The Slide covers for the- Hepatitis B Virus and Infection. INTRODUCTION, MODES OF TRANSMISSION, HIGH RISK GROUPS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION, DIAGNOSIS, PROPHYLAXIS, PREVENTION.
The Slide covers for the- Hepatitis B Virus and Infection. INTRODUCTION, MODES OF TRANSMISSION, HIGH RISK GROUPS, PATHOGENESIS, CLINICAL MANIFESTATION, DIAGNOSIS, PROPHYLAXIS, PREVENTION.
The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Risk factors for progression of chronic HBV include the following :
Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and, in some patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the presence of core and precore mutations seen most commonly in HBV genotype C and D infections
Male sex
Older age
Family history of HCC
Alcohol use
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Coinfection with hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A synergistic approach of suppressing viral load and boosting the patient’s immune response with immunotherapeutic interventions is needed for the best prognosis. The prevention of HCC often includes the use of antiviral treatment using pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) or nucleos(t)ide analogues.
HBV infection can be self-limited or chronic. No specific therapy is available for persons with acute hepatitis B; treatment is supportive.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
The primary treatment goals for patients with hepatitis B (HBV) infection are to prevent progression of the disease, particularly to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Risk factors for progression of chronic HBV include the following :
Persistently elevated levels of HBV DNA and, in some patients, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the presence of core and precore mutations seen most commonly in HBV genotype C and D infections
Male sex
Older age
Family history of HCC
Alcohol use
Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Coinfection with hepatitis D (delta) virus (HDV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A synergistic approach of suppressing viral load and boosting the patient’s immune response with immunotherapeutic interventions is needed for the best prognosis. The prevention of HCC often includes the use of antiviral treatment using pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) or nucleos(t)ide analogues.
HBV infection can be self-limited or chronic. No specific therapy is available for persons with acute hepatitis B; treatment is supportive.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
Introduction to chronic Hepatitis B Infection in Malaysia, epidemiology and common treatment. Phases of chronic Hepatitis B Infection, clinical presentation and complications.
A serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus that's easily preventable by a vaccine.
This disease is most commonly spread by exposure to infected bodily fluids.
Symptoms are variable and include yellowing of the eyes, abdominal pain and dark urine. Some people, particularly children, don't experience any symptoms. In chronic cases, liver failure, cancer or scarring can occur.
The condition often clears up on its own. Chronic cases require medication and possibly a liver transplant.
Hepatitis" means inflammation of the liver and also refers to a group of viral infections that affect the liver .
The most common types are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation.
An estimated 4.4 million Americans are living with chronic hepatitis; most do not know they are infected
viral markers in diagnosis monitoring and treatment of hepatitis b and c.pptxPathKind Labs
Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus infections are transmitted by parentral route. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent cirrhosis of liver in HCV cases as drugs which can cure the infection are now available.
Simple Educational Slides on Hepatitis B #hepatitiscantwait #worldhepatitisdayNimzingLadep
Simply laid out sides about hepatitis, in particular, hepatitis B as part of public health education that was presented to a mixture of the public and professionals.
Current managent of hepatitis B - Session 1NimzingLadep
This is the first of 3 sessions in the module covering a comprehensive overview of the management of hepatitis B virus infection. It discusses the introduction, presentation, symptoms and signs, as well as management of acute hepatitis B.
Transmission risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B. This is a deliberate presentation made to be easily understood by lay persons to appreciate the thinking of the doctors when it comes to treatment for hepatitis B
Cure for hepatitis B - Is this attainable with current treatments?NimzingLadep
Description of problem of how difficult the hepatitis B virus is to be eliminated due to the various biological make up of the virus. Then a historical overview of drug development and treatment of HBV. Targets for successful elimination of HBV were mentioned, ending with current investigations at finding a cure.
Consider contacting us for eLearning products at www.worthy-works.com; info@worthy-works.com
Introduction to eLearning on common health issuesNimzingLadep
Introduces confidence in clinical competence - collaborating with colleagues from all over the world, desirous to practice up to date medicine within the comfort of their own countries.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. Introduction and
generalities on viral
hepatitis
Outcomes
HBV
str
Serology
Acute
vs
Patterns
Interpretn
Phases
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this module, participants are
expected to:
• Be able to define the common terminologies
used regarding hepatitis B virus and outcome of
infection
• Differentiate acute from chronic infection
• Explain the clinical significance of the
serological markers of hepatitis B virus
4. Introduction and
generalities on viral
hepatitis
Outcomes
HBV
str
Image from Microbiology Info.com
• HBsAg, HBV surface antigen is on surface of virus.
