
Gastrointestinal features of SLE
Drug induced lupus
Joint involvement in SLE
Diagnosis of SLE
Management of SLE
Rheumatoid arthritis
General features of rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Extra articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis
Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
Management of rheumatoid arthritis
Scleroderma and systemic sclerosis
Scleroderma
Systemic sclerosis
Sjogren’s syndrome
Marfan’s syndrome
Ehler danlos syndrome
Osteoarthritis
Features of osteoarthritis
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis
Management of osteoarthritis
Gout and pseudogout
Features of gout
Diagnosis of gout
Management of gout
Pseudogout
Raynaud phenomenon
Amyloidosis
Features of amyloidosis
Diagnosis of amyloidosis
Seronegative arthritis
Features of seronegative arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter’s syndrome
Relapsing polychondritis
Neuropathic joint
Causes of neuropathic joint
Features of neuropathic joint
Vasculitis
General features of vasculitis
Wegener’s granulomatosis
Polyarteritis nodosa
Microscopic polyangitis
Churg strauss syndrome
Temporal arteritis
Kawasaki disease
Takayasu arteritis
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Cryoglobulinemia
Henoch schonlein purpura
Bechcet’ s syndrome
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Amyloid
Apoprotein
Arthritis
Avascular necrosis
Bone graft
Brain
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Census
Clotting factors
Contraception
Inflammatory bowel disease
Cerebrospinal fluid
Culture media
Dementia
Electroencephalogram
Engaging diameter
Estrogen
Familial hyperlipoproteinemia
Features of fibroid
Firearm
Gastric motility
Absorption in gut and nephron
Hormones
Hypersensitivity
Immunoglobulin
Inborn errors of metabolism and deficient enzymes
Kidney stones
Lithium
Lung volumes and capacities
Metabolic acidosis
Mosquito
Nerve fibers
Muscles and nerve supply
Changes in pregnancy
Methods for proteins
Protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
Radioisotopes
Rickettsial zoonoses
Root values for reflexes
Rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
Small intestinal biopsy
Specimen preservation in poisoning
Sexually transmitted diseases
Sterilization and disinfection
Tetanus
Toxins in food
Management of poisoning
Vaccination
Vaginal cytology
Vitamins
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Anticholinesterase
Autacoids
Beta blockers
Bisphosphonates
Cataract nuggets
Condition and specific drug
Condition and specific surgery
Diabetes nuggets
Different usage of drugs
Drug of choice
Drug kinetics
Few drug interactions
Mechanism of action of drugs
Monoclonal antibodies
Nitrates nugget
Opioid nugget
Prodrugs
Safest drugs in pregnancy nugget
Steroid drugs
Treatment of choice
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Most commons
Most common type
Most common cause
Most common form
Most common lesion
Most common complication
Most common Joint
Most common indication
Most common manifestation
Most common mode
Most common nerve
Most common side effect
Most common presentation
Most common site
Most common tumor
Contents :
Age group for diseases
Dentition
Developmental milestones
Gestational weeks
Important days
Important duration
Important years
Infectious diseases and incubation period
Paranasal sinuses
Period of communicability
Primitive reflexes
Psychosexual stages of development
Other important timelines
Best time for surgery
Trimesters
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Sensitive and specific antibodies
Specific calcification
Cast / brace/ splint
Enzymes of mitochondria and cytosol
Human leucocyte antigen
Inhibitors in biochemistry
Types of joints
Longest and shortest acting drugs
Male and female analogue
Male and female preponderance
Mode of inheritance
Named fractures
Important tables in nutrition chapter
Specific names in orthopedics
Rate limiting enzymes
Physiology of receptors
Right and left laterality
Sensitive and resistive to radiation
Sensitive and specific investigation
Condition and specific terms
Names of staging/grading/prognostic system
Surgery names
Tumor marker
Vectors
X ray views
Important lists
Important tables in anesthesiology
Important tables in dermatology
Important tables in embryology
Clarke’s grouping of heart diseases in pregnancy
Forrest classification
Classification of leprosy
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Artery
Brain Lobes
Cause Of Death
Gene
Length
Mineral
Nerve
Organ
Organisms
Heart Valves
Vein
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Amino acid
Best time
Bursa and spaces
Classification of steroid hormones
Country, state and cities
Curve
Interleukins
Dermatome
Disease
Drugs
Source of energy
Enzymes
Finding
Gas
Host
Infectious disease
Instrument
Investigation
Ion
Ligament
Lobes and fissures of liver
Micromolecule
Muscle
Neoplasm
Neurotransmitter
Numericals
Organelle
Part of body
Female pelvis
Reflex
Relations
Sample
Secretions
Stomach
Stratum
Surgical procedures
Symptom
Treatment
All except
Catchy points
Because
Fact
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Angles
ATP’s produced
Body fluids
Areas of brain
Chromosomal translocations
Cloning capacities
Criminal procedure codes and Indian Evidence Act
Decibel values
Important dosages
Fatal dose of poisons
Fetal diameters
Flow cytometry markers
Important normal values
IPC
Subject wise numerical values
One gram equivalent
Pediatric normal values
Pelvic diameters
Important percentages
Specific gravity and pH
Pin index
Population norms
Pressures
Duration for diagnosis in psychiatry
Refractory index
Temperature
Volume
Wavelength
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents
Chromosomes
Circles
Named diseases
Laws
Maneuver
Location of receptors
Signs
Syndromes
Tests
Triads and pentads
Triangles
Vertebral levels