• There is nucleocapsid core within the viral particle.
• HBcAg, HBV core antigen is on surface of nucleocapsid
• HBV DNA is in the inside of nucleocapsid
• HBeAg, HBV envelope antigen, is located between HBV
surface and core
• DNA Polymerase – enzyme that helps in the replication
of the HBV
Structure of Hepatitis B virus
Serology
Acute
vs
Patterns
Interpretn
Phases
5. Introduction and
generalities on viral
hepatitis
Outcomes
HBV
str
Serology
HBV DNA (Viral load) | Quantitative or qualitative
Antigens Antibodies
HBsAg Hepatitis B surface Antigen Anti-HBs
HBcAg Hepatitis B core Antigen
(absent in blood)
IgM anti-HBc
IgG anti-HBc
HBeAg Hepatitis B e Antigen Anti-HBe
Types of Serological Markers for HBV
Acute
vs
Patterns
Interpretn
Phases
6. Outcomes
HBV
str
Serology
Acute
vs
Patterns
Interpretn
Phases
*Breakwell et al, 2017
Marker Clinical significance
HBsAg Appears in blood in acute stage of infection and
persists in chronic infection
– Its an alternative to HBV DNA to monitor response
to treatment
IgM Anti-HBc IgM subclass of anti-HBc – this is a serological marker
of acute
infection.
Disappears in chronic infection (in the presence of
HBsAg)
HBeAg Indicates high viral load as well as high infectivity
(HBV patients in Africa have low prevalence of this
antigen*)
Anti-HBe Indicates decreasing viral load.
But may be absent in some mutant forms of HBV
infection
Anti-HBs Indicates recovery from hepatitis B infection
(in the presence of Anti-HBc IgG) or immunity from
vaccination
Clinical Significance of Serological Markers
for HBV
7. Introduction and
generalities on viral
hepatitis
Outcomes
HBV
str
Serology
Acute
vs
Acute
6 months
Chronic
Acute versus chronic HBV
• The terms, acute and chronic as it refers to HBV
infection refers to a timeline rather than severity
• Acute means infection lasting less than 6 months
• Chronic means infection lasting beyond 6 months
Patterns
Interpretn
Phases
8. Introduction and
generalities on viral
hepatitis
Outcomes
HBV
str
Serology
Acute
vs
Patterns
Pattern of serological markers
in acute HBV infection
Patterns
Pattern of serological markers
in acute HBV infection
Interpretn
Phases
• The 1st serological marker to appear in blood is
HBsAg, followed by HBeAg and then anti-HB core
• Anti-HB core is like a scar that does not disappear,
even when one achieves HBsAg clearance
9. Introduction and
generalities on viral
hepatitis
Outcomes
HBV
str
Serology
Acute
vs
Patterns
Pattern of serological markers in
chronic HBV infection
Interpretn
Phases
10. Introduction and
generalities on viral
hepatitis
Outcomes
HBV
str
Serology
Acute
vs
Patterns
Interpretn
Phases Interpretation of serological markers in
HBV infection
HBsAg Anti-HBc IgG Anti-HBc IgM Anti-HBs Interpretation
- - - - Never exposed
(susceptible)
- + - + Past infection, cleared;
natural
immunity acquired
- + - - Past infection, cleared;
natural
immunity has waned over
time
- - - + Immunity due to
vaccination
- - + + Recent infection,
recovered;
immunity achieved
+ - + - Acute ongoing infection
+ + - - Chronic ongoing infection
11. Introduction and
generalities on viral
hepatitis
Outcomes
HBV
str
Serology
Acute
vs
Patterns
Interpretn
Phases
Phases of HBV infection by immune
response
12. Phases of HBV infection by
immune response
• These phases provide a summary of the
natural course of HBV infection
• The phases are not necessarily
sequential
• Strictly, there are 4 phases
• Next, we shall describe the events of
the phases in terms of clinical and
laboratory parameters
1
e tolerance
otolerant
stently normal
ve | HBeAb –ve
ry high
mal or mild
2
ance
se
ermittently
ve
an in immune
lammatory
3
rrier state
mal
+ve
(but upto
d
4
ns
5
e
13. Phases of HBV infection by immune
response
• These phases provide a summary of the
natural course of HBV infection
• The phases are not necessarily
sequential
• Strictly, there are 4 phases
• Next, we shall describe the events of the
phases in terms of clinical and
laboratory parameters
1
Phase 1: Immune tolerance
• Alternative term is immunotolerant
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently normal
• Serology shows HBeAg +ve | HBeAb –ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is very high
• Liver histology – either normal or mild
inflammatory changes
2
ance
se
ermittently
ve
an in immune
lammatory
3
rrier state
mal
+ve
(but upto
d
4
ns
5
e
14. Phases of HBV infection by immune
response
• These phases provide a summary of the
natural course of HBV infection
• The phases are not necessarily
sequential
• Strictly, there are 4 phases
• Next, we shall describe the events of the
phases in terms of clinical and
laboratory parameters
1
Phase 1: Immune tolerance
• Alternative term is immunotolerant
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently normal
• Serology shows HBeAg +ve | HBeAb –ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is very high
• Liver histology – either normal or mild
inflammatory changes
2
Phase 2: Immune clearance
• Alternative term is immune reactive phase
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently or
intermittently abnormal
• Serology shows HBeAg +ve | HBeAb –ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is high, but less than in
immune tolerant phase
• Liver histology – moderate or severe
inflammatory changes
3
rrier state
mal
+ve
(but upto
d
4
ns
5
e
15. Phases of HBV infection by immune
response
• These phases provide a summary of the
natural course of HBV infection
• The phases are not necessarily
sequential
• Strictly, there are 4 phases
• Next, we shall describe the events of the
phases in terms of clinical and
laboratory parameters
1
Phase 1: Immune tolerance
• Alternative term is immunotolerant
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently normal
• Serology shows HBeAg +ve | HBeAb –ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is very high
• Liver histology – either normal or mild
inflammatory changes
2
Phase 2: Immune clearance
• Alternative term is immune reactive phase
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently or intermittently
abnormal
• Serology shows HBeAg +ve | HBeAb –ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is high, but less than in immune
tolerant phase
• Liver histology – moderate or severe inflammatory
changes
3
Phase 3: Immune control
• Alternative term is inactive HBsAg carrier state
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently normal
• Serology shows HBeAg -ve | HBeAb +ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is <2,000 IU/mL (but
upto 20,000 IU/mL)
• Liver histology – either normal or mild
inflammatory changes
4
ns
5
e
16. Phases of HBV infection by immune
response
• These phases provide a summary of the
natural course of HBV infection
• The phases are not necessarily
sequential
• Strictly, there are 4 phases
• Next, we shall describe the events of the
phases in terms of clinical and
laboratory parameters
1
Phase 1: Immune tolerance
• Alternative term is immunotolerant
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently normal
• Serology shows HBeAg +ve | HBeAb –ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is very high
• Liver histology – either normal or mild
inflammatory changes
2
Phase 2: Immune clearance
• Alternative term is immune reactive phase
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently or intermittently
abnormal
• Serology shows HBeAg +ve | HBeAb –ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is high, but less than in immune
tolerant phase
• Liver histology – moderate or severe inflammatory
changes
3
Phase 3: Immune control
• Alternative term is inactive HBsAg carrier state
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently normal
• Serology shows HBeAg -ve | HBeAb +ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is <2000IU/mL (but upto
20000IU/mL)
• Liver histology – either normal or mild
inflammatory changes
4
Phase 4: Immune escape
• Alternative term is HBeAg negative chronic
hepatitis B or reactivation (relapse)
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently or
intermittently abnormal
• Serology shows HBeAg -ve | HBeAb +ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is >2,000 IU/mL
(fluctuates)
• Liver histology – Moderate to severe
inflammation and fibrosis +/- cirrhosis
• Predominance of HBV with precure mutations
5
e
17. Phases of HBV infection by immune
response
• These phases provide a summary of the
natural course of HBV infection
• The phases are not necessarily
sequential
• Strictly, there are 4 phases
• Next, we shall describe the events of the
phases in terms of clinical and
laboratory parameters
1
Phase 1: Immune tolerance
• Alternative term is immunotolerant
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently normal
• Serology shows HBeAg +ve | HBeAb –ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is very high
• Liver histology – either normal or mild
inflammatory changes
2
Phase 2: Immune clearance
• Alternative term is immune reactive phase
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently or intermittently
abnormal
• Serology shows HBeAg +ve | HBeAb –ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is high, but less than in immune
tolerant phase
• Liver histology – moderate or severe inflammatory
changes
3
Phase 3: Immune control
• Alternative term is inactive HBsAg carrier state
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently normal
• Serology shows HBeAg -ve | HBeAb +ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is <2000IU/mL (but upto
20000IU/mL)
• Liver histology – either normal or mild
inflammatory changes
4
Phase 4: Immune escape
• Alternative term is HBeAg negative chronic
hepatitis B or reactivation (relapse)
• Liver enzyme, ALT is persistently or
intermittently abnormal