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Adverse effects of drugs
Anatomical landmarks and contents
Bodies
Named cells
Named deformities
Dyes
Epithelium
Named fascia
Formula
Named lines
Lymphatic drainage
Markers
Odour
Ossification
Radiological signs
Scientists
Stains
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Development of respiratory system
Anatomy of respiratory system
Physiology of respiratory system
General features of respiratory physiology
Inspiration and expiration
Surfactant
Gaseous exchange
Ventilation perfusion ratio and compliance
Hypercarbia and alveolar hypoventilation
Hyperventilation
High oxygen tension
Hypoxia
Features of hemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
Regulation of respiration
Lung volumes, capacities and alveolar ventilation
Acclimatisation
Mountain sickness
Caisson’s disease
Signs and symptoms of respiratory system
General signs and symptoms of respiratory system
Hemoptysis
Cyanosis
Clubbing
Pancoast tumor
Caplan syndrome
Pulmonary edema
ARDS
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary venous hypertension
Cor pulmonale
Respiratory failure and pulmonary disease
Respiratory failure
Emphysema
Obstructive and restrictive lung disease
Respiratory curves
Bronchial asthma
Management of asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Interstitial lung disease
Pneumoconiosis
Occupational lung disease
Asbestosis
Silicosis
Pulmonary hemosiderosis
Hypersensitive pneumonitis
Eosinophilia
Aspergillosis
Bronchiolitis
Laryngotracheobronchitis
Bronchial foreign body
Bronchoscopy
Solitary nodule
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax and mediastinitis
General features of pleura
Pleural effusion
Hemothorax
Pneumothorax
Lung sequestration
Mediastinum
Bronchopleural fistula
Pneumonia
General features of pneumonia
Causes of pneumonia
Morphology of pneumonia
Viral pneumonia
Staphylococcal pneumonia
Streptococcal pneumonia
Atypical pneumonia
Community acquired pneumonia
CMV pneumonia
Legionnaire’s pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumonia
Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia
Empyema
Lung abscess
Brochiolitis obliterans
Management of pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Epidemiology of tuberculosis
Features of tuberculosis
Morphology of tuberculosis
Tuberculin test
Sputum examination
Culture of mycobacterium
Diagnosis of tuberculosis
Treatment of tuberculosis
Sarcoidosis
Bronchogenic tumors
General features of brochogenic tumor
Small cell carcinoma of lung
Non small cell carcinoma of lungs
Management of bronchogenic tumor
Bronchial adenoma and bronchial cyst
Cystic fibrosis
Kartagener syndrome
Ventilator
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Radiodiagnosis
General features of radiodiagnostic techniques
X ray
X-ray features of heart
X-ray features of lung
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Ultrasonography
Myelography
PET scan
Contrast agents
Radiotherapy
Physics of radiotherapy
Rays
Radioisotopes
Units in radiotherapy
Radiosensitive and radioresistant
Types of radiotherapy
Brachytherapy
Effects of radiation
Radiosensitizers and radioprotectors
Radiation doses
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Embryology of male reproductive system
Anatomy of male reproductive system
Physiology of male reproductive system
Testicular tumors
General features of testicular tumor
Choriocarcinoma
Seminoma
Dermoid
Cryptorchidism
Ectopic testis
Varicocele
Spermatocele
Hydrocele
Torsion of testis
Infections of male reproductive system
Prostate
Anatomy of prostate
General features of prostate
Prostatitis
General features of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Management of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Features of prostatic carcinoma
Management of prostatic carcinoma
Transurethral resection of prostate
Penis
General features of penis
Lesions of penis
Malignancy of penis
Drugs of male reproductive system
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Transplantation
Types of graft
Graft rejection
Runt disease
Organ transplantation
Immune system
Types of immunity
General features of immune system
Superantigen
Major histocompatibility complex
Natural killer cells
Antigen presenting cells
T cells, b cells and plasma cells
Lymphoid organs
Diseases of immune system
Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Job’s syndrome
Hyper IgM syndrome
Autoimmune diseases
Di George syndrome
Antibodies associated with diseases
Antigen and antibody
Antigen
Antibody
Antigen antibody interaction
Tests for antigen and antibody
Immunoglobulins
Structure of immunoglobulin
Physiology of immunoglobulin
General features of immunoglobulin
Ig G
Ig A
Ig M
Ig D
Ig E
Hypersensitivity
General features of hypersensitivity reactions
Type I hypersensitivity
Type II hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity
Immunohistochemistry markers
Vaccination
General features of vaccination
Live and killed vaccines
Universal immunization programme
National immunisation programme
Expanded programme for immunisation
Adjuvant
Herd immunity
Storage of vaccines
Measles vaccine
Rubella vaccine
Cholera vaccine
Typhoid vaccine
Yellow fever vaccine
Pneumococcal vaccine
Oral polio vaccine
Reverse cold chain
Injectable polio vaccine
DPT vaccine
BCG vaccine
MMR vaccine
Rabies vaccine
Influenza vaccine
Hepatitis A vaccine
Hepatitis B vaccine
Hemophilus influenza b vaccine
Chicken pox vaccine
Meningococcal vaccine
Japanese encephalitis vaccine
Rotavirus vaccine
HPV vaccine
Vaccination of unimmunised child
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
General features of genes and chromosomes
General features of genetics
General features of chromosomes
Barr body
Genes
Aneuploidy
Chromosomes
Cytogenetics and DNA recombinant technology
General features of cytogenetic studies
Polymerase chain reaction
Restriction fragment length polymorphism
DNA fingerprinting
Fluorescence and luminence
Karyotyping
Blotting
Hybridoma technology
Genetic studies
Chromosomal studies
Transgenic animals
Gene incorporation
Recombinant technology
Gene therapy
Mode of inheritance of diseases
Inheritance of diseases
Features of inheritance
Mitochondrial inheritance
Genetic disorders
General features of genetic disorders
Rearrangement of transcription factors
Down’s syndrome
Trisomy 13
Trisomy 18
Trisomy 22
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Noonan syndrome
Disorders of DNA repair mechanism
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Growth and development
Head circumference
Weight
Height
Fontanelle
Growth
Growth chart
Adolescence
Childhood disorders
Developmental milestones
General features of developmental milestones
Speech
Cubes
Gross motor
Fine motor
Social milestones
Neonatology
General features of neonatology
Kangaroo mother care
Feeding of neonates
Normal findings in neonates
Abnormal findings in neonates
General features of neonatal diseases
Neonatal resuscitation
Neonatal diarrhoea
Neonatal sepsis
Surfactant
Features of respiratory distress syndrome
Investigation of respiratory distress syndrome
Silverman anderson scoring
Treatment of respiratory distress syndrome
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Neonatal seizures
Transient tachypnea of newborn
Neonatal jaundice
Infant born to diabetic mother
Neonatal asphyxia
Cerebral palsy
Breath holding spells
Primitive reflexes
APGAR score
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
General features of pathology
Features of cell injury
Hypoxia
Ageing
Necrosis
General features of apoptosis
Apoptotic and anti apoptotic protein
Calcification
Atrophy and hypertrophy
Hyperplasia and metaplasia
Stem cells
Fixatives and stains
Pigment
Bactericidal system
Hydrogen peroxidase
Oxidative stress
Free radical
NADPH oxidase
Basement membrane
Inflammation
Inflammatory mediators
Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
General features of inflammation
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Autoantigen and associated diseases
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
Chronic granulomatous disease
Granuloma
Complement system
Opsonization
Phagocytosis
Chediak higashi syndrome
Chemotaxis
Neoplasia
Cell cycle
Causes of neoplasia
Features of neoplasia
Protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
Management of neoplasia
General features of tumor markers
CA-125
CEA
AFP
Features of tumors
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Blood transfusion
Blood grouping
Blood components
Blood transfusion
Complications of blood transfusion
Electrolyte abnormalities
Anion gap
General features of acid base disorders
Interpretation of abg values
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Enteral nutrition
Total parenteral nutrition
Features of TPN
Complications of TPN
Shock
General features of shock
Anaphylactic shock
Hypovolemic shock
Septic shock
Cardiogenic shock
Neurogenic shock
Hemorrhagic shock
Management of shock
Electrolyte imbalance
General features of electrolyte imbalance
Intravenous fluids
Water
Sodium
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Potassium
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Magnesium
Hypermagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia
Phosphate
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
Contents :
Development of excretory system
Anatomy of excretory system
General features of anatomy of excretory system
Anatomy of kidney
Anatomy of ureter
Physiology of excretory system
General features of physiology of excretory system
Renin angiotensin system
Physiology of micturition
Glomerular function
Tubular function
Counter current mechanism
Concentration of urine
Congenital diseases of kidney
General features of congenital diseases of kidney
Polycystic kidney disease
Cystic diseases of kidney
Nephronophthisis
Posterior urethral valve
Vesicoureteric reflux
Ureterocele
Hydronephrosis
Hypospadiasis
Epispadiasis
Phimosis and paraphimosis
Peyronie’s disease
Priapism
Acute retention of urine
Glomerular diseases
General features of glomerular diseases
Minimal change disease
Nephrotic syndrome
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis
Focal segmental glomerulonephritis
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Collapsing glomerulopathy
IgA neprhopathy
Rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis
Alport syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome
Diabetic nephropathy
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Renal tubular acidosis
Kidney stones
General features of renal stones
Types of renal stones
Diagnosis of renal stones
Management of renal stones
Nephrocalcinosis
Renal tuberculosis
General features of renal tuberculosis
Diagnosis of renal tuberculosis
Management of renal tuberculosis
Renal trauma
Renal tumors
Features of renal tumors
Renal cell carcinoma
Wilm’s tumor
Renal failure
General features of renal failure
Acute renal failure
Acute tubular necrosis
Prerenal azotemia
Chronic renal failure
Intersitial nephritis
Papillary necrosis
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
Xanthogranulomatous kidney
Chinese herb and balkan nephropathy
Hemodialysis
Renal transplantation
Renal vascular disorders
Renal artery disorder
Renal vein disorder
Renal imaging
Urinary bladder
General features of bladder
Urinary bladder cancer
Bladder injuries
Urethra
General features of urethra
Urethral injuries
Urethral stricture
Urinalysis
Drugs acting on kidney
General features of drugs acting on kidney
Loop diuretic
Thiazide diuretic
Aldosterone antagonist
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Osmotic diuretics
For more details, visit www.medpgnotes.com
You can send your queries to medpgnotes@gmail.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
1INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 5
GENERAL FEATURES OF PHARMACOLOGY................................................................................................................ 5
CLINICAL TRIALS ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
METABOLISM OF DRUGS .......................................................................................................................................... 6
KINETICS.................................................................................................................................................................... 7
ENZYME INDUCERS AND INHIBITORS ....................................................................................................................... 8
DRUG DISTRIBUTION AND CLEARANCE .................................................................................................................... 8
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION.................................................................................................................................... 9
THERAPEUTIC INDEX................................................................................................................................................. 9
PRODRUG................................................................................................................................................................ 10
BIOAVAILABILITY AND FIRST PASS METABOLISM ................................................................................................... 10
AGONIST, ANTAGONIST AND INVERSE AGONIST.................................................................................................... 11
EXCRETION OF DRUG.............................................................................................................................................. 11
DRUG BINDING........................................................................................................................................................ 12
TRANSPORT OF DRUG............................................................................................................................................. 12
PHARMACOGENETICS............................................................................................................................................. 12
DRUG AND FOOD.................................................................................................................................................... 12
IMMUNOMODULATORS ............................................................................................................................................. 12
GENERAL FEATURES OF IMMUNOMODULATORS................................................................................................... 12
CYCLOSPORINE AND TACROLIMUS......................................................................................................................... 13
LEVAMIZOLE............................................................................................................................................................ 14
MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL ................................................................................................................................... 14
IMIQUMOD ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
THALIDOMIDE ......................................................................................................................................................... 14
ANTI TNF ALPHA DRUGS ......................................................................................................................................... 15
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ................................................................................................................................... 15
AUTACOIDS ................................................................................................................................................................. 16
GENERAL FEATURES OF AUTACOIDS....................................................................................................................... 16
NSAIDS .................................................................................................................................................................... 16
PROSTAGLANDINS................................................................................................................................................... 17
LEUKOTRIENES........................................................................................................................................................ 18
THROMBOXANE ...................................................................................................................................................... 18
3. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
2INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
ANTIHISTAMINIC DRUGS......................................................................................................................................... 18
DRUGS ACTING ON 5HT .......................................................................................................................................... 19
COLCHICINE............................................................................................................................................................. 19
ADVERSE REACTIONS.................................................................................................................................................. 19
ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY.................................................................................................................................................. 21
GENERAL FEATURES OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY ....................................................................................................... 21
BETALACTAMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 22
PENICILLIN............................................................................................................................................................... 22
CEPHALOSPORINS ................................................................................................................................................... 23
AMINOGLYCOSIDES................................................................................................................................................. 24
LINEZOLID................................................................................................................................................................ 24
MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTICS ....................................................................................................................................... 25
GLYCOPEPTIDES ANTIBIOTICS................................................................................................................................. 25
CHLORAMPHENICOL ............................................................................................................................................... 25
SULFONAMIDES ...................................................................................................................................................... 25
TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVES................................................................................................................................... 26
QUINOLONES .......................................................................................................................................................... 26
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS............................................................................................................................................... 27
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS................................................................................................................................................... 27
ANTIPROTOZOAL DRUGS ........................................................................................................................................ 28
ANTI HELMINTHIC DRUGS....................................................................................................................................... 28
ANTICANCER DRUGS................................................................................................................................................... 28
GENERAL FEATURES OF ANTICANCER DRUGS ........................................................................................................ 28
METHOTREXATE...................................................................................................................................................... 30
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE AND IFOSFAMIDE................................................................................................................ 30
5-FLUOROURACIL.................................................................................................................................................... 30
BLEOMYCIN............................................................................................................................................................. 31
VINCRISTINE AND VINBLASTINE.............................................................................................................................. 31
PACLITAXEL ............................................................................................................................................................. 31
ACTINOMYCIN D ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
6-MERCAPTOPURINE .............................................................................................................................................. 32
DOXORUBICIN......................................................................................................................................................... 32
CISPLATIN................................................................................................................................................................ 32
AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM............................................................................................................................. 32
4. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
3INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
GENERAL FEATURES OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ...................................................................................... 32
CHOLINERGIC DRUGS.............................................................................................................................................. 33
ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS...................................................................................................................................... 34
ADRENERGIC DRUGS............................................................................................................................................... 35
ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS............................................................................................................................ 37
5. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
4INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
KEY TO THIS DOCUMENT
Text in normal font – Must read point.
Asked in any previous medical entrance
examinations
Text in bold font – Point from Harrison’s
text book of internal medicine 18th
edition
Text in italic font – Can be read if
you are thorough with above two.
6. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
5INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
GENERAL FEATURES OF PHARMACOLOGY
Mechanism of action Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacovigilance means Monitoring of drug safety
ED50 corresponds to Potency
Reasons for alteration of drug dosage in elderly Decreased renal function, Lean and body mass is less,
Decreased baroreceptor sensitivity, Body water
decreased
NOT a cause of toxicity due to drug in elderly Decreased volume of distribution
Both barbiturates and salicylates are maximally
absorbed in stomach
They are weakly acidic and do not ionize in stomach
Removal of acidic drugs in body done by Sodium bicarbonate
Alkalinization of urine is done for Weak acid drug
Drugs used for rare disease Orphan drugs
Therapeutic window phenomenon Carbamazepine
Therapeutic window Clonidine, Imipramine, Glipizide
Therapeutic window phenomenon NOT seen in Furosemide
Cross plasma membrane Thyroxine, Androstendione, Estrogen
Does NOT cross plasma membrane Epinephrine
Wrong in prescription Dose in mg/kg
Prescription drugs included in Schedule H of drugs and schedule C of drugs and
cosmetic act
Efficacy and potency Efficacy is more important, in log dose response curve
height of curve is efficacy, drug producing similar
pharmacological response have different levels of
efficacy
When a drug is evaluated for its usefulness in controlled
conditions. it is termed as trial signifying
Efficacy
Property of drug will enable it to be used in low
concentrations
High stability
A shift to right in biological activity dose
response curve for a hormone without
accompanying change in maximal
response indicates
Decrease in sensitivity
Drug metabolized by cholinesterase Succinylcholine, mivacurium
Drugs undergoing enterohepatic
circulation
Erythromycin, ampicillin, rifampicin,
tetracycline, oral contraceptives,
phenolphthalein
Given under supervised regimen in India Clofazimine, pyrazinamide, rifampicin
Banned by International Olympics Committee are Salbutamol, spironolactone, erythropoietin
Counterirritants allay pain by Inhibiting pain pathway at dorsal horn gate
7. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
6INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
CLINICAL TRIALS
Phase I Normal Healthy Volunteers, CANNOT Determine
efficacy
Healthy normal human volunteers participate in Phase I
Maximum tolerated dose of a new drug is evaluated in Phase 1
To determine dose level at which signs of
toxicity occurs
Phase I
Phase 2 clinical trials to Determine efficacy
Phase II is to assess Therapeutic efficacy
Trial to demonstrate one drug is better than other Phase II
Marketing of drug Phase III
Efficacy of a new drug A is compared with existing drug
B
Clinical trial phase III
New Drug Application is filed after Phase III
Ethical clearance NOT required in Phase IV
Post marketing surveillance Phase IV
Aim of post marketing studies Safety and comparison with other medicine
Good clinical practice NOT seen in Preclinical trials
Pre post clinical trial They use the patient as his or her own control
In drug design, concern is for Increasing frequency of drug and target interaction
METABOLISM OF DRUGS
Detoxification of drugs is controlled by Cytochrome P450
Main enzyme responsible for activation of xenobiotics Cytochrome p450
Cytochrome playing major role in drug metabolism Cytochrome P450
Cytochrome P450 commonly involved in drug
metabolism
CYP3A4
Metabolic activation of Procarcinogen done by Cytochrome P450
Cytochrome involved in monoxygenase mediated
detoxification of drug
CYP450
Associated with endoplasmic reticulum Cytochrome P450
In drug metabolism, hepatic cytochrome P450 system is
responsible for
Phase I reaction only
Cytochrome P450 is present in Placenta, Liver, Testis, Adrenal Cortex
P in cytochrome P450 Pigment
Features of cytochrome P450 All in hemoproteins, exhibit genetic
polymorphism, involved in metabolism of
xenobiotics and also in metabolism of
endogenous compounds
CYP450 inducers Phenobarbitone, DDT
Most abundant hepatic and intestinal CYP CYP3A4
Second most common CYP CYP2D6
CYP34A enzymes affected by Phenytoin, Carbamazepine
CYP2D6 associated with Codeine, tamoxifen, TCA
CYP2D6 inhibitors Fluoxetine, Quinidine
NOT useful in detoxification of drugs Cytochrome oxidase
8. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
7INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
Phase I reaction Conjugation
Phase I reaction Hydroxylation
NOT a phase I reaction Conjugation
NOT a oxidative type of drug metabolism Glucoronidation
Phase II reactions in hepatic metabolism Sulfation, Methylation, Glucoronidation
NOT a metabolism involved in xenobiotics Methylation
NOT a synthetic reaction of drug
metabolism
Cyclization
Non synthetic phase I reaction during drug conjugation Oxidation
Addition of Hydrogen Reduction
Metabolized by acetylation Sulfonamide, Hydralazine, Isoniazid, Procainamide
Acetylation INH, Hydralazine, Procainamide
Sulfonamide is conjugated with Acetylation
Fast acetylation leads to Higher blood levels of the toxic metabolite
acetylisoniazid and thus to an increase in toxic
reactions, hepatitis which is 250 times more common
than in slow acetylators
Which is metabolized like xenobiotics Bilirubin
Bile salts undergo xenobiotics After conjugation with beta glucoronic acid
KINETICS
Pharmacokinetics Study of absorption, distribution, binding storage or
biotransformation and excretion of drug
Pharmacokinetic change occurring in geriatric patients
is decline in
Renal clearance
Zero order kinetics A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time
Zero order kinetics in high dose of Phenytoin and propanolol
Zero order kinetics Phenytoin, Alcohol, Theophylline
At toxic doses, zero order kinetics seen in Phenytoin
Zero order kinetics High dose salicylates, Phenytoin, Ethanol
Elimination of alcohol follows Zero order kinetics
Pseudo zero order kinetics Warfarin, phenytoin, alcohol, aspirin, theophylline,
tolbutamide
First order kinetics Constant proportion of plasma concentration is
eliminated per unit time
First Order Kinetics Rate of Elimination is proportional to plasma
concentration of the drug
First order kinetics Clearance remains constant
For drugs with first order kinetics the time required to
achieve steady state levels can be predicted from
Half life
Examples of nonlinear kinetics Biliary excretion of isotretinoin, Glomerular filtration of
naproxen, GI transport of penicillin
NOT a nonlinear kinetics Metabolism of amikacin
Inter dose interval depends on Half life of drug
Time required to reach steady state after a dosage
regimen depends on
Half life of a drug
Elimination after 4 half lives in first order kinetic is 93.75%
Amount of drug left after 4 half lives 6.25%
9. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
8INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
If half life of drug is increased from 6 hours to 8 hours,
then dose of drug is to be increased from 300 mg to
500 mg
Property of a drug that will enable it to be used in lower
concentration
High affinity
Side effects of drug minimized by High specificity
pH at which drug in 50% ionized pKa
Ionization of drug is dependent on pKa and pH
Knowledge of pka of drug is useful in Predicting drug’s behavior in various body fluids
NOT true Small changes of pH near pKa of a weak acidic drug will
not affect its degree of ionization
ENZYME INDUCERS AND INHIBITORS
Enzyme inducers Griseofulvin, phenytoin, rifampicin, smoking,
carbamazepine, phenobarbitone
Potent microsomal enzyme inducer Rifampicin
Microsomal enzyme inducer Phenobarbitone
Cytochrome P450 inducing anti retroviral
drug
Nevirapine
Cytochrome p450 inducing antiplatelet Clopidogrel
Does NOT induce microsomal enzymes Cimetidine
Enzyme inhibitors Valproate, isoniazid, ketoconazole, cimetidine,
ciprofloxacin, quinolones, chloramphenicol,
metronidazole, streptogramin, macrolides except
azithromycin, azoles except fluconazole
Enzyme inhibitor Cimetidine
Inhibitor of cytochrome p450 Ketoconazole
Potent microsomal enzyme inhibitor Sodium valproate
Inhibitor of microsomal enzymes Ketoconazole
Microsomal enzyme marker Glucose 6 phosphatase
When carbamazepine is administered one should avoid Erythromycin
If theophylline used with ciprofloxacin Toxicity of theophylline increased
DRUG DISTRIBUTION AND CLEARANCE
Volume of distribution Dose administered / plasma concentration
Apparent volume of distribution of a drug exceeds total
body fluid volume, if a drug
Sequestrated in body tissues
Drugs with high plasma protein binding Lower volume of distribution
Drug distribution is influenced by Plasma protein binding, Lipid solubility, Degree of blood
flow, Age
Volume of distribution of drugs is altered in Obesity, Pregnancy, Older age, Neonate
Volume of distribution of the drug is much more than
total body water
Propanolol
Loading dose of a drug depends primarily on Volume of distribution
Loading dose of a drug is given to Achieve high concentration in short time
Loading dose does NOT depends on Clearance of drug
Clearance Refers to efficacy of elimination of a drug by an organ
10. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
9INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
or whole body, Cannot be greater than blood flow to an
organ, Determines the steady state of drug
concentration
Clearance of a drug means Unit volume of plasma which is cleared in unit of time
Ability of body to eliminate any drug is called Clearance
Renal clearance uv/p
Clearance 0.693 * Vd/t ½
Substance is reabsorbed in tubules, its clearance Less than Inulin
Least clearance Glucose
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
Route of administration IM administration needs sterile technique
Duration of action of iv administered drug depends on Protein binding, Clearance, Distribution volume, Lipid
solubility, Half life
After IV administration, elimination of drug depends on Lipid solubility, Volume of distribution, Clearance, Drug
concentration
NOT true Total body stores will always be higher if the drug is
given by intravenous infusion
Given by IV route Heparin, Pantoprazole, Ranitidine
Intradermally Test dose of drugs, BCG vaccine, Mantoux test
Advantages of sublingual injection Easy to administer, prevents first pass metabolism, can
be spited out with signs of toxicity
Alternative routes of administration rectal, buccal,
transdermal etc present in
Fentanyl
Drug that can be given intravenously, epidurally,
transdermally
Fentanyl
Drug that can be given oral, iv, im, epidural, sc Diazepam
THERAPEUTIC INDEX
Therapeutic index Margin of safety
Ratio of median lethal dose to median therapeutic dose Therapeutic index
Ratio of dose that produces toxicity to the dose that
produces a clinically desired or effective response in a
population of individual
Therapeutic index
Therapeutic index LD50/ED50
Therapeutic index is a measure of Safety
Narrow therapeutic index Lithium, Phenytoin, TCA
Narrow therapeutic range Phenytoin, Theophylline
For therapeutic drug monitoring to be clinically useful There should be a good relationship between plasma
concentration and drug dosage
Plasma drug monitoring is done for Drug with low safety margin
Therapeutic monitoring Digoxin, Lithium, Phenytoin
Therapeutic drug monitoring NOT required for Metformin
Dose monitoring is NOT needed in L-dopa
Routine monitoring of plasma concentration is NOT
required in
When pharmacodynamic tolearance to a drug is known
to occur
11. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
10INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
ED50 is useful for determining Potency
PRODRUG
Precursor of active drug Prodrug
Prodrug Levodopa
Prodrug Sulphasalazine, Cyclophosphamide
Prodrug Enalapril
Prodrug Oxcabazepine, Chloralhydrate
Prodrug Mercaptopurine, Dipivefrine
Prodrug Enalapril, Levodopa, Sulfasalazine, Bacampicillin,
Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel, Omeprazole, Oxcarbazepine,
Chloral hydrate
Prodrug Prasugrel, methyldopa, salmeterol,
bambeterol, minoxidil, carbimazole,
terfenatidine, loratidine, loperamide,
acetyl salicylate, Dihydropyridine,
Pralidoxime, Fosphenytoin,
Chloramphenicol Succinate, Acyclovir, 5-
Fluorouracil, Diethylstilbestrol
diphosphate, 6-Mercaptopurine,
Mitomycin C, Zidovudine, Carisopodol,
Heroin, Molsidomine, Phenacetin,
Primidone, Psilocybin, Sulindac,
artesunate
Antiplatelet prodrug Clopidogrel
Famciclovir is the prodrug of Penciciclovir
Flurazepam Prodrug
Does NOT have active metabolite Lisinopril
NOT a prodrug Ticagrelor
BIOAVAILABILITY AND FIRST PASS METABOLISM
Bioavailability of drug Proportion of unchanged drug reaching systemic
circulation, bioavailability of orally administered drug
can be calculated by comparing area under curve (0-
alpha) after oral and intravenous administration,
bioavailability can be determined from plasma
concentration or urinary excretion data
Bioavailability The percentage of drug that is detected in systemic
circulation after its administration
Bioavailability Good protein binding increases volume of distribution
Bioavailability of drug is increased by Suspension form
Least oral bioavailability d-tubocurarine
Causes for reduced bioavailability High first pass metabolism
NOT true Low oral availability always and necessarily mean poor
absorption
12. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
11INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY
High first pass effect Verapamil
First pass effect seen in Oral
High first pass metabolism Lignocaine, Propanolol, Salbutamol
Very high first pass metabolism Propanolol
High first pass metabolism Pethidine, amitryptyline, salbutamol
Drugs with high first pass metabolism Isoprenaline, glyceryl trinitrate,
pethidine, lignocaine, testosterone,
hydrocortisone, verapamil,morphine,
salbutamol
Avoid first pass metabolism Intraarterial injection
First pass metabolism NOT seen in Insulin
Time for peak plasma concentration Rate of absorption
Methods to delay drug absorption Sustained release preparation, Oily suspension for
intramuscular injection, Incorporating adrenaline with
the drug for subcutaneous injection
AGONIST, ANTAGONIST AND INVERSE AGONIST
Agonist is having Affinity with intrinsic activity 1
Inverse agonist It is easier to observe inverse agonism if there is
sufficient constitutive activity of receptor in absence of
agonist
Inverse agonist Binds to receptor and cause opposite action
Inverse agonist Famotidine and losartan
Inverse agonist Higher affinity for INACTIVE form
Receptor action of a drug An antagonist has affinity but no intrinsic activity
When two chemicals act on two different receptors and
their response is opposite to each other on same cell
Physiological antagonism
Physiological antagonism Adrenaline and histamine, Salbutamol and leukotriene,
Prostacyclin and thromboxane
Antagonism between acetylcholine and atropine Competitive antagonism
Chemical antagonism Heparin and protamine
EXCRETION OF DRUG
Primary site of absorption of oral drug Upper portion of small intestine
High hepatic extraction ratio is seen in Propanolol, Lidocaine, Imipramine, Theophylline
Dose adjustment needed in liver disease Methotrexate, Rifampicin, Tolcapone
Drug NOT given in hepatic failure Diazepam
Does NOT undergo hepatic metabolism Penicillin G
Highly ionized drug Excreted mainly by kidneys
Drug NOT given in renal failure Amphotericin B, NSAID, Amikacin, Ethambutol
Secreted in breast milk Antihistaminics, Antihyroid drugs, Penicillin, Diazepam,
Antiepileptics
Excreted in saliva Lithium
13. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
www.medpgnotes.com
12IMMUNOMODULATORS
DRUG BINDING
True statements Acidic drugs bind to albumin in plasma, Basic drugs bind
to alpha 1 acidic glycoprotein, Drugs having higher
affinity can displace other from same protein
Bound to alpha 1 acid glycoprotein Procainamide, Disopyramide, Quinidine
Drug binding to albumin Penicillin
Drug with highest plasma protein binding Diazepam
Binds maximally with thyroid hormones Albumin
As the concentration of drug increases over the
therapeutic range, bound form of the drug
Increases
TRANSPORT OF DRUG
Drug transport mechanisms Active transport, Passive transport
PHARMACOGENETICS
Variation in drug response due to genetic differences Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics associated with Variability of enzyme action, Individual variability in oral
absorption, Different DRC in different individuals
Pharmacogenetic conditions Malignant hyperthermia, coumarin insensitivity, G6PD
deficiency
Pharmacogenetics is important in
metabolism of
Isoniazid
NOT a pharmacogenetic condition Adenosine deaminase deficiency
DRUG AND FOOD
Food increases bioavailability of All statins except pravastatin, fibrates,
halofantrine, erlotinib, phenytoin,
nelfinavir, hydrochlorthizide
Drug absorption increase when taken with food Halofantrine
Drug absorption decreased when taken with food Digoxin
Food does NOT interfere in absorption on Cimetidine
IMMUNOMODULATORS
GENERAL FEATURES OF IMMUNOMODULATORS
Nucleotide derivative of therapeutic importance in Azathioprine