• Serology shows HBeAg -ve | HBeAb +ve
• HBV DNA (viral load) is
>2000IU/mL(fluctuates)
• Liver histology – Moderate to severe
inflammation and fibrosis +/- cirrhosis
• Predominance of HBV with precure mutations
5
Additional Phase: HBsAg
negative phase
• Alternative name is resolved hepatitis B
• Loss of HBsAg
• HBV DNA may remain detectable in the liver,
but not in the serum
• Some patients with HBsAg loss may still have
detectable HBV DNA in the serum (occult
HBV)
• The latter are vulnerable to HBV reactivation
following immunosuppression
18. Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus
Horizontal transmission
This by far the commonest mode of transmission in Africa
Occurs in family members and between child to child
Unsafe Blood transfusion
This was particularly the case before screening for
Infections prior to transfusion was commenced
Vertical transmission
From mother to child at:
Time of delivery (labour or shortly after- perinatal)
Or
Rarely in 2nd or third trimester of pregnancy
19. Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus
Blood and blood products contact
This includes needle stick injuries and contacts with blood
spills
Unhealthy medical practice
Razors, inadequate sterilization, dental and
surgical procedures
Intravenous drug use
This is not very commonly reported in Africans,
but may be contributing to adult acute infection cases
20. Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus
Non medical risks
Manicures, tattoos, sharing toothbrushes, traditional surgical
-scarification practice
-hair and barbing salons
Unprotected sexual contact
Most infections in Africans occur in childhood
For most adults with infections, only a small
proportion may have acquired HBV via hetero or
homo sexual routes
21. Groups at high risk
of Hepatitis B
Virus infection
Listen to this video first!
YouTube Video on Routes of transmission of HBV
Opens a new window!
22. Birth before 1985
(people who have ever received
unsafe blood or blood product)
Children born to HBV positive
mothers
These are less likely to clear the virus and thus become
chronic carriers – hence birth dose HBV vaccine is
paramount for prevention
23. Pregnant women Health care workers exposed
to biological fluids
Especially if they are engaged in exposure-prone
procedures
Risk to baby if mum has high HBV DNA, or is HBeAg +ve
24. Individuals infected with HIV
or HCV
Inmates of correctional
facilities – (prisoners)
Due to weakened immune systems
These tend to have risky behaviours and or live in
suboptimal conditions
25. Persons who have ever
injected drugs
Persons requiring
immunosuppressive therapy
These persons tend to share
needles in an unsafe way and thus
promote transmission of HBV
Immune systems are weakened and
chance of reversion of occult HBV is
high
26. Sex workers
Men having sex with men
History of multiple sexual
partners or STIs
Patients undergoing renal
dialysis
These individuals are dependent on
blood and blood products and
hence prone to infection
27. Cirrhosis
• Defined as an advanced stage of
liver disease characterized by
o extensive liver fibrosis
o nodularity of the liver
o alteration of liver architecture
o disrupted blood flow to the liver
28. Decompensated
cirrhosis
o Clinical complications of
cirrhosis including:
o Jaundice
• Ascites
• spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
• oesophageal varices
• hepatic encephalopathy
• sepsis and renal failure
29. More definitions
• Persistently abnormal LFTs
• Three ALT determinations above the upper limit of normal, made
at unspecified intervals during 6 to 12-month period or
predetermined intervals during a 12-month period
• HBeAg seroconversion: Loss of HBeAg and seroconversion to anti-HBe
• HBsAg seroconversion: Loss of HBsAg and development of anti-HBs
• HBeAg reversion: Reappearance of HBeAg in a person who was
previously HBeAg negative
• Presence of anti-HBc indicates:
• If HBsAg –ve: prior exposure to HBV
• If HBsAg +ve: current HBV infection
30. What you have learned in this module
• Commonly used terminologies about hepatitis B, including serology and phases of
infection
• Structure of hepatitis B virus and explanations about the various proteins
• Although described in phases, the course of hepatitis B infection is non-linear
• Patients fluctuate between immune tolerant phases through to immune clearance and
reversal
• Modes of transmission of HBV and groups at high risk were also defined
• Transmission of HBV in African is often horizontal, meaning that most infections occur
before the age of 5.
• Unsafe blood transfusion and use of unsterile equipment are also important
• HBV infection can lead to cirrhosis and its decompensation
31. General Points on Hepatitis B Virus
Infection
This ends the trial modules – Consider purchasing the
Liver Course for a complete set of modules
You have done well to have completed this
module